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Nothing less than the highest ideals, the most scrupulous anxiety to do right, the most accurate knowledge of the problems it has to meet, and a sincere sense of moral responsibility will save journalism from a subservience to business interests, seeking selfish ends, antagonistic to public welfare. -- Joseph Pulitzer, 1904. With those words, Joseph Pulitzer defended his proposal for a school of jurnalism in a North American Review article. (1) Good journalism has always been the product of tension between editors and accountants. The eulogies for Lee Hills, who died in Miami in February 2000, recalled his legendary victories on behalf of the editors. It was Hills who led the efforts of John S. and James L. Knight to include long-term benefits to the communities served by their newspapers in the accounting process. Hills became the first CEO of Knight Ridder, which was formed by a 1974 merger, and he retired in 1981, just at the dawn of the new age of information technology that brought new ways of delivering news and information. New moral dilemmas are part of that package. (2) Today's corporate board chairs, presidents and chief executive officers preside over numerous divisions and disparate corporate activities. At least one business consultant believes that many large corporations have become so powerful they "no longer feel compelled to consider the public interest as they pursue their goals of maximizing profits." (3) Media companies are not immune from these pressures. Yet, newspaper cultures and journalism ideals inculcated within them are deeply ingrained. How robust are these cultures? Do they persist as leaders come and go? This question can be answered with data if we reframe it slightly: Which is the greater predictor of a newspaper executive's commitment to social responsibility -- the characteristics of the newspaper company over which he or she presides or his or her own personal background? This paper explores the question of a social responsibility manager effect by measuring the verbalized references of newspaper company CEOs to social responsibility on the one hand and profit on the other. (4) We define social responsibility as a concern for the welfare of readers and citizens, which must be balanced with the needs of employees and shareholders. We measure the two concerns by counting words that are often used to express them. Then we look into the backgrounds of the CEOs for predictors of a relative leaning toward one side or the other. Our study is limited to the publicly reporting companies (as of 1996, for which data were available) because their CEOs provide written statements of their goals and their progress every year. These statements are readily available as a non-reactive measure of their values. Literature Review Fred Siebert and other scholars have noted that social responsibility theory substantially pre-dated the 1947 Hutchins Commission Report that focused public attention on journalistic behavior and norms. Social responsibility was the hallmark of crusading editors for most of two centuries. However, the post-World War II years saw a rise of technology and industrialization that fostered mass media. As media organizations grew and expanded, "their ownership and management came to involve huge amounts of money," Siebert said. "No longer was the typical pattern a multiplicity of small media units representing different political viewpoints, from which the reader could select." (5) J. Herbert Altschull warns of other consequences inherent in media consolidation. "The financiers -- or the paymasters, as we can call them -- or the group they represent will not allow their media to publish material that frustrates their vital interests," he wrote. (6) In a commercial operation, content tends to reflect the views of advertisers and their owner-publisher allies. …

Occupational therapists who work with persons who are alcohol and drug dependent often provide services to enhance self-esteem and to promote healthy leisure activities. This article describes a study conducted in a residential chemical dependency program with 101 subjects. Each subject was assessed for selfesteem and leisure interest patterns. Although for the entire group self-esteem was not found to be strongly correlated with a variety of and involvement in leisure activities, decreased past involvement in activities was found to be prevalent in those subjects with a low self-esteem. Treatment and evaluation implications for the occupational therapist in a chemical dependency setting are discussed.

HIV infection increases the risk of many types of cancer, including lymphoma. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has reduced, but not eliminated, the risk of HIV-associated lymphoma. There has been a substantial shift in the subtypes of lymphoma observed in HIV-infected patients treated with cART. In this review, we will first outline these changes based on epidemiological studies and describe the impact of cART on lymphoma risk and mortality. Then, we will discuss some immunological factors that may contribute to the increased risk of lymphoma persisting after the administration of cART, including immunological non-response to therapy, chronic B-cell activation and dysfunction, T follicular helper cells, natural killer cells and altered lymphopoiesis. A better understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of HIV-associated lymphoma under effective cART will inform future treatment strategies.

Loss of secretions from the salivary gland (SG) is a disease feature of Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) as well as certain viral infections, including HCV and HIV. We have found that murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of autoimmune-prone NZM2328 mice serves as a model for virus-induced exocrinopathy, displaying many SS-like disease features. Interestingly, MCMV can induce severe SG dysfunction within 2-7 days after intraperitoneal infection. MCMV replication within the gland was not directly responsible for dysfunction since NZM2328 mice secreted normally 7-14 days after low dose infection, despite high virus within the gland. Since the low dose regimen limited viral burden elsewhere in the animal, such as the spleen, SG dysfunction seemed to correspond with systemic viral load. Surprisingly, lymphocytes were not required for MCMV-induced dysfunction at day 7, including NK, T and B cells. At day 2, morphological alterations were noted in acinar epithelium and flow cytometric analysis revealed rapid changes in glandular monocytic populations. Ongoing experiments are examining a potential causal link between systemic immune responses and/or infiltrating inflammatory monocytes with morphological and functional changes within the salivary gland. Supported by NIH R01AI50072 and a Sjogren's Syndrome Foundation Student Fellowship