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El emprendimiento y la innovación, son dos factores que se encuentran vinculados entre sí, y que en el último tiempo han tenido un auge bastante importante, el objetivo fundamental de estudio es analizar los factores que inciden en el comportamiento del ambiente emprendedor y la escaza innovación. La metodología estuvo basada en un análisis de naturaleza descriptiva, ya que, a través de la técnica de la recopilación bibliográfica, se obtuvo información útil sobre el tema central de investigación. Adicionalmente, se determina que este estudio es de alcance no experimental ya que través de este diseño se recopilo la información sobre la evolución del emprendedor en el Ecuador. Como principal resultado se tiene que Ecuador posee una TEA del 36,9% una de las tasas mas altas a nivel de América Latina, sin embargo, se ha podido detectar que gran parte de los emprendimientos son repetitivos, y actualmente han decidido dar los primeros pasos para poder innovar. Finalmente, se concluye que la administración pública debería enfocar sus políticas para el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de este sector, así como una continua asesoría técnica, para que los emprendedores puedan sacar adelante sus ideas de negocio.

Después del terremoto 2016 las provincias costeras de Manabí y Esmeraldas fueron azotadas por un fenómeno telúrico que afectó en gran proporción al sector turístico, lo que se ha ido acentuando hasta la actualidad por la presencia pandémica que ha puesto en serios riesgos la economía de este sector. El presente estudio analiza la operatividad de la Agenda de Reactivación (AR) propuesta por el Gobierno ecuatoriano a raíz del terremoto 2016, enfocando la economía circular como propuesta de sostenibilidad en los servicios complementarios del turismo, particularmente en hoteles y restaurantes. La metodología utilizada es el análisis comparativo de las metas propuestas en la AR y los logros alcanzados al 2019, además de la interpretación de la intervención de la economía circular como modelo de gestión en el marco de las investigaciones del Observatorio Ciudadano de Manabí y el uso de la economía circular como potencial de gestión para la reutilización de desechos sólidos en Portoviejo-Manabí. Como principales hallazgos se advierte que los alcances logrados en el sector turismo no se ajustan a lo planificado en la AR y que la ejecución de los proyectos no ha sido satisfactoria de acuerdo con las metas propuestas, además de la ausencia de articulación interinstitucional en la gestión de los mismos. Por otro lado, en la ciudad de Portoviejo se producen diariamente entre 50 y 100 kg de residuos sólidos en hoteles y restaurantes, de manera que la economía circular debería de considerarse como un mecanismo de sostenibilidad ambiental mediante la reutilización de los mismos, entre otras acciones. Palabras clave: Turismo, Economía Circular, Sostenibilidad, Residuos Bio-degradables, Manabí, Ecuador

The presence of small enterprises in developing countries makes new information on these enterprises substantially valuable for these countries. Governments have put forward numerous action plans and public policies to improve access to external credit. However, despite all technological advances, there are still situations linked to the theory of asymmetric information between lenders and borrowers, which influences the granting of financing. Under this premise, the present research uses latent classes to analyze the financing decision behavior patterns of 1033 business owners who faced the financing process and the constraints faced by lenders based on the asymmetric information theory. The results allowed the construction of a model that identified five profiles of trust in financial institutions among entrepreneurs that affected their financing decisions.

Due to COVID-19, there has been a paradigm shift in the labor market. This problem is accentuated in professions directly linked to human resources, as is the case in the health sector, education, and tourism. The main objective of this research is to analyze how these factors lead to a greater or lesser degree of job satisfaction. The research proposes a binary logistic regression model, which was built with a sample of 24,376 professionals from these intensive sectors of living, working, and COVID-19. The results obtained confirm, on the one hand, that there is a significant effect of burnout, efficacy, resources, and support about job satisfaction. In conclusion, this research shows that the job satisfaction of workers in intensive sectors is lower than that of other sectors, and that the factors that most influence the low job satisfaction of these workers are related to institutional, individual, and the increase in tax demands due to the pandemic.

Al analizar de manera retrospectiva la discapacidad en el Ecuador, se señala el interés por este fenómeno social ajustado a las condiciones evolutivas internacionales y a las políticas imperantes. Antes del 2006, existían instituciones y políticas que apoyaban y brindaban atención especial a las personas con discapacidad, incrementándose a partir de la Constitución de la República del 2008. Se realizó un análisis de la discapacidad, partiendo de la contextualización del ámbito conceptual-social, de las condiciones laborales y el ámbito legal. Se utilizaron métodos descriptivos documentales para analizar las fuentes bibliográficas desde el ámbito conceptual-social, se revisó la base de datos proporcionada por el Ministerio de Inclusión Social asumiendo el desempeño laboral, marco normativo y protección legal que las ampara. Según el resultado el perfil de las personas con discapacidad en el Ecuador está conformado por políticas públicas normalizadas desde la Constitución, leyes que defienden los derechos laborales de las mismas.

Due to novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), the labor market is going to undergo a profound restructuring. The creation of a new labor paradigm by all stakeholders is essential. This document contributes to the current political and social debates about self-employment, the need for economic growth, and how these labor measures, which are deeply institutionalized, need a change of attitude for an adequate job reconstruction in terms of welfare and sustainability. Currently, policy makers are proposing actions and policies because the new labor paradigm is being designed in the countries of Latin America. This research aims to analyze the JDCS model (Job Demand-Control-Support) and well-being in the self-employed in Ecuador. Unlike previous studies, this research takes a comprehensive approach by considering this theoretical model and the figure of the self-employed in terms of well-being. The logistic model, using cases of more than one thousand workers, generated estimated results that indicate the existence of a significant effect of physical and psychological demands at work on the balance between well-being and the management of angry clients, the speed of execution, and the complexity of the tasks. Regarding labor control, the ability to solve problems and make decisions for the company are detected as influencing factors, finally, social support is another factor influencing global well-being for the self-employed. These results show that with an effective management of the self-employed labor environment, it is possible to achieve an adequate level of workplace satisfaction.

Although the immigrant population in Spain has decreased due to the economic crisis of the past five years, few studies have analysed this group. The objective of this research has been to profile the immigrant who decides to start a business in Spain. In order to learn about the probability of immigrant workers being entrepreneurs as a function of their socio-demographic characteristics, data from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics from 2005 to 2016 have been analysed and fieldwork carried out during August and September 2016 on immigrants who are self-employed. The results show a lower rate of entrepreneurship in the immigrant population vis-a-vis the native population and the fact that creating their own business begins at an earlier age for immigrants when compared to the national average.

The tourism sector in general and the hotel sector in particular face the challenge of managing appropriate security measures to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this sense, it is useful to know which measures are most demanded by the clientele. This research, through non-parametric statistics tests, concluded that women are more demanding than men in relation to the security measures to be taken in hotels. More specifically, this research concludes that women are more demanding than men in relation to a set of measures including ensuring good hygiene conditions, the use of disinfectants, the existence of health and information checks, adapting the establishment to WHO recommendations, obtaining quality certification, measuring temperature, the need to provide information on protocols and measures, and the elimination of physical contact between people. This, as a practical application, makes it possible to know more accurately about the safety requirements of sex-segmented customers in the face of future health crises, allowing tourist managers to offer safer destinations and the hotel sector better health conditions for their clients.

Loyalty is important in the tourism sector since tourists are the key to returning to a destination or recommending it, which is a determining factor in the management of tourist sites. The tourism of Mosques, is a contextualized tourism within religious and cultural tourism. This research aims to analyze the loyalty of tourists of Islamic origin in the Cathedral Mosque of Cordoba. Unlike previous studies, this research adopts a comprehensive approach by considering cultural factors in the analysis of loyalty of Islamic tourists in mosque tourism. The methodology used in this study was a structural equation model with a partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The sample is made up of 262 tourists of Islamic origin at Cordoba Cathedral Mosque. This model does not correspond to factors identified by the previous literature, which adopts an religious perspective of Islamic tourists in mosque tourism. The methodology used in this study was a structural equation model with a partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The sample is made up of 262 tourists of Islamic origin in Cordoba Cathedral Mosque. This model does not correspond to factors identified by the previous literature, which adopts an religious perspective.

The balance of personal life with professional life is a topical issue that is increasingly worrisome due to globalization, the rapid introduction of new technologies into all areas of human life, the overlap between time between work and family, new organizational systems, and changes in the nature of work. This problem is accentuated by professions subjected to intense labor demands, as is the case of nurses. Adopting the Job Demand&ndash, Control&ndash, Support model, the main purpose of this research is to analyze how these factors lead to a greater or lesser degree of work&ndash, life balance. The research proposes a logistic regression model, which was constructed with a sample of 991 nursing professionals from the V European Working Conditions Survey. The results obtained confirm, on the one hand, that there is a significant effect of physical demands (but not psychological demands) on work&ndash, life balance. On the other hand, the moderating effects of job control are partially confirmed for psychological demands, and those of supervisor support (but not co-worker support) are partially confirmed for physical demands. In conclusion, the present research shows that effective management of nurses&rsquo, work context can decisively contribute to finding the difficult balance between personal and professional time.

Tourism in synagogues is an activity which is increasing in popularity due to the current interest in cultural and patrimonial heritage. The synagogue in C&oacute, rdoba has become an irreplaceable Jewish tourist destination in Spain due to its origins, construction, conservation, and recognition by international organizations. This article analyzes the loyalty of tourism in synagogues using variables such as satisfaction, loyalty and the expected and perceived value of the destination and the historical monument using a structural research equations methodology. No previous studies on tourism at synagogues using structural equations have been made. The data was obtained by means of a survey given to 350 tourists visiting this cultural heritage site. The results showed that there is strong loyalty to the heritage site as well as the destination.

An extremely useful theoretical approach to understanding the nature of work, health, and wellbeing is the job demand&ndash, control (JDC) model and the job demand&ndash, control&ndash, support (JDCS) model. In order for professional workers in the nongovernmental organization (NGO) sector to do their job, it is necessary for them to have a feeling of wellbeing. Despite this, in Europe, studies regarding the effects of the JDCS model in relation to workers&rsquo, wellbeing have not been carried out. This study is expected to fill this important gap in research by analyzing the relationship of wellbeing with work demands, work control, and social support. In order to corroborate the proposed hypotheses, an analysis of these constructs in employees in European nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) was developed and, using structural equation models, these relationships were tested. The results confirm the main hypothesis of the job demand&ndash, support (JDCS) model and the causal relationship among physical and psychological demands, work control, and support from supervisors and colleagues with the level of employee wellbeing.

Este trabajo explora las características personales / familiares, ocupacionales y de autopercepción de los empleados asalariados frente a los autónomos para corroborar comparativamente si las ventajas del autoempleo tienen que ver con ciertas compensaciones intrínsecas, identificando las características claves que podrían definir a los europeos actuales. Autónomos dependientes. Se basa en el uso del modelo de regresión logística binaria y análisis multivariado. Los hallazgos revelan que las condiciones de trabajo de naturaleza casual son más desfavorables para los trabajadores por cuenta propia en comparación con las de los trabajadores asalariados; mientras que los trabajadores autónomos disfrutan de una mayor flexibilidad a la hora de decidir el calendario y el desarrollo / contenido de sus actividades, compensando su mayor precariedad con una considerable flexibilidad y autonomía. Los elementos de la compensación intrínseca se reducen considerablemente para los trabajadores autónomos dependientes, cuando se comparan las condiciones de trabajo. La originalidad de este trabajo, dada la falta de investigación en este campo, se basa en un examen comparativo de las características laborales de los trabajadores autónomos dependientes europeos del siglo XXI en el contexto todavía actual de la crisis económica.

Highlights • The study explores the influence of the institutional context on job satisfaction. • The research develops a multilevel analysis that considers institutional and organizational factors. • Data of 22792 employees of 16 European countries from the Sixth European Working Conditions Survey are part of the sample. • A novel classification of countries according to their working conditions is provided., Job satisfaction is important in the tourism sector since workers’ satisfaction is key to providing high-quality service, which is very important in determining organizational success. The working conditions that influence job satisfaction depend to a large extent on the institutional context, which shows similarities in some European countries. This research aims to compare working conditions and job satisfaction among European country blocks that have similar institutional characteristics. Unlike previous studies, this research adopts a comprehensive approach by considering institutional and organizational factors in the analysis of employees’ perceptions of job satisfaction. The sample is made up of 1633 workers in 16 European countries. The results demonstrate the existence of three different models of working conditions in Europe leading to differing levels of job satisfaction in tourism. These models do not correspond to the clusters identified by the previous literature, which adopts an institutional perspective.

This article analyzes with a holistic and systematic approach the state of working conditions in self-dependent workers, as well as their effects on workers&rsquo, work engagement. For this, a distinction was made between the self-employed, non-dependent self-employed, and wage earners. The sample integrated 42,963 workers who were surveyed, of which 0.03% were dependent self-employed, 13.73% were non-dependent self-employed, and 82.32% were wage earners. The results have broadly confirmed the research purposes and they established that ensuring work engagement is the key to sustainability, growth, and success for workers.

Purpose – As the city aspires to declare itself as a quality dinning destination, this paper aims to provide some guidelines to achieve that goal. Design – The paper aims to appraise as to what extent the gastronomic product supply of Córdoba can be considered a high quality and differentiated one, which may serve as a basis for tourism product development. Methodology – we use a univariate and bivariate analysis in order to describe the socioeconomic variables to explain the variety of restaurants in Córdoba and the relationships among them. To forecast the demand of gastronomic tourism in Córdoba, we use ARIMA models. Finding – The findings of the study give an insight into the gastronomic tourism of Córdoba. Culinary tourism is a growing industry, made up of micro-companies, most of which are restaurants with menus where different dishes of Córdoba gastronomy appear, because they believe that products with designation of origin have an excellent quality and can attract tourists. Originality – The paper makes an estimate of the demand for gastronomic tourism in Córdoba. No other study on the topic exists due to the complexity of obtaining reliable information. The originality of this paper comes out of the need to forecast and identify the socioeconomic characteristics of the Córdoba cuisine.

The aim of this paper is to analyse satisfaction and loyalty in the All- Inclusive system in Cape Verde, one of the main destinations of sun and beach in Africa. The methodology used was based on surveys conducted with tourists. The data from this research have been analysed with SPSS 23 and AMOS IBM SPSS 23. The results of this research have shown that in order to achieve the loyalty of tourists, the role of both the agents and those responsible for the destination is very important; therefore, they should attract tourists with the right socio- demographic profile, and second, improve the knowledge and the attitude of the visitors regarding the different attractions of the "all- inclusive” system. Thus, the value perceived by the tourists has a bearing on satisfaction, helping to reinforce loyalty to the destination. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la satisfacción y la lealtad en el sistema todo incluido en Cabo Verde, uno de los principales destinos de sol y playa en África. La metodología utilizada se ha basado en la realización de encuestas a turistas. Los datos de esta investigación han sido analizados con SPSS 23 y AMOS IBM SPSS 23. Los resultados de la investigación han mostrado que, para logar la lealtad de los turistas, el papel tanto de los agentes como su responsabilidad en el destino son muy importantes; asimismo, primero, se debería atraer a los visitantes con un determinado perfil sociodemográfico y, segundo, mejorando el conocimiento y la actitud de los visitantes hacia las diferentes atracciones con el sistema todo incluido. Por tanto, el valor percibido por los turistas está relacionado con la satisfacción y, por tanto, ayuda a reforzar la lealtad al destino.

La investigación que da origen a este artículo procura promover una vía de innovación y gestión docente. En él se revisa una metodología educativa, basada en los estudios de caso, que se ha seguido con éxito en las universidades de los Estados Unidos. Esta metodología tiene también una creciente presencia en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (eees). Ha demostrado ser útil para introducir a los alumnos en el análisis de la compleja realidad social, mostrándoles cómo abordarla desde diversos enfoques, en especial desde aquellos propios de las disciplinas de naturaleza dual, como Derecho y Economía (y Empresa). Se invita, como resultado de este trabajo, a salir de las categorías de conocimiento estanco y moverse hacia otras más realistas e interconectadas. Se propone asimismo formar a los futuros profesionales centrándose principalmente en el desarrollo de sus habilidades y destrezas.

La población inmigrante en España, a la hora de emprender por cuenta propia, se caracteriza por problemas específicos, añadidos a los que tiene para el emprendimiento otros colectivos. Este texto, mediante el apoyo de entrevistas a especialistas en la materia, pretende identificar dichos problemas. La regulación relativa a los derechos y libertades de los extranjeros en España efectuada por la L.O. 4/2000 contempla la incorporación al mercado de trabajo como el principal requisito necesario para la autorización de los permisos de residencia. Por este motivo consideramos de gran valor conocer las dificultades descubiertas por la población inmigrante en su camino hacia la inserción laboral por cuenta propia.

En los últimos años se han producido cambios rápidos y profundos en la organización del trabajo y el contenido del trabajo, lo que ha contribuido a la aparición de los trabajadores autónomos dependientes, que realizan una nueva forma de trabajo que se encuentra dentro de una "zona gris" entre el trabajo por cuenta ajena y el autoempleo. El concepto de trabajadores autónomos dependientes también se ha utilizado para referirse a diferentes situaciones y, aunque la terminología empleada varía, se trata de una realidad conocida en toda Europa aunque existe poca evidencia empírica sobre sus características. En este trabajo se estudian las principales características de los trabajadores dependientes por cuenta propia comparando su perfil con los empleados por cuenta ajena y los trabajadores por cuenta propia “tradicionales”. Además, se analizan las condiciones de trabajo de los tres grupos para mostrar las diferencias entre ellos. Los datos utilizados se han obtenido a partir de la V Encuesta Europea de Condiciones de Trabajo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que existe un tronco común en cuanto a los factores que discriminan a los autónomos de los asalariados, pero que existen algunos matices que diferencian y definen a cada grupo de autónomos con respecto a los empleados por cuenta ajena.

Reseña de la obra de: ELIAS, J. (2011) Inmigración y mercado laboral: antes y después de la recesión, Documentos de economía ”la Caixa” N.° 20, 37 pp.

Reseña de la obra de: FRUET CARDOZO, J. V. (2013) Nuevos modelos alternativos de financiamiento para el Paraguay, Paraguay, s.e., 632 pp.