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Photobiomodulation (PBM) or formerly known as low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is nothing but low-dosage biophotonics for therapy which presents an advancing new era of regenerative modalities in dental implantology. It utilizes light emitting diodes (LEDs), broad light sources and lasers for this purpose. Photobiomodulation is intended for relieving pain and inammation, regulating immune responses as well as stimulating wound healing and tissue regeneration. This helps in combatting the main pathological causes of implant failures that are, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis as well as helps promote osseointegration and improve stability of implants. While the scope of photobiomodulation has been thoroughly investigated in in-vitro and animal studies, human clinical trials are still scarce which makes appropriate protocol formation with respect to dosage and mode of delivery among other parameters difcult. A recently introduced and potential application of photobiomodulation in the eld of implantology aims to deliver the positive effects of biophotonics through in-situ ambulatory PBM therapy called the smart dental implant (SDI) system. This comprehensive review presents the current and future trends in the application of photobiomodulation in the eld of dental implantology.

Ectodermal dysplasia comprises a hereditary disorder which occurs as a consequence of disturbances in the ectoderm of the developing embryo. The triad of nail dystrophy, alopecia or hypotrichosis and palmoplantar hyperkeratosis is also accompanied by a lack of sweat glands and a partial or complete absence of primary and/or permanent dentition. A case reports illustrating the prosthetic rehabilitation of a young girl with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia associated with complete anodontia is presented. Since the oral rehabilitation of such case is often difcult; particularly in pediatric patients, treatment should be administered by a multidisciplinary team involving pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, prosthodontics and oral-maxillofacial surgery

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT, also referred to as C-arm computed tomography [CT], cone beam volume CT, or at panel CT) is a medical imaging technique of X-ray CT where the X-rays are divergent,forming a cone. It provides a complete 3D view of the maxilla, mandible, teeth, and supporting structures with relatively high resolution allowing a more accurate diagnosis, treatment planning and monitoring, and analysis of outcomes than conventional 2D images, along with low radiation exposure to the patient. This article is intended to elaborate and enunciate on the various applications and benets of CBCT, in the realm of maxillofacial prosthodontics, over and beyond its obvious benets in the rehabilitation of patients with implants. A web-based search for relevant articles in this specic area of interest was also conducted.The selected articles were critically reviewed and the data acquired were systematically compiled.

The emergency of a traumatically injured oral and maxillofacial region occurs frequently, and such injuries certainly need dental treatment. Therapy of traumatic dental injury aims to restore the function of the tooth; Towards this goal dentists will need a carefully managed treatment planning that often involves a multidisciplinary approach. In cases of road trafc accidents, domestic violence, and sports injuries, multiple and/or complicated tooth fractures may be observed. The loss of anterior teeth leads to extreme psychological trauma, along with functional and aesthetic debilitations. A critical factor for the overall success is that of choosing a suitable restorative recourse. This case report describes the aesthetic rehabilitation of traumatic anterior teeth along with space management for missing teeth and peg lateral using all ceramic-xed prosthesis.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of three different resin cements - total etch and rinse, self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements, used to bond the lithium disilicate restorations to human dentin. Settings and Design: Comparative -Invitro study design. Materials and Methods: Forty-five lithium disilicate (IPS E.max) discs (4 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick) were fabricated and randomly divided into three groups (n = 15). The occlusal surfaces of 45 extracted human maxillary premolars were ground flat. Fifteen specimens were luted, under a constant load, with each of the following resin cement: Variolink N (Group VN), Multilink N (Group MN), and Multilink Speed (Group MS). All cemented specimens were stored in distilled water for 1-week following which, they were tested under shear loading at a constant crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until fracture on a universal testing machine; the load at fracture was reported in megapascals (MPa) as the bond strength. Fractured specimens were also inspected by the scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis of the collected data was performed using one-way ANOVA test, post hoc Bonferroni test, and Chi-square test (α =0.05). Statistical Analysis Used: Oneway ANOVA test and post hoc Bonferroni test. Results: Mean SBS data of the groups in MPa were: Variolink N (Group VN): 14.19 ± 0.76; Multilink N (Group MN): 10.702 ± 0.75; and Multilink Speed (Group MS): 5.462 ± 0.66. Significant differences in SBS (P < 0.001) of the three resin cement were found. Intergroup comparison revealed statistically significant differences in SBS between Groups VN and MN (P < 0.001), Groups B and C (P < 0.001), and Groups VN and MS (P < 0.001). Chi-square test used to compare the distribution of mode of bond failure among the three groups delineated that the cohesive failure was significantly more among Group VN, whereas adhesive failure was significantly more among Group MN and MS. Conclusion: Total etch and rinse resin cement, i.e., Variolink N (Group VN) produced significantly higher bond strength of all-ceramics to dentin surfaces than did the self-etch and self-adhesive resin cements, i.e., Multilink N and Multilink Speed, respectively.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the marginal and internal adaptation of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) copings fabricated from conventional wax pattern, three-dimensional (3D)-printed resin pattern, and laser sintering technique. Materials and Methods: A total of thirty copings were made, out of which ten copings were made from 3D-printed resin pattern (Group A), ten from inlay wax pattern (Group B), and ten copings were obtained from direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) technique (Group C). All the thirty samples were seated on their respective dies and sectioned carefully using a laser jet cutter and were evaluated for marginal and internal gaps at the predetermined areas using a stereomicroscope. The values were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA test and post hoc Bonferroni test. Results: One-way ANOVA showed lowest mean marginal discrepancy for DMLS and highest value for copings fabricated from inlay wax. The values for internal discrepancy were highest for DMLS (169.38) and lowest for 3D-printed resin pattern fabricated copings (133.87). Post hoc Bonferroni test for both marginal and internal discrepancies showed nonsignificant difference when Group A was compared to Group B (P > 0.05) and significant when Group A was compared with Group C (P < 0.05). Group B showed significant difference (P < 0.05) when compared with Group C. Conclusion: Marginal and internal discrepancies of all the three casting techniques were within clinically acceptable values. Marginal fit of DMLS was superior as compared to other two techniques, whereas when internal fit was evaluated, conventional technique showed the best internal fit.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the flexural strength, hardness, and impact strength of heat-cured high-impact denture base resins with different polymer/monomer ratios. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 acrylic samples were prepared using high impact denture base resin (Travelon Hi). The samples were divided into five groups based on different powder/liquid ratios (g/ml) with 30 samples in each group. The P/L ratio in Group 1 (Ratio - 2.2:1) was the manufacturer's recommended ratio and was used as control. In Group 2, the ratio was 2.7:1, in Group 3, the ratio was 3.2:1, in Group 4, the ratio was 1.9:1, and Group 5 the ratio was 1.6:1. Each group with 30 samples was further subdivided into three different subgroups comprising 10 samples each, based on the properties to be evaluated, i.e., for flexural strength, hardness, and impact strength evaluation. The samples were tested for flexural strength, Vicker's hardness number (VHN) and impact strength. One-way ANOVA including post hoc-Tukey's tests was used to calculate the difference of means for quantitative variables and for intergroup comparison as well. Results: The results showed that the flexural strength values and VHN values showed a similar trend. The values decreased significantly as the ratio was increased or decreased from the control group. The results also showed that there was nonsignificant difference between the mean impact strength values for all the groups. Conclusion: For reinforced resins or high impact resins, the manufacturer's recommended polymer/monomer mixing ratio should be used to obtain the appropriate strength of the material.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of incisal butt joint and incisal overlap design on the fracture resistance of ceramic veneers under two different loading conditions, i.e., 125° and 60° representing protrusive and intercuspal movements, respectively. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two maxillary central incisors were divided into two groups of sixteen specimens each and were prepared with incisal butt joint and incisal overlap design. Ceramic veneers were fabricated and cemented. Both the groups were further divided and mechanical testing to evaluate the fracture resistance were done using the universal testing machine. The values were recorded in Newton along with the assessment of the failure mode of both veneer and the tooth. Results: Unpaired t-test showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) with butt joint design having higher fracture resistance than palatal overlap design with the mean value of 409.50N at 60° angle and 473.37N at 125° angle. Paired t-test depicted a significant difference for both the designs at 125° than at 60° angle (P < 0.05). Chi-square analysis showed more number of intact veneers with butt joint design; however, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). Failure mode of teeth showed more number of coronal fracture followed by cervical fracture and root fracture, but there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Butt joint design had higher fracture resistance than palatal overlap design. Under functional loads for both designs, fracture resistance was higher at 125° than at 60° angle.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of implant casts generated with splinted and nonsplinted impression techniques with multiple parallel and nonparallel implants. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, two edentulous maxillary stainless steel models with seven implant analogs in the central incisor, canine, premolar, and first molar region simulating clinical condition were used (control groups). In one master model, implant analogs were placed parallel to each other, whereas in another model, analogs were placed with a tilt-to-longitudinal axis. Forty stone casts were made from each model using splined and nonsplinted technique using polyether with open-tray technique. Then, the difference in the distance between the master cast and experimental cast in three dimensions was measured by coordinate-measuring machine. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni test, and unpaired t-test were used for data analysis. Results: Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA test, post hoc test, and unpaired t-test. Splinted technique with parallel implants generated interimplant distance values closest to the master model, followed by nonsplinted technique with parallel implants, splinted technique with angulated implants, and nonsplinted technique with angulated implants. Conclusions: Splinted impression technique exhibited higher accuracy than the other technique studies in both parallel and angulated implants.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of implant casts generated with splinted and nonsplinted impression techniques with multiple parallel and nonparallel implants. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, two edentulous maxillary stainless steel models with seven implant analogs in the central incisor, canine, premolar, and first molar region simulating clinical condition were used (control groups). In one master model, implant analogs were placed parallel to each other, whereas in another model, analogs were placed with a tilt-to-longitudinal axis. Forty stone casts were made from each model using splined and nonsplinted technique using polyether with open-tray technique. Then, the difference in the distance between the master cast and experimental cast in three dimensions was measured by coordinate-measuring machine. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Bonferroni test, and unpaired t-test were used for data analysis. Results: Statistical comparisons were made using ANOVA test, post hoc test, and unpaired t-test. Splinted technique with parallel implants generated interimplant distance values closest to the master model, followed by nonsplinted technique with parallel implants, splinted technique with angulated implants, and nonsplinted technique with angulated implants. Conclusions: Splinted impression technique exhibited higher accuracy than the other technique studies in both parallel and angulated implants.

This clinical report describes the fabrication of a two-piece obturator used to close the mandibular buccal defect. Two-piece obturator prosthesis was fabricated with clear heat cure acrylic resin to be used during the healing period following the marsupialization of odontogenic keratocyst which had lead to the loss of portions of the mandibular buccal region. The prosthesis fabricated in two parts was joined by the rare earth magnets. Retention was increased by lining the prosthesis with tissue conditioner material engaging the undercut.

Aim: Immediate loading protocol, in recent times, has gained popularity as it has not only shortened the treatment time but also resulted in enhanced patient satisfaction. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of immediate implant loading protocol over conventional implant loading protocol with respect to peri-implant bone loss. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients selected for this study were divided into two groups. In Group I patients, implants were immediately loaded, whereas in Group II, they were loaded with conventional loading protocol. Peri-implant bone loss was measured and compared using intraoral periapical radiographs with the grid at the time of implant loading, 1, 3, and 6 months after implant loading. Results: Change in radiographic bone loss in both the groups was found to be statistically significant when baseline was compared to 1, 3, and 6 months, but the difference in the bone loss between Group I and II was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: No statistically significant difference was observed in the crestal bone loss on comparison of immediate loading to delayed loading protocol. Clinical Significance: After achieving good primary stability, immediate-loaded implants can be used for the benefit of the patients as it reduces the period of edentulism.

Background: Fewer studies were conducted on resistance form. This study evaluated the effect of different auxiliary features on inadequate resistance form. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate the resistance at 22° taper with reduced occluso-cervical height with different auxiliary features. Methodology: An ivorine tooth was prepared with computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing with total occlusal convergence (TOC) of 22°, shoulder finish line 0.9 mm wide, reduced occluso-cervical height, i.e., 2.5 mm, and reduced diameter. The crown preparation was subsequently modified to include interproximal grooves, interproximal boxes, and reduced TOC in the axial wall from 22° to 8° in the cervical 1.5 mm of the axial wall. A total of four groups with ten standardized metal dies were prepared for each design with the computer-aided milling machine. Standardized complete metal crowns using silicon mold were fabricated and cemented on metal dies with glass ionomer cement. The resistance of each specimen was evaluated when force was applied at a 45° angulation to the long axis of the die in a lingual to buccal direction by a universal testing machine. The values were then analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test and post hoc Bonferroni test. Results: The comparison of the mean resistance test values was done among all the groups, and there was a significant (P ≤ 0.001) difference found among the groups. Conclusion: The most effective method of enhancing resistance form preparation is to decrease the TOC of the cervical portion of the prepared axial walls. Two interproximal boxes significantly increased the resistance form. However, two interproximal grooves did not significantly increase the resistance form.