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During evaluations of teat skin by the authors using National Mastitis Council procedures, teat open lesions (TOL) have been more commonly identified in dairies in the Northeast United States over the last 10 years. The TOL described here are found in all stages of lactation and in any age lactating cow, which is unique from TOL that present mainly in first lactation animals just after calving. Cows with these TOL exhibit more abnormal cow behaviors during the milking event. Based on the authors' subjective field evaluations, dry teat skin condition appears to be a significant risk factor. Although there is a paucity of published literature, the other risk factors that the authors have observed are exposure to wind and significant temperature fluctuations, wet bedding, certain bedding additives, and occasionally mechanical, chemical, or thermal trauma. Teat open lesions have been observed in herds with all the common types of bedding. Treatment and preventative measures have focused on supporting skin conditions through higher emollients in the postmilking teat disinfection (PMTD) and controlling the environmental conditions to which the teat is exposed. This includes an evaluation of cow positioning in the stall as well as bedding levels, which influence bedding contamination. The accuracy of PMTD application can also have an influence. The objective of this narrative review was to search the current literature describing TOL, identify knowledge gaps, describe the authors' field experience with TOL on dairy operations in the Northeast United States, and identify opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella Dublin is an important cause of salmonellosis among dairy cattle and poses a considerable threat to public health. This serotype is increasingly being identified among bovine Salmonella isolates from clinical samples in the north‐eastern United States, and these isolates are generally multidrug resistant. Our objective was to estimate the herd‐level prevalence of Salmonella Dublin among dairy cattle herds throughout New York. Bulk tank milk samples from nearly all commercial dairy herds in New York were collected from milk quality testing laboratories during the first half of 2013. Antibody testing of bulk tank milk was performed using a Salmonella Dublin ELISA kit. Samples representing 4,896 commercial dairies were collected, and antibodies against Salmonella Dublin were detected in 46 herds (0.9%; 95% CI, 0.7%–1.3%). Given the herd‐level sensitivity of ELISA testing for Salmonella Dublin in bulk tank milk at a single timepoint, this approach presumably underestimated the true prevalence. Some Salmonella Dublin‐positive herds had both positive and negative bulk tanks at the same sampling time, indicating that herds with multiple tanks should test all of them when using this ELISA. Further research is needed to better understand the epidemiologic features of Salmonella Dublin in the north‐eastern United States, including risk factors for introduction into dairy herds and principal transmission pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]