Search

Background: The current study was planned to evaluate the accuracy of dental implant placement with two different types of surgical guides: Thermoplastic and three-dimensional (3D) printed. Materials and Methods: A total of 32 implants were placed in 20 healthy, partially dentate individuals with an isolated single missing tooth. The implant sites were randomly allocated into two treatment groups: Group A (thermoplastic implant surgical guide, n = 16 implants) and Group B (3D printed implant surgical guide, n = 16 implants). All the cases in both groups were digitally planned according to a defined protocol, and a comparison of the planned and actual implant positions was performed using the medical image analysis software. The differences in the outcome variables, i.e., angular deviation (AD), 3D error at the entry, 3D error at the apex (3D EA), vertical deviation (VD), and composite deviation, were statistically analyzed. Results: All the outcome variables showed improvements, but statistically significant improvement was shown by AD (P = 0.005), 3D EA (P = 0.01), and VD (P = 0.007). The mean and standard deviation (SD) for AD, (3D EA), and VD were 5.58° ±1.93°, 0.96 ± 0.32 mm, and 0.58 ± 0.36 mm, respectively, for group A. The mean and SD for AD, (3D EA), and VD were 3.94° ± 0.64°, 0.64 ± 0.35 mm, and 0.29 ± 0.13 mm, respectively, for group B (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limits of the study, dental implants placed using 3D-printed surgical guides were positioned clinically with greater accuracy, and fewer deviations were observed from their presurgical planned positions as compared to the thermoplastic surgical guides.

Abstract Background This study focuses on the determination and classification of patients as rapid or slowcalculusformersbasedontherateofcalculusformationafteroralprophylaxis. It also aims to determine the factors that positively impact the formation and deposition of calculus in patients and identify the factors that accelerate or decelerate the deposition of calculus. Methods The study was conducted in the Department of Periodontology, Dr Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University Chandigarh, India. We examined 51 patients after a month of the oral prophylaxis, recorded the amount of calculus present in the oral cavity, and then recorded a detailed history which was briefly divided into Age, Sex, Residence, Oral habits, and maintenance of oral hygiene. Results An evident and meaningful link was found between age and the rate at which dental calculus forms. The average age of individuals differed significantly between the rapid and slow calculus formers, which could be ascribed to the decline in manual dexterity as age increases, resulting in less effective oral hygiene habits, including toothbrushing. None of the other factors dietary and oral hygiene related could be identified distinctly, probably owing to the small sample of the study. The oral health status exhibited a significant difference between slow and rapid calculus formers. Conclusions Within the limitations of the study, the data analyzed, identified age as a significant determinant that impact the rate of formation of calculus in patients and reported a significant difference in the oral health status of rapid and slow calculus formers.

Current implant therapy is a frequently employed treatment for individuals who have lost teeth, as it offers functional and biological advantages over old prostheses. Concurrently, active exploration of intervention strategies aims to prevent the progression of peri-implant diseases and manage the existing peri-implant tissue damage. Indian Society of Periodontology has recognized the need for systematic documents to update the everyday clinical practice of general dental practitioners and has provided evidence-based consensus documents, namely good clinical practice recommendations from time to time to raise the oral health-related awareness and standards of oral health-care delivery across the country. The current clinical practice recommendations focused on peri-implant care to bridge the gap between academic theory and clinical practice by compiling evidence-based suggestions for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. Twenty-eight subject experts across the country prepared these recommendations after a thorough literature review and group discussions. The document has been prepared in three sections covering peri-implant health and maintenance, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis. It will be a quick and concise reference for oral implant practitioners in patient management. The guidelines provide distinct definitions, signs, and symptoms, treatment required; recall visit specifications for plausible clinical case situations, and home-care recommendations regarding maintaining peri-implant health. The document advocates combined efforts of oral implant practitioners and the population at large with evidence-based, integrated, and comprehensive peri-implant care. By providing accessible, applicable guidance, these guidelines would empower dental professionals to uphold the well-being of implant patients and ensure the long-term success of implant therapy.

Abstract The anatomy of furcation favours the bacterial retention and makes periodontal debridement as well as oral hygiene procedures difficult. Teeth that have lost attachment to a level of the furcation are said to have a furcal invasion or furcation involved. Involvement of furcation in a multi-rooted tooth poses a very different type of clinical situation in terms of establishment of diagnosis, determination of prognosis and of course planning the treatment modality.The present study was carried out on 200 selected extracted human first and second permanent molar teeth based on a predefined criteria. Teeth with prosthetic crowns, fused or fractured roots, those not fully developed, grossly carious or heavily restored at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) were excluded from the study. The morphology of the root trunk was recorded by measuring various dimensions of the root trunk,including furcal angle and root trunk volume was calculated by using a custom made special apparatus. The furcation areas were debrided with different types of curettes in the market in order to see how best the instrument could be maneuvered in the furcation area. The data so obtained was statistically analysed using SPSS version 22. The highest root trunk volume and the longest root trunk length were found to be in the maxillary second molar. 48.60% furcations didn’t allow instrument engagementof furcation area with standard area specific curettes. The proposal of inclusion of root trunk length (mm) is suggested in addition to classification of FI to have assess prognosis and appropriate treatment for of the involved tooth.

Purpose: The awkward and repetitive movements lead to tissue straining, potentially leading to painful musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). MSDs in dentists result in work inefficiency and a reduction in work hours. A survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of MSDs amongst the dental population of interest. Methods: Customized individual detail questionnaires, Standard Nordic Musculoskeletal questionnaires, and Level of Pain estimation using the Likert Scale were used to deduce the various responsible risk factors for the occurrence of MSDs in dentists. Inferential statistical analysis was done to identify the prevalence and severity of the MSDs. The Chi-Square test (95 % confidence interval) was used to identify and compare the association of risk factors involved in MSDs with the occurrence of the Effect of MSDs, the presence of MSDs, and the severity of the MSDs. Results: The results of the study deduced that the dentists followed the sedentary work practices. The dentists experienced maximum discomfort in the neck region, which was accompanied by the discomfort experienced in the lower back, hands and wrists, making the upper extremity being more susceptible to the MSDs. Gender risk factors the, the prevalence of MSDs in the dentist's upper back, and the severity of pain in the upper back region showed a significant association level. Conclusion: The wrist posture, the prevalence of MSDs and the severity of pain in the dentists' neck, shoulder and upper back showed a significant association level.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the stress distribution patterns in immediately placed and loaded conventional and customized three-dimensional (3D) printed dental implants by 3D finite element analysis. Materials and Methods: Twelve 3D finite element models [Group A-3 models; Group B-9 models] with 72 test conditions which were modeled and compared from customized 3D printed dental implants [Group A] and 3 commercially available implant systems [Group B] (Straumann, Ankylos, and Astratech) using “SolidWorks”. All models were embedded in extraction socket models of the maxillary central incisor (CI) and Canine (C), Mandibular 1st Premolar. An occlusal loading by axial and nonaxial force of 100 N and 150 N at 30°C and 45°C was applied on the abutment using the “ANSYS” Suite. Customized 3D printed dental implant (Group A) for maxilla (Max.) CI, Max. C, and mandibular 1st premolar (PM) socket model was compared with three commercial available dental implant systems (Group B) for Max. CI, Max. C, and mandible (Mand.) 1st PM socket model to understand the stress distribution patterns. Results: With increasing oblique loads, von Mises stresses were reduced for the customized group as compared to conventional implants. Increased axial loads caused proportionate increase in the stresses for both groups, yet remained under the physiologic limits in all test conditions. Higher stresses were observed in cortical bone than in cancellous bone at bone–implant contact in general. Marked reduction in von Mises stress was observed at the boundary between compact and cancellous bone. Customized 3D printed implants performed better for oblique loads and comparable for axial load stress distribution in comparison to conventional implant systems in Max. CI and C, Mand. 1st PM. Conclusion: Thus, customized 3D printed implants appear a promising alternative for immediately placed immediately loaded protocols, with additional benefits in specific clinical situations.

Background: There is a bidirectional link between diabetes and periodontal disease. Control of active periodontal infection is an essential requisite to maintain optimal oral and systemic health in diabetic patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of subgingival irrigation and powered toothbrush as home care maintenance protocol in type 2 diabetic patients with active periodontal disease compared to routine oral hygiene. Materials and Methods: Forty (n = 40) diabetic (HbA1c >7%) patients were enrolled in this parallel, examiner-blind, interventional clinical trial. Patients were randomized into two groups: Group A (sonic toothbrush and irrigation with water twice daily) or Group B (manual toothbrush and mouth rinsing with 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) twice daily)). All patients received Phase I therapybefore the start of the study. Clinical parameters (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], oral hygiene index [OHI], pocket depth [PD], clinical attachment level [CAL], and bleeding index [BI]) were assessed at baseline, 1, 2, and 4 months. Levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), HbA1c, and interleukin (IL)-1 β were assessed at baseline and 4 months only. Verbal and written instructions were provided to each subject specific to their intervention allocation. Descriptive, parametric, and nonparametric analyses were used where appropriate. Results: Sixteen (n = 16) patients in Group A and fifteen (n = 15) patients in Group B completed the 4-month study. Both groups showed a significant difference in BI, PD, CAL, and HbA1c from baseline to 4 months. There were no differences within groups for OHI, GI, or PI and CRP, IL-1 β. The results are based on an underpowered study due to the drop out of 9 patients reducing the number below the needed 19 patients per group based on the power analysis. Conclusion: Results from this study provide information for future studies on self-care regimens for individuals living with Type 2 diabetes.

Oral health is vital for the general well-being, overall body health and the quality of life throughout our lifetime. Most of the oral diseases and conditions are largely related to the maintenance of oral hygiene, lacking that people suffer from diverse oral diseases at different times in their life. With greater life expectancy, the individuals have teeth involved with periodontal diseases that would not only require professional care but also home gum care for them to last a lifetime. Indian Society of Periodontology (ISP) has recognized the need for systematic documents to update everyday clinical practice of general dental practitioners and have provided evidence-based consensus documents, namely good clinical practice recommendations from time to time to raise the oral health-related awareness and standards of oral healthcare delivery across the country. The current set of clinical practice recommendations focused to “Gum Care for All”, is aimed at emphasizing and enhancing the awareness regarding oral health promotion, maintenance, and disease prevention. Twenty-five subject matter experts from across the nation, prepared these recommendations after a thorough literature review and group discussions. The document has been prepared in three distinct sections, namely pretherapeutic, therapeutic, and post therapeutic, to provide guidance during the respective phases of patient management and may serve as a quick and concise reference to the readers. The guidelines shall provide the distinct definitions, signs and symptoms, treatment required; recall visit specifications for plausible clinical case situations, home care advice regarding maintenance of oral hygiene including information on brushing technique, care and change of brush, use of interdental aids, and mouthwashes, etc. The document should advocate and guide the combined efforts of general dentists, and the population at large toward an empowered, evidence based, integrated, and comprehensive oral health care, which shall enhance the healthful functioning and longevity of the dentition and general health of the individual.

The most grievous threat to human health has been witnessed worldwide with the recent outbreak of Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is mounting evidence available regarding theconnect of COVID −19 and oral cavity, particularly periodontal disease. The current review provides an update on the diagnostic potential of dental calculus and how this bio resource may help in providing us huge amount of diagnostic regarding the causative virus. Contemporary standard method of diagnosis via nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) is tedious, may enhance the risk of aerosol contamination by inducing sneezing and detects the presence of active infection only.However,dental calculus being a mineralized deposit serves as a reservoir for biomoleculesand provides detection of past SARS CoV2 infection. Further, the abundance of information that can be obtained from this remarkable mineralized deposit on teeth regarding the viral genome, its evolution and interactions with the oral microflora shall enhance the understanding of the viral disease process and its connection with the periodontal disease. Additional diagnostic information, which may be obtained from this simple bio reservoir can complement the contemporary diagnostic strategies adopted in the management of COVID-19pandemic and enhance our existing knowledge for developing improvised novel approaches to mitigate the effects of mutated variants of the infectious agent.

Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a rising concern in clinical dentistry that causes pain and discomfort and negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Indian Society of Periodontology conducted a nationwide survey, involving 3000 dentists in December 2020, which revealed significant knowledge gaps regarding DH, viz., under-diagnosis, incorrect differential diagnosis, and treatment strategies/recommendations for the management of DH patients in daily clinical practice. The current paper has been envisioned and conceptualized to update the practicing Indian dentists regarding the so-called enigma of dentistry “Dentin Hypersensitivity,” based on the best available contemporary evidence. An expert panel was constituted comprising 30 subject experts from across the country, which after extensive literature review and group discussions formulated these recommendations. The panel advocated routine screening of all dentate patients for exposed dentin areas and DH to avoid under-diagnosis of the condition and suggested an early preventive management. Consensus guidelines/recommendations for the use of desensitizing agents (DAs) at home, including the use of herbal agents, are also provided within the backdrop of the Indian context. The guidelines recommend that active management of DH shall be accomplished by a combination of at home and in-office therapies, starting with the simplest and cost-effective home use of desensitizing toothpastes. A diagnostic decision tree and a flowchart for application in daily practice are designed to manage the patients suffering from DH or presenting with exposed dentin areas in dentition. Various treatment methods to manage DH have been discussed in the paper, including the insights from previously published treatment guidelines. Further, a novel system of classification of DH patients based on specific case definitions has been developed for the first time. Explicit charts regarding the available treatment options and the chronology of institution of the agent, for the management in different case categories of DH, have been provided for quick reference. The management strategy takes into account a decision algorithm based on hierarchy of complexity of treatment options and intends to improve the quality of life of the patient by long-term maintenance with an innovatively defined triple C's or 3Cs approach.

Biopolymers are organic polymers that can be treated into intricate designs with porous characteristics that mimic essential biologic components. Due to their superior biosafety, biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc., they have been utilized immensely in biomedical engineering, regeneration, and drug delivery. To obtain the greatest number of results, a literature search was undertaken in scientific search engines utilizing keywords. Chitosan is used in a variety of medical sectors, with the goal of emphasizing its applications and benefits in the clinical dental industry. Chitosan can be dissolved in liquid form and combined with other substances to create a variety of products, including fibers, hydrogels, membranes, microspheres, resins, sponges, pastes, tablets, and micro granules. Chitosan has been studied in a variety of dental applications. Chitosan is used in the prevention of caries and wear, in pulpotomy to accelerate osteogenesis in guided tissue regeneration due to its hemostatic property, and primarily to benefit from its antimicrobial activity by adding it to materials, such as glass ionomer cement, calcium hydroxide, and adhesive systems. With its antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, chitosan is leading the pack as a promising ingredient in the production of dental materials. The current review provides an update on the background, fundamentals, and wide range of uses of chitosan and its gels in dental science.

Abstract Objective Octenidine dihydrochloride is an antimicrobial cationic surfactant compound. We conducted a systematic review to determine the efficacy of octenidine‐based mouthwash on plaque formation, gingivitis, and oral microbial growth in subjects with or without periodontal disease. Materials and Methods PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies. The review was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. Only randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing octenidine with placebo or other mouthwashes in healthy subjects with or without periodontal disease, were considered for this review. The endpoints included percentage reduction in plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), absolute reduction in the mean number of colony‐forming units (CFU/ml [log10]) and adverse effects (AEs; tooth staining/mucosal tolerance). Results Ten randomized controlled and six observational studies fulfilled the selection criteria. Twice or thrice daily rinsing with 0.1% octenidine for 30–60 s produced significant reduction in plaque, gingivitis and oral microbial growth. Compared to control mouthwash or baseline, 0.1% octenidine inhibited plaque formation by ~38.7%–92.9%, which was either equal or greater than that of chlorhexidine gluconate. 0.1% octenidine reduced gingivitis by ~36.4%–68.37% versus control mouthwash or baseline and microbial growth by 0.37–5.3 colony‐forming units (vs. chlorhexidine: 0.4–4.23 colony‐forming units). Additional benefits of 0.1% octenidine were significant reduction in the number of bleeding sites, papilla bleeding index, sulcus bleeding index, and gingival fluid flow. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, there exists moderate evidence that 0.1% OCT was found to be an effective antiplaque agent. Octenidine inhibited plaque formation upto 93% and gingivitis upto 68% versus placebo and was either superior or comparable to chlorhexidine. Octenidine was well‐tolerated and safe and can be an effective alternative to CHX and other contemporary mouthwashes.

As the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous attempts have been made to identify specific antiviral mouth rinses which may help reduce the salivary viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). Although the results from in vivo well-controlled clinical studies are yet pending, many contemporary antimicrobial mouth rinses have been explored for potential antiviral properties with respect to SARS-CoV-2. The most widely used compounds such as povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and essential oils have been known to have antiviral activity by targeting the outer lipid membrane or by denaturing the capsid proteins of enveloped virus SARS-CoV. Until now, there has been scanty scientific evidence on the molecular basis of interaction of the gold standard antimicrobial mouth rinse as an underlying mechanism of its anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. The current communication reports the findings of our in silico docking study pertaining to understand the interactions of chlorhexidine with the most well-studied target of the SARS-CoV main protease.

Background: Recent evidence suggests an interconnection between chronic periodontal disease and systemic diseases. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and inflammatory periodontal disease among north Indian population. Settings and Design: Tertiary health care center, cross-sectional case-control observational study. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 cases, i.e., patients with NAFLD and 40 healthy volunteers were included over a period of 8 months and their periodontal status was compared. The status of their hepatic health was ascertained by anthropometric, imaging, and biochemical evaluation including ultrasound examination of abdomen and transient elastography. Statistical Data Analysis: Paired t-test, multivariate logistic regression analysis using IBM SPSS STATISTICS (version 22.0, Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Results: The study revealed that only 11.9% and 20% of participants had periodontitis, in healthy controls and hepatic disease patients, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed in clinical parameters of periodontal status, except for malocclusion. Comparative analysis of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and cytokeratin-18 revealed differences in mean scores, though statistically nonsignificant. Only aspartate transaminase, number of missing teeth, and bleeding on probing (BOP) were observed with higher odds ratios for hepatic disease patients. Spearman correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations between TNF-α and BOP, for cases. Conclusion: Patients with hepatic disease showed a higher prevalence of periodontal disease, worse oral hygiene and periodontal health status compared to healthy individuals.

There is a huge body of literature suggesting an association and a bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetes. Diabetes and periodontal diseases are both chronic diseases with a high prevalence. Dentists/periodontists, in their daily clinical practice, very often attend to diabetes patients with diverse oral health conditions and cater to their dental treatment needs. Safe and effective periodontal therapy in this population requires a broad understanding of diabetes, medical management of diabetes, and essential modifications to dental/periodontal therapy that may be required. This paper describes a joint statement put forth by the Indian Society of Periodontology and the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India aiming to provide expert consensus and evidence-based guidelines for optimal clinical management of periodontal conditions in diabetes patients or patients at risk for diabetes. Although this paper is not envisioned to be a comprehensive review of this topic, it intends to provide the guidelines for dental professionals and periodontists.

Background: In certain medically and physically compromised; and terminally ill patients, periodontal surgery may not be feasible. They need special attention and assistance for their daily plaque control regimens for the management and maintenance of periodontal conditions. Subgingival irrigation home care devices with antiplaque agents may serve as useful tools in such specific patient populations. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate of the efficacy of sub-gingival irrigation in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis otherwise indicated for periodontal flap surgeries. Settings and Design: Randomized comparative parallel group interventional clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Forty adults with moderate-to-severe periodontitis, divided inot Group A and B, were subjected to the use of subgingival home irrigations using 0.06% chlorhexidine (CHX) and mouth-rinsing with 15 ml of 0.12% CHX twice daily, respectively after Phase I therapy. Clinical parameters, i.e., gingival index, oral hygiene index simplified, and bleeding on probing scores were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks' postphase I therapy, whereas clinical attachment level (CAL), probing depth (PD), and stain assessment at baseline and 12 weeks following Phase I therapy. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA version 15.0 for Windows). Results: A statistically significant difference was seen with the use of 0.06% CHX irrigations in PD (P = 0.004) and CAL (P = 0.002) as compared to the use of mouth rinsing with 0.12% CHX. Similar differences were observed in both intensity (P = 0.014) and area (P = 0.034) of lingual surface staining with greater staining with CHX mouth rinsing. Conclusion: The adjunctive use of subgingival home irrigations using 0.06% CHX has a promising potential to maintain the oral health and results in lesser staining compared to CHX mouth rinsing. The regimen may further obviate the need of periodontal surgery in medically compromised subjects.

Accession numbers for whole-genome sequence of Brevibacillus sp. strain GI9 and SKDU10 are CAGD01000001 to CAGD01000061 and LSSO00000000, respectively. Members of the genus Brevibacillus have been demonstrated to produce a variety of bioactive compounds including polyketides, lipopeptides and bacteriocins. Lipopeptides are non-ribosomally synthesized surface-active compounds with antimicrobial, antitumor, and immune-stimulatory activities. They usually exhibit strong antifungal and antibacterial activities and are considered as promising compounds in controlling fungal diseases. In this study, we have characterized two lipopeptides from Brevibacillus sp. strains GI9 and SKDU10. The corresponding lipopeptides were purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Mass analysis and characterization by MALDI-TOF-MS (Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) analysis revealed production of an iturin-like lipopeptide by strain GI9 and bogorol-like lipopeptide by strain SKDU10. Both lipopeptides exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity and inhibited the growth of various fungi. They showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 90 and 300 μg/ml against indicator strains of bacteria and drug-resistant Candida indicator strains. The lipopeptides did not show phytotoxic effect in seed germination experiments but caused hemolysis. Further, both lipopeptides inhibited the growth of fungi on fruits and vegetables in in vitro experiments, thereby exhibited potential use in biotechnological industry as effective biocontrol agents.

Context: Dentists across the globe are witnessing a completely unforeseen and uncertain professional situation during these times of COVID-19 pandemic. There is conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of routinely used mouthwashes and especially Chlorhexidine, to reduce the viral load in oral cavity and the aerosols during oral procedures. Aims: Comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of the current 'gold standard' chlorhexidine and povidone iodine as a control agent, through an in-vitro analysis. Settings and Design: In-vitro laboratory analysis. Methods and Material: All the experiments for analysis of antiviral efficacy of chlorhexidine digluconate (2%)and povidone iodine(1%), against SARS-CoV-2 virus were performed in the BSL3 facility at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, using the VeroE6 cell lines. The analysis of the virus inactivation was based on quantification of viral RNA (Cycle threshold (Ct) profile) present in the culture supernatant using Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). Statistical Analysis Used: Descriptive analysis (Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, version 15.0 for Windows). Results: Chlorhexidine digluconate in 0.2% concentration inactivated more than 99.9% of SARS CoV 2 virus, in minimal contact time of 30 seconds, which was considered better efficacy than povidone-iodine utilized for 30 and 60 seconds. Subtle differences were observed in the activity of both the compounds in terms of percent inactivation of virus, though a greater relative change in Ct values was observed for chlorhexidine. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that Chlorhexidine digluconate in 0.2% concentration inactivated SARS CoV 2 in minimal contact time i.e 30 secs, however both compounds tested i.e Chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine were found to have antiviral activity against SARS CoV2 virus.

Adherence to the dental practice regulatory guidelines instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic is essential to minimize the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 strains. Given the lack of a valid and reliable survey tool to assess the adherence to dental practice guidelines, this study aims to develop, validate, and test a survey tool on a pilot sample of dental clinicians practicing in India. A survey tool was developed/validated through a sequential phasic approach: Phase I- developing survey using conceptual and literature framework; Phase II: ascertaining its validity and reliability; Phase III: pilot testing; and Phase IV: assessing construct validity by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on the responses collected in Spring 2021. The EFA was achieved using a traditional unweighted least squares extraction method through a varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. A six-factor solution with 18 items (with the global reliability of 86%) related to screening, regular infection prevention measures, infection control inside the dental operatory, disinfection of the dental unit, disposal, and other COVID-19-specific preventive measures were extracted. Our sample had higher compliance with regard to providing alcohol-based hand scrubs, providing protective gear to attendees, collecting travel/medical history, and screening patients for COVID-19 symptoms. In contrast, less compliance was observed regarding the use of paperless forms of practice and rubber dams in the operatory. The use of a validated survey tool ensures the collection of reliable and valid data, which can serve as baseline data to measure the uptake and effectiveness of dental practice regulatory guidelines in a clinical setting and community dental health clinics.

Background and Objectives: The elicitation of a host’s immune–inflammatory responses to overcome oral bacterial biofilm challenges is mediated by numerous cytokines. We explored the role of three such cytokines, viz. interleukin (IL)-17, 18 and 21, by measuring their levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of Indian individuals with healthy gingiva, chronic gingivitis, or chronic periodontitis. Materials and Method: Ninety systemically healthy individuals were enrolled in the study on the basis of predefined criteria and were categorized into three groups of 30 participants each. Groups A, B and C were composed of a control group with healthy gingiva, subjects with chronic gingivitis and subjects with chronic periodontitis, respectively. The periodontal disease status was assessed on the basis of a subject’s gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and radiographic evidence of bone loss. After the complete history-taking and identification of gingival sulcus/pocket depth areas for GCF collection, a sample was collected from each subject in all groups for an estimation of the cytokine levels using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v 21.0. Intergroup comparisons were conducted using a post hoc Tukey’s test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The mean IL-17, 18 and 21 concentrations in pg/mL was the greatest for Group C (99.67 ± 18.85, 144.61 ± 20.83 and 69.67 ± 12.46, respectively), followed by Group B (19.27 ± 2.78, 22.27 ± 2.43 and 22.74 ± 1.43, respectively) and finally by Group A (healthy control; 11.56 ± 0.99, 17.94 ± 1.24 and 12.83 ± 1.21 respectively). A statistically significant difference in the mean concentrations of two interleukins (IL-17 and IL-18) was observed between Groups A and C and also between Groups B and C. A statistically significant difference in the mean concentrations of IL-21 was observed between Groups B and C. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, the findings revealed that the GCF levels of IL-17, IL-18 and IL-21 rose and correlated well with the severity of the disease. Thus, these cytokines present in GCF have the potential to be considered as biomarkers for periodontal tissue destruction. IL-21 in particular appears to be a promising biomarker for differentiating between gingivitis and periodontitis.

Postural inaccuracies in persistent dental tasks indicated an upsurge in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. This makes it imperative to restrain awkward postural movements while working. Biased results in self-reporting surveys; discomfort, expense, and time consumption involved in using wearable sensors; and expert’s opinion are required in observational methods. Hence, it is important to use significantly reliable, cheap technology as a substitute to overcome the shortcomings of the mentioned techniques. In this study, the markerless Kinect V2–based system was developed and compared with the conventional imaging technique for real-time postural assessment of dental seating tasks. The study assessed the angle parameters related to the dentist’s bodily movement of upper arm, lower arm, wrist, neck, and trunk. Ten dentists from the local dental institution volunteered for the study. Dentists were monitored with both techniques while performing real-time dental procedures. The agreement between the techniques was assessed using Bland–Altman plot at 95% bias, Pearson’s (r1) and concordance (r2) correlation coefficients, mean difference, and percentage error. For conclusive agreement analysis, contingency coefficient, proportion agreement index, Cohen’s kappa, and Mann–Whitney U at 95% confidence interval (CI) were evaluated. Data acquired from both techniques possessed strong correlations (r1 and r2 >0.90). Good agreement in Rapid Upper Limb Assessment data using Cohen’s kappa (0.67) at standard Landis and Koch’s scale was also observed. Postural analysis of slow-motion tasks like dentistry using the Kinect V2 system proved to be unobtrusive and efficient. This may be used by dentists to have periodic postural check. In future, Kinect V2–based feedback system may be used to develop an assistive technology using predictive algorithms, which may help in reducing the probability of occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in dentists.

An antimicrobial substance producing strain designated as A52 was isolated from a marine sediment sample and identified as Bacillus sp., based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The ANI and dDDH analysis of the genome sequence displayed high identity with two strains of B. subtilis sub sp. subtilis. Strain A52 yielded two antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that differed in activity spectrum. MALDI mass spectrometry analysis of HPLC purified fractions revealed mass of peptides as 3881.6 and 1061.9 Da. The antiSMASH analysis of genome sequence unraveled presence of identical biosynthetic cluster involved in production of sublancin from B. subtilis sub sp. subtilis strain 168, which yielded peptide with identical mass. The low molecular weight peptide is found to be a cyclic lipopeptide containing C16 β-hydroxy fatty acid that resembled surfactin-like group of biosurfactants. However, it differed in fatty acid composition and antimicrobial spectrum in comparison to other surfactins produced by strains of B. subtilis. It exhibited broad spectrum antibacterial activity, inhibited growth of pathogenic strains of Candida and filamentous fungi. Further, it exhibited hemolytic activity, but did not show phytotoxic effect in seed germination experiment. The emulgel formulation of surfactin-like lipopeptide showed antimicrobial activity in vitro and did not show any irritation effects in animal studies using BALB/c mice. Moreover, surfactin-like lipopeptide displayed synergistic activity with fluconazole against Candida, indicating its potential for external therapeutic applications.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first emerged in Wuhan city in December 2019, and became a grave global concern due to its highly infectious nature. The Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2, with its predecessors (i.e., MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) belong to the family of Coronaviridae. Reportedly, COVID-19 has infected 344,710,576 people around the globe and killed nearly 5,598,511 persons in the short span of two years. On November 24, 2021, B.1.1.529 strain, later named Omicron, was classified as a Variant of Concern (VOC). SARS-CoV-2 has continuously undergone a series of unprecedented mutations and evolved to exhibit varying characteristics. These mutations have largely occurred in the spike (S) protein (site for antibody binding), which attribute high infectivity and transmissibility characteristics to the Omicron strain. Although many studies have attempted to understand this new challenge in the COVID-19 strains race, there is still a lot to be demystified. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to summarize the structural or virologic characteristics, burden, and epidemiology of the Omicron variant and its potential to evade the immune response.

Abstract Periodontal diseases are chronic infectious disease in which the pathogenic bacteria initiate the host immune response leading to the destruction of tooth supporting tissue and eventually result in the tooth loss. It has multifactorial etiological factors including local, systemic, environmental and genetic factors. The effect of genetic factors on periodontal disease is already under extensive research and has explained the role of polymorphisms of immune mediators affecting disease response. The role genetic factors in pathogens colonisation is emerged as a new field of research as “infectogenomics”. It is a rapidly evolving and high-priority research area now days. It further elaborates the role of genetic factors in disease pathogenesis and help in the treatment, control and early prevention of infection. The aim of this review is to summarise the contemporary evidence available in the field of periodontal infectogenomics to draw some valuable conclusions to further elaborate its role in disease pathogenesis and its application in the clinical practice. This will open up opportunity for more extensive research in this field.

Context: Current clinical periodontal diagnostic techniques emphasize the assessment of clinical and radiographic signs of periodontal diseases which can provide a measure of history of disease. Hence, new methodologies for early identification and determination of periodontal disease activity need to be explored which will eventually result in expedited treatment. Aim: To evaluate the correlation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to clinical parameters of periodontal inflammation in smokers with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Study population included 15 smoker male patients in the age group of 35–55 years suffering from moderate generalized chronic periodontitis with history of smoking present. Following parameters were evaluated at baseline, 1 month and 3 months after scaling and root planing: plaque index, bleeding index, probing pocket depth (PD), relative attachment level (RAL), and GCF ALP activity. Statistical Analysis Used: Independent variables for measurements over time were analyzed by using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: A statistically significant reduction in all the clinical parameters and GCF ALP activity was observed from baseline to 1 month and 3 months. A correlation was observed between change in GCF ALP activity and PD reduction as well as gain in RAL at 3 months. Conclusion: The present study emphasizes that total ALP activity could be used as a marker for periodontal disease activity in smokers. Estimation of changes in the levels of this enzyme has a potential to aid in the detection of progression of periodontal disease and monitoring the response to periodontal therapy.

Purpose: The aim of the present investigation was to assess and compare the oral health-related quality-of-life (OHRQoL) in the rural and urban chronic periodontitis patients of Punjab using short questionnaire of oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). Materials and Methods: A total of 100 patients suffering from chronic periodontitis with pocket depth ≥4 mm in at least one proximal site and a minimum of 20 teeth were screened and divided into two groups - rural and urban (50 participants in each group). Clinical parameters, that is, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), and OHRQoL were assessed in all patients using OHIP-14 questionnaire. Results: Results showed that mean PI (2.11 ± 0.635), GI (1.61 ± 0.45), PPD (3.12 ± 0.692), and OHIP-14 (11.49 ± 9.733) scores were significantly higher in the rural population as compared to urban population (1.69 ± 0.45, 1.56 ± 0.355, 3.30 ± 0.973, and 5.88 ± 5.588) suffering from chronic periodontitis. Most affected domain in case of the rural population was functional limitation whereas psychological disability was most affected in the urban population. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the periodontal parameters and OHIP-14 (P < 0.001) in both the groups. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, periodontal status and OHRQoL are significantly correlated with each other in both rural and urban groups.

Background: Sleep deprivation has become a global phenomenon, and epidemiologic data indicate that short sleep duration adversely impacts human physical health. Underlying mechanisms involve modulation of immune-inflammatory mechanisms. These changes might contribute to potentiation of destructive periodontal disease. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess if there is an association of sleep deprivation with chronic periodontal diseases. Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects were categorized into 3 groups (n = 20 each) viz. clinically healthy, gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontal status of subjects was assessed by gingival index and pocket probing depth. All the study subjects were administered Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire for the assessment of sleep deprivation. Results: Present investigation revealed that mean PSQI was highest in the periodontitis group as compared to other two groups and the difference among three groups was statistically significant. Conclusion: The present study with preliminary results suggestive of the association of sleep deprivation with severity of periodontal disease, definitely calls on for future studies with larger samples.

Background: The gingival morphology of the maxillary anterior region plays an important role in determining the final esthetic outcome. Knowledge of the periodontal biotype is of fundamental importance because the anatomical characteristics of the periodontium, such as gingival thickness, gingival width and alveolar bone morphology, will determine periodontium behavior when submitted to physical, chemical, or bacterial injury or during periodontal or implant surgical procedures and orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: 50 subjects with healthy periodontal tissues with no loss of attachment and (b) presence of all anterior teeth in both upper and lower jaw were selected. On clinical examination gingival thickness was recorded based on the transparency of periodontal probe. Following parameters are recorded from dental cast, i.e., crown length, crown width, papillary length (PL) and papillary width. Results: There was highly significant correlation between gingival biotype and crown length and area of papilla with P value −0.002 and 0.013 respectively. Significant correlation was found between area of crown and PL with P value −0.013 and 0.016. The results of discriminant function analysis showed that average crown length was the best single determinant of biotype and area of papilla was the next best choice. Conclusion: Within the limits of the current investigation, the existence and correlation of different gingival biotypes and dentopapillary complex dimension has been confirmed. These findings can be utilized as objective guidelines for determining the biotype and response of gingiva to many dental operative procedures.

Background: Gingival involvement is commonly seen in lichen planus, a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory condition of the stratified squamous epithelia. It is often painful and may undergo malignant transformation and thus warrants early diagnosis and prompt treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of a bioresorbable membrane (Polyglactin 910) in the management of erosive lichen planus of gingiva. Materials and Methods: A split-mouth randomized controlled trial was carried out. Fifteen patients with identical bilateral lesions of lichen planus on gingiva were included in the study. Three parameters were selected for the clinical assessment of gingival lesions: Surface texture, color, and burning sensation. After complete oral prophylaxis, an excisional biopsy procedure was carried out for lesions on both sides, but on the experimental side, the biopsy procedure was combined with placement of the bioresorbable membrane. The statistical significance of intergroup differences in measurements was tested by using an independent sample t-test. A two-tailed P-value less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Intragroup comparisons revealed a statistically significant difference between mean value of grades at 6, 12, and 24 weeks in both groups for the surface texture, color, and burning sensation of gingiva, respectively. For intergroup comparison of change in surface texture, color, and burning sensation of gingiva between group A and group B, differences were statistically nonsignificant. Conclusion: Surgical management of the lesion accomplished significant improvement of lesion with no significant additional clinical benefits with the application of bioresorbable membrane. Worsening of baseline scores was not observed in any case at the end of the study.

Aim: To evaluate and compare the clinical effects of topical subgingival application of 2% whole turmeric gel and 1% chlorhexidine gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients suffering from chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients with localized or generalized chronic periodontitis with a pocket depth of 5-7 mm were selected. In each patient, on completion of SRP, three non-adjacent sites in three different quadrants were randomly divided into three different groups, that is, Group I: Those receiving 2% turmeric gel, Group II: Those receiving 1% chlorhexidine gel (Hexigel), and Group III: SRP alone (control site). Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, and clinical attachment levels were determined at baseline, 30 days, and 45 days. Results: Group II as a local drug system was better than Group III. Group I showed comparable improvement in all the clinical parameters as Group II. Conclusions: The experimental local drug delivery system containing 2% whole turmeric gel helped in reduction of probing depth and gain of clinical attachment levels.

Background: Bioactive ceramic fillers are synthetic materials which have shown the potential to enhance bone formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a bioactive synthetic graft material in the treatment of intrabony periodontal defects. Materials and Methods: Fourteen intrabony defects in twelve systemically healthy subjects having moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were evaluated after bone grafting with bioactive ceramic filler for a period of 6 months. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were made at baseline, at 3 and 6 months following surgery. Results: Mean radiographic defect fill of 64.76% (2.49±0.5 mm) was observed in 6 months, which was statistically significant. A statistically significant relative attachment level gain of 2.71±1.13 mm and probing pocket depth reduction of 4.21±1.18 mm was recorded at the end of the study. A significant decrease in mobility and gingival index was observed. Conclusions: Bioactive glass is an efficacious treatment option for the reconstruction of intrabony periodontal defects as it led to statistically significant improvements in the clinical and radiographic parameters.

Background: Gingival recession is a common occurrence and patients often report to dental clinic with associated problems such as root surface hypersensitivity, esthetic concerns, cervical root abrasions, and root caries that make it a concern for patients. Based upon the fact that gingival recession is an enigma for clinicians because of multitude of etiological factors and plethora of treatment modalities present for its treatment, a survey was conducted to assess knowledge as well as opinion about most common etiology, classification, and preferred treatment of gingival recession and to evaluate the interest and satisfaction of dentists in practicing periodontics. Materials and Methods: Study design consisted of a cross-sectional online survey, conducted among dentists practicing in state of Punjab, India, in the month of April 2011. A structured online questionnaire consisting of 17 questions evaluating the interest of dentists in periodontics based on knowledge about gingival recession (most of them giving the possibility of multiple choices of answers) was sent to about 300 dentists. Pearson Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis of data collected. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant and P ≤ 0.01 considered as highly significant. Results: A greater proportion of periodontists had better knowledge about etiology (P = 0.07), classification (P = 0.000), and treatment of gingival recession (P = 0.000). A greater number of periodontists opted for the surgical modalities to correct the defects produced by gingival recession as compared to non-periodontists and had better interest (P = 0.000) and satisfaction (P = 0.000) in practicing periodontics. Conclusion: The results elucidated that periodontists had better interest and satisfaction in practicing periodontics, and were more inclined towards surgical correction of gingival recession as compared to non-periodontists.

Aims and Objectives: Bad breath has a significant impact on daily life of those who suffer from it. Oral malodor may rank only behind dental caries and periodontal disease as the cause of patient′s visit to dentist. An aim of this study was to use a portable sulfide monitor as a motivational tool for encouraging the patients towards the better oral hygiene by correlating the plaque scores with sulfide monitor scores, and comparing the sulfide monitor scores before and after complete prophylaxis and 3 months after patient motivation. Materials and Methods : 30 patients with chronic periodontitis, having chief complaint of oral malodor participated in this study. At first visit, the plaque scores (P1) and sulfide monitor scores before (BCR1) and after complete oral prophylaxis (BCR2) were taken. Then the patients were motivated towards the better oral hygiene. After 3 months, plaque scores (P2) and sulfide monitor scores (BCR3) were recorded again. Statistical Analysis: It was done using SPSS (student package software for statistical analysis). Paired sample test was performed. Results: Statistically significant reduction in sulfide monitor scores was reported after the complete oral prophylaxis and 3 months after patient motivation. Plaque scores were significantly reduced after a period of 3 months. Plaque scores and breathchecker scores were positively correlated. Conclusion : An intensity of the oral malodor was positively correlated with the plaque scores. The portable sulfide monitor was efficacious in motivating the patients towards the better oral hygiene.

Systemic antibiotics in conjunction with scaling and root planing (SRP), can offer an additional benefit over SRP alone in the treatment of periodontitis, in terms of clinical attachment loss (CAL) and pocket depth change, and reduced risk of additional CAL loss. However, antibiotics are not innocuous drugs. Their use should be justified on the basis of a clearly established need and should not be substituted for adequate local treatment. The aim of this review is to discuss the rationale, proper selection, dosage and duration for antibiotic therapy so as to optimize the usefulness of drug therapy.

Vaccine is the name applied generally to a substance of the nature of dead or attenuated living infectious material introduced into the body with the object of increasing its power to resist or get rid of a disease. Vaccines are generally prophylactic, i.e. they ameliorate the effects of future infection. One such vaccine considered here is the "Periodontal vaccine". Till date, no preventive modality exists for periodontal disease and treatment rendered is palliative. Thus, availability of periodontal vaccine would not only prevent and modulate periodontal disease, but also enhance the quality of life of people for whom periodontal treatment cannot be easily obtained. The aim of the research should be development of a multispecies vaccine targeting the four prime periodontal pathogens, viz. Porphyromonas gingivalis, T. forsythus, T. denticola and A. comitans. Success is still elusive in case of periodontal vaccine due to the complex etiopathogenesis of the disease.

Although bone allografts are being widely used in dentistry, many of clinicians appear to be unfamiliar with their preparation and processing as well as their use as safe and effective graft materials. The major concerns associated with these materials are antigenicity and risk of disease transmission from donor to recipient. To minimize this risk, the production of an allograft worthy of distribution and implantation requires strict attention to detail through a comprehensive process. With an increasing clinical requirement for bone grafting procedures, there is a commensurate increase in patients′ demands for assurance that bank bone will not be infected with pathogens. To ensure the patients, dental surgeons should be able to cite factual information and recommendations by responsible organizations regarding safety of allografts. Knowledge of human bone allograft procurement, processing, and tracking may allow dentists to better educate patients and address concerns about this valuable treatment option. The purpose of this review is to furnish and update the current knowledge on processing, safety, and efficacy of allograft materials.