Search

Sheet metal processing is automated, but the step from product models to the production machine control still requires human intervention. This may cause time consuming bottlenecks in the production process and increase the risk of human errors. In this paper we present a system, which automatically recognizes features from the CAD-model of the sheet metal product. By using these features, the system produces a complete model of the particular sheet metal product. Then the model is used as an input for the sheet metal processing machine. Currently the system is implemented, capable to recognize more than 11 of the most common sheet metal structural features, and the procedure is fully automated. This provides remarkable savings in the production time, and protects against the human errors. This paper presents the developed system architecture, applied algorithms and system software implementation and testing., {"references":["Nnaji, Bartholomew O., et al. \"Feature reasoning for sheet metal components.\" The International Journal of Production Research 29.9 (1991): 1867-1896.","Farsi, Mohammad Ali, and Behrooz Arezoo. \"Feature recognition and design advisory system for sheet metal components.\" Proceeding of the 5th IATS (2009).","Huhtala, M., M. Lohtander, and J. Varis. \"Product data management and sheet metal features—Sheet metal part recognition for an easier designing process producing manufacture-friendly products.\" 2013 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. IEEE, 2013.","Groover, Mikell, and E. W. J. R. Zimmers. CAD/CAM: computer-aided design and manufacturing. Pearson Education, 1983.","Mercer, Tim. CAD/CAM selection for small manufacturing companies. Diss. University of Wisconsin, 2000.","Justin, Mitchell. \"Types of CAD Software.\" Techwalla. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Dec. 2016. .","Siemens, P. L. M. \"Software Inc.\" NX Nastran User's Guide (2008).","Cannon, Larissa, et al. \"How can NX Advanced Simulation support multi-user design?\" Comput.-Aided Des. Appl., PACE (2), Aug (2012): 21-32.","FRE is a copyright and a registered property of Prima Power, Metallitie 4, FI-62200, Kauhava, Finland.\n[10]\tKannan, T. R., and M. S. Shunmugam. \"Processing of 3D sheet metal components in STEP AP-203 format. Part I: feature recognition system.\" International Journal of Production Research 47.4 (2009): 941-964.\n[11]\tKannan, T. R., and M. S. Shunmugam. \"Processing of 3D sheet metal components in STEP AP-203 format. Part II: feature reasoning system.\" International journal of production research 47.5 (2009): 1287-1308.\n[12]\tFournier, Sue. Sheet Metal Handbook. Vol. 575. Penguin, 1989.\n[13]\tNigam, Swami D., and Joshua U. Turner. \"Review of statistical approaches to tolerance analysis.\" Computer-Aided Design 27.1 (1995): 6-15."]}

Substation Automation System (SAS) performance has been gained great improvements by implementing the high data rate process bus based on IEC 61850-9-2LE. However, these improvements need to be fully assessed within different circumstances before the scheme can be implemented to real SAS. This paper illustrates a comparisons between the performance testing of a practical (using commercial physical devices) prototype process bus and the simulated model based on the sample value (SV) traffic stream latency using a novel estimation approach. The practical prototype process bus has been implemented based on the IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus and the simulated model has been initiated within the OPNET simulation tool models complaint with the IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus. By implementing the comparison two benefits have been achieved, from the practical experiments point view it proves the correctness of the design and the implementation of the IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus and the novel time analysis of the SV traffic stream latency. From the OPNET simulation models point view it shows the rightness of IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus modeling and also it shows the powerful of the OPNET simulation tools that can model a high data rate real-time system based on the new standard IEC 61850-9-2LE. Moreover, paper results illustrate that the latencies are almost the same and also explains the reasons for the small differences.

Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan aurinkopaneelitekniikan hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia teollisuuslaitosten energiatarpeen kattamiseksi. Työn keskeinen tavoite on tutkia aurinkopaneelitekniikan kannattavuutta Etelä-Pohjanmaan alueella. Työssä ei ole konkreettista kohdetta, jolle laskelmat olisi kohdistettu, vaan laskennat toteutettiin yleisellä tasolla. Työssä perehdyttiin ensin aurinkoenergiaan ja sen potentiaaliin Suomessa. Lisäksi tarkasteltiin Suomen lainsäädäntöä ja asetuksia aurinkosähköön liittyen. Tämän jälkeen tehtiin pintapuolinen katsaus aurinkopaneelitekniikan toimintaperiaatteisiin ja aurinkosähkön tuotantoon vaikuttaviin tekijöihin sekä aurinkovoimalaitosten oheislaitteiston komponentteihin. Sitten vertailtiin olemassa olevia sekä kehitteillä olevia aurinkokennotekniikoita ja niiden ominaisuuksia. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös aurinkosähkömarkkinoita sekä maailmanlaajuisesti että Suomessa ja tutkittiin Suomen sähkönhinnan muodostumista ja kehitystä. Työssä tehtiin energiantuotantolaskelmia yksi- ja monikiteisille aurinkopaneeleille sekä a-Si, CIGS ja CdTe -aurinkopaneeleille ja havaittiin, että ohutkalvokennoilla toteutettujen aurinkosähköjärjestelmien tuotanto on hieman parempi kuin yksi- ja monikiteisillä aurinkosähköjärjestelmillä. Ohutkalvotekniikalla toteutettujen aurinkovoimalaitosten vaatima pinta-ala on kuitenkin suurempi. Lopuksi tehtiin kannattavuuslaskennat monikiteisillä Heckert Solars:n NeMo -paneeleilla toteutetuille 50 kW ja 300 kW aurinkosähköjärjestelmille. Kannattavuuslaskelmien perusteella todettiin, että aurinkosähkö on kannattavaa Suomen olosuhteissa ja sähkömarkkinoilla, jos tuotettu sähkö kulutetaan suoraan kohteessa. Lopuksi laskettiin tuotetun energian hinta voimalaitoksen koko elinkaarelle. Tulosten mukaan Suomessa on mahdollisesti saavutettu jopa toisen asteen verkkopariteetti. This thesis is a study on the suitability and economy of solar panel technology in industrial applications. The goal was to examine the profitability of solar panel technology in covering the energy needs of an industrial establishment. There is no concrete target on which the calculations could have been directed at and the calculations have been carried out in a general level. Firstly, solar energy and its potential in Finland is studied, followed by an examination of Finnish legislation on solar energy. After this, a survey was made on the operational principals of solar cells and on the factors affecting solar panel production. In addition, peripheral equipment of a solar power plant was examined, together with solar panel technologies, both existing and under development, and their properties. The thesis also investigates the global and Finnish photovoltaic markets and the formation and development of electricity prices in Finland. In connection with the energy production estimations of monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film (a-Si, CIGS and CdTe) solar panels, it was noticed that thin-film solar panels production was bigger. However, thin-film photovoltaic systems require a larger surface. After this, an economy survey was made for a 50 kW and a 300 kW photovoltaic system using Heckert Solar’s NeMo solar panels. Based on the survey solar electricity can be profitable in Finnish conditions and electricity markets, if the produced energy is consumed directly by the producer. Finally, electricity price per kilowatt-hour was calculated. According to the results, second degree grid parity could have been reached in Finland.