97 results on '"Vioxx"'
Search Results
2. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Road from Success to Controversy and the Quest for Repurposing.
- Author
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El-Malah, Afaf A., Gineinah, Magdy M., Deb, Pran Kishore, Khayyat, Ahdab N., Bansal, Monika, Venugopala, Katharigatta N., and Aljahdali, Anfal S.
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CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 inhibitors , *ALZHEIMER'S disease , *DRUG repositioning , *ROFECOXIB , *DRUG laws - Abstract
The introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors (so-called 'coxibs') has demonstrated tremendous commercial success due to their claimed lower potential of serious gastrointestinal adverse effects than traditional NSAIDs. However, following the repeated questioning on safety concerns, the coxibs 'controversial me-too' saga increased substantially, inferring to the risk of cardiovascular complications, subsequently leading to the voluntary withdrawal of coxibs (e.g., rofecoxib and valdecoxib) from the market. For instance, the makers (Pfizer and Merck) had to allegedly settle individual claims of cardiovascular hazards from celecoxib and valdecoxib. Undoubtedly, the lessons drawn from this saga revealed the flaws in drug surveillance and regulation, and taught science to pursue a more integrated translational approach for data acquisition and interpretation, prompting science-based strategies of risk avoidance in order to sustain the value of such drugs, rather than their withdrawal. Looking forward, coxibs are now being studied for repurposing, given their possible implications in the management of a myriad of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and so on. This article briefly summarizes the development of COX-2 inhibitors to their market impression, followed by the controversy related to their toxicity. In addition, the events recollected in hindsight (the past lessons), the optimistic step towards drug repurposing (the present), and the potential for forthcoming success (the future) are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. History, status, and politicization of the FDA.
- Author
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Wang, Will and Wertheimer, Albert I.
- Abstract
The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) performs an essential role in public health by ensuring, evaluating, and monitoring the safety and efficacy of drugs before they are sold in the US. Before approving new drug applications, CDER ensures that therapeutic benefits of both prescription and over-the-counter drugs (brand name and generic) provide more health benefits than the potential risks. First passed by Congress in 1992, the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) allowed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to collect fees from drug manufacturers to fund new drug approvals. The law allowed the FDA to expedite drug approvals, but possibly lowered standards for safety and brought potential conflicts of interest within the FDA and pharmaceutical industry. To examine the conflicts of interest, we conducted a review using the Excerpta Medica database, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health Database (PubMed), Scopus, and Google. Our search yielded Vioxx (rofecoxib) and Exondus-51 (eteplirsen) as examples of consequence when the FDA and pharmaceutical industry are too closely aligned. We further examine how the pharmaceutical industry may indirectly influence the FDA by lobbying to Congress or directly by hiring ex-FDA commissioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors: Road from Success to Controversy and the Quest for Repurposing
- Author
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Afaf A. El-Malah, Magdy M. Gineinah, Pran Kishore Deb, Ahdab N. Khayyat, Monika Bansal, Katharigatta N. Venugopala, and Anfal S. Aljahdali
- Subjects
selective COX-2 inhibitors ,coxibs ,drug repurposing ,celecoxib ,valdecoxib ,Vioxx ,Medicine ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
The introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors (so-called ‘coxibs’) has demonstrated tremendous commercial success due to their claimed lower potential of serious gastrointestinal adverse effects than traditional NSAIDs. However, following the repeated questioning on safety concerns, the coxibs ‘controversial me-too’ saga increased substantially, inferring to the risk of cardiovascular complications, subsequently leading to the voluntary withdrawal of coxibs (e.g., rofecoxib and valdecoxib) from the market. For instance, the makers (Pfizer and Merck) had to allegedly settle individual claims of cardiovascular hazards from celecoxib and valdecoxib. Undoubtedly, the lessons drawn from this saga revealed the flaws in drug surveillance and regulation, and taught science to pursue a more integrated translational approach for data acquisition and interpretation, prompting science-based strategies of risk avoidance in order to sustain the value of such drugs, rather than their withdrawal. Looking forward, coxibs are now being studied for repurposing, given their possible implications in the management of a myriad of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, and so on. This article briefly summarizes the development of COX-2 inhibitors to their market impression, followed by the controversy related to their toxicity. In addition, the events recollected in hindsight (the past lessons), the optimistic step towards drug repurposing (the present), and the potential for forthcoming success (the future) are also discussed.
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- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Ethical Perspective: Ethics in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Vioxx Recall.
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Cote, Robert
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ROFECOXIB , *PHARMACEUTICAL industry , *CONSUMER confidence , *PAPER industry , *FEDERAL legislation , *DRUG counterfeiting , *ADVERTISING agencies - Abstract
The context of this paper examines the industry pressures, that led to the Vioxx Recall in 2004. Current information on the pharmaceutical industry, Federal Legislation and FDA has been updated to provide an ethical perspective comparing the past and present landscape of the industry. During the early 2000 's, the pharmaceutical industry is going through difficult times due to the external pressures from society. Some of the factors that have created industry pressures are (1) high cost of pharmaceuticals, (2) medications aren't regulated close enough ensuring they are safe and effective, and (3) consumers lack confidence in pharmaceutical companies, Congress, and governmental agencies. As a result, Congress, pharmaceutical companies, and governmental agencies need to work together as a team to rebuild the confidence of consumers by implementing ethical processes that will drive the pharmaceutical industry in the right direction. By developing, implementing, and evaluation processes to overcome these factors, the pharmaceutical industry can ensure they are doing the right ethical measures to meet the needs of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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6. Mechanistic definition of the cardiovascular mPGES-1/COX-2/ADMA axis.
- Author
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Kirkby, Nicholas S, Raouf, Joan, Ahmetaj-Shala, Blerina, Liu, Bin, Mazi, Sarah I, Edin, Matthew L, Chambers, Mark Geoffrey, Korotkova, Marina, Wang, Xiaomeng, Wahli, Walter, Zeldin, Darryl C, Nüsing, Rolf, Zhou, Yingbi, Jakobsson, Per-Johan, and Mitchell, Jane A
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NITRIC-oxide synthases , *DEFINITIONS , *ASYMMETRIC dimethylarginine , *CARDIOTOXICITY , *KNOCKOUT mice - Abstract
Aims Cardiovascular side effects caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which all inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, have prevented development of new drugs that target prostaglandins to treat inflammation and cancer. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors have efficacy in the NSAID arena but their cardiovascular safety is not known. Our previous work identified asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, as a potential biomarker of cardiovascular toxicity associated with blockade of COX-2. Here, we have used pharmacological tools and genetically modified mice to delineate mPGES-1 and COX-2 in the regulation of ADMA. Methods and results Inhibition of COX-2 but not mPGES-1 deletion resulted in increased plasma ADMA levels. mPGES-1 deletion but not COX-2 inhibition resulted in increased plasma prostacyclin levels. These differences were explained by distinct compartmentalization of COX-2 and mPGES-1 in the kidney. Data from prostanoid synthase/receptor knockout mice showed that the COX-2/ADMA axis is controlled by prostacyclin receptors (IP and PPARβ/δ) and the inhibitory PGE2 receptor EP4, but not other PGE2 receptors. Conclusion These data demonstrate that inhibition of mPGES-1 spares the renal COX-2/ADMA pathway and define mechanistically how COX-2 regulates ADMA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Hidden Cardiotoxicity of Rofecoxib Can be Revealed in Experimental Models of Ischemia/Reperfusion
- Author
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Gábor B. Brenner, András Makkos, Csilla Terézia Nagy, Zsófia Onódi, Nabil V. Sayour, Tamás G. Gergely, Bernadett Kiss, Anikó Görbe, Éva Sághy, Zoltán S. Zádori, Bernadette Lázár, Tamás Baranyai, Richárd S. Varga, Zoltán Husti, András Varró, László Tóthfalusi, Rainer Schulz, István Baczkó, Zoltán Giricz, and Péter Ferdinandy
- Subjects
cardiotoxicity ,cox-2 ,electrophysiology ,safety testing ,arrhythmia ,vioxx ,ischemic conditioning ,reperfusion injury ,hiddentox ,pharmacovigilance ,Cytology ,QH573-671 - Abstract
Cardiac adverse effects are among the leading causes of the discontinuation of clinical trials and the withdrawal of drugs from the market. The novel concept of ‘hidden cardiotoxicity’ is defined as cardiotoxicity of a drug that manifests in the diseased (e.g. ischemic/reperfused), but not in the healthy heart or as a drug-induced deterioration of cardiac stress adaptation (e.g. ischemic conditioning). Here, we aimed to test if the cardiotoxicity of a selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib that was revealed during its clinical use, i.e., increased occurrence of proarrhythmic and thrombotic events, could have been revealed in early phases of drug development by using preclinical models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats that were treated with rofecoxib or vehicle for four weeks were subjected to 30 min. coronary artery occlusion and 120 min. reperfusion with or without cardioprotection that is induced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Rofecoxib increased overall the arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation (VF) during I/R. The proarrhythmic effect of rofecoxib during I/R was not observed in the IPC group. Rofecoxib prolonged the action potential duration (APD) in isolated papillary muscles, which was not seen in the simulated IPC group. Interestingly, while showing hidden cardiotoxicity manifested as a proarrhythmic effect during I/R, rofecoxib decreased the infarct size and increased the survival of adult rat cardiac myocytes that were subjected to simulated I/R injury. This is the first demonstration that rofecoxib increased acute mortality due to its proarrhythmic effect via increased APD during I/R. Rofecoxib did not interfere with the cardiprotective effect of IPC; moreover, IPC was able to protect against rofecoxib-induced hidden cardiotoxicity. These results show that cardiac safety testing with simple preclinical models of I/R injury uncovers hidden cardiotoxicity of rofecoxib and might reveal the hidden cardiotoxicity of other drugs.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Regulatory Reform – Changes Needed
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Gauch, Ronald R.
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- 2009
- Full Text
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9. Socio-historical analysis of the social importance of pharmacovigilance
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Coca, Juan R. R., Coca-Asensio, Raquel, Bueno, Gema Esteban, [Coca, Juan R. R.] Univ Valladolid, Fac Educ Soria, Unit Social Res Hlth & Rare Dis, Soria, Spain, [Coca-Asensio, Raquel] Univ Cadiz, Dept Neurosci Pharmacol, Cadiz, Spain, and [Bueno, Gema Esteban] Andalusian Hlth Serv, Almeria Hlth Dist, Almeria Periphery Clin Management Unit, Almeria, Spain
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Risk ,History ,Media ,Vioxx ,General Social Sciences ,rofecoxib ,Thalidomide ,Cardiovascular events ,Passage ,biosocial ,sulfonamides ,Drug ,Challenges ,pharmacovigilances - Abstract
Pharmacovigilance is a scientific discipline that has changed a lot in recent years and is of great social importance. The case of the so-called sulfonamide elixir showed society the importance of this discipline. Since then, pharmacovigilance has evolved into a scientific discipline with a strong social character. In this paper, a historical review is made of several paradigmatic examples of this discipline to reflect on what pharmacovigilance could be like finally. We conclude that this discipline could be more closely related to other areas of the social sciences, which would help to promote a more democratic social environment taking into account the needs of individuals and social groups.
- Published
- 2022
10. Análisis legal de la responsabilidad por medicamentos y productos sanitarios defectuosos a la luz de casos relevantes en sede administrativa y judicial
- Author
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Fernández de Bobadilla Callejo, Miguel, Cayón de las Cuevas, Joaquín, and Universidad de Cantabria
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AEMPS ,Talidomida ,Medicamentos ,Vioxx ,Responsabilidad ,Productos sanitarios ,Agreal - Abstract
RESUMEN: El presente trabajo tiene como objeto analizar la legislación en materia de responsabilidad derivada de los daños producidos por medicamentos o productos sanitarios. En este sentido, se examinará el régimen aplicable al sujeto responsable, al producto defectuoso y las clases de defecto, mencionando varios ejemplos sobre casos que se han dado en España de cada tipo. A su vez, se analizarán las funciones que realiza la Agencia de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, así como los casos más notorios en los que la agencia ha tenido que suspender la comercialización de dichos productos. Por último, se describirán y analizarán, entre otros extremos, la historia de dichos casos judiciales relevantes, los defectos que presentaban, las consecuencias de dichos efectos secundarios, o quién fue considerado responsable. ABSTRACT: The goal of this paper is to analyze the legislation regarding the liability derived of the damage caused by medicines or medical devices. In addition, the present work will deal with legal framework of responsibles, the defective product and the types of defects, mentioning several examples of cases that have occurred in Spain of each type. At the same time, the functions carried out by the Medicines and Health Products Agency will be analyzed, as well as the most relevant cases in which the agency has had to suspend the commercialization of said products. Finally, it will be analyzed, inter alia, the history of judicial leading cases, the defects they presented, the consequences of these secondary effects or who was considered responsible Grado en Relaciones Laborales
- Published
- 2022
11. Effect of the anti-inflammatory drugs Hostacortin (steroidal) or Vioxx (non-steroidal) on the liver of mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni.
- Author
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Soliman, Salah M. E., Al-Sharkawi, Ismail M., El-Shaikh, Kamal A., and Salem, Fatma E.
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SCHISTOSOMA mansoni , *MICE , *STEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents , *PARASITES , *CERCARIAE - Abstract
Background: The schistosome parasite induced granulomatous inflammation in the host following oviposition in the liver.Aim:The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two antiinflammatory drugs; Hostacortin (steroidal) and Vioxx (non-steroidal) in ameliorating the damaging effects of S. mansoni infection in mice. Materials and methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of the two drugs was evaluated at dose levels of 10, 50,100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. Each drug was orally administered to mice infected with 80 S.mansoni cercariae / mouse for 10 consecutive days after 6-weeks of infection. Some biochemical parameters including the hepatic function as enzymatic activity of aminotransaminases; alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in liver as well as serum albumin and liver total protein were determined. In addition, some parasitological parameters as worm burden, liver egg count hepatic granuloma size and relative liver weight were performed to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effect of the two anti-inflammatory drugs in ameliorating the severity of the schistosomiasis disease. Results: The results showed that Hosstacortin treatment had no marked effect on the parasite burden and liver egg count. However, it caused a pronounced improvement with a high tendency for normalization in transaminases (ALAT and ASAT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in liver tissue homogenate. In addition, serum albumin and liver total protein was observed to attain, to some extent, their normal levels by increasing dose regimens of Hostacortin. Also, a significant reduction in granuloma size by 22.2% and 31.6% was detected for doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg Hostacortin, respectively. On the other hand, Vioxx did not affect the parasite burden and liver egg count while it caused high reduction in the enzymatic activities of ASAT, ALAT and ALP in liver tissue homogenate. Also, a moderate increase in serum albumin and a significant reduction in liver total protein levels were observed in mice treated with Vioxx. In contrast to Hostacortin, Vioxx treatment induced a significant increase in the granuloma size by 29.3% at a dose level of 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: The treatment with Hostacortin was found to ameliorate to some extent the severity of the disease, but Vioxx treatment caused additional hepatotoxicity in the S. mansoni infected mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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12. Bayes, Reproducibility and the Quest for Truth.
- Author
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Fraser, D. A. S., Bédard, M., Wong, A., Wei Lin, and Fraser, A. M.
- Abstract
We consider the use of default priors in the Bayes methodology for seeking information concerning the true value of a parameter. By default prior, we mean the mathematical prior as initiated by Bayes [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 53 (1763) 370--418] and pursued by Laplace [Theorie Analytique des Probabilities (1812) Courcier], Jeffreys [Theory of Probability (1961) Clarendon Press], Bernardo [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 41 (1979) 113-147] and many more, and then recently viewed as "potentially dangerous" [Science 340 (2013) 1177-1178] and "potentially useful" [Science 341 (2013) 1452]. We do not mean, however, the genuine prior [Science 340 (2013) 1177-1178] that has an empirical reference and would invoke standard frequency modelling. And we do not mean the subjective or opinion prior that an individual might have and would be viewed as specific to that individual. A mathematical prior has no referenced frequency information, but on occasion is known otherwise to lead to repetition properties called confidence. We investigate the presence of such supportive property, and ask can Bayes give reliability for other than the particular parameter weightings chosen for the conditional calculation. Thus, does the methodology have reproducibility? Or is it a leap of faith. For sample-space analysis, recent higher-order likelihood methods with regular models show that third-order accuracy is widely available using profile contours [In Past, Present and Future of Statistical Science (2014) 237- 252 CRC Press], But for parameter-space analysis, accuracy is widely limited to first order. An exception arises with a scalar full parameter and the use of the scalar Jeffreys [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 25 (1963) 318-329]. But for vector full parameter even with a scalar interest parameter, difficulties have long been known [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 35 (1973) 189-233] and with parameter curvature, accuracy beyond first order can be unavailable [Statist. Sci. 26 (2011) 299-316], We show, however, that calculations on the parameter space can give full second-order information for a chosen scalar interest parameter; these calculations, however, require a Jeffreys prior that is used fully restricted to the one-dimensional profile for that interest parameter. Such a prior is effectively data-dependent and parameter-dependent and is focally restricted to the one-dimensional contour; these priors fall outside the usual Bayes approach and yet with substantial calculations can still give less than frequency analysis. We provide simple examples using discrete extensions of Jeffreys prior. These serve as counter-examples to general claims that Bayes can offer accuracy for statistical inference. To obtain this accuracy with Bayes, more effort is required compared to recent likelihood methods, which still remain more accurate. And with vector full parameters, accuracy beyond first order is routinely not available, as a change in parameter curvature causes Bayes and frequentist values to change in opposite direction, yet frequentist has full reproducibility. An alternative is to view default Bayes as an exploratory technique and then ask does it do as it overtly claims? Is it reproducible as understood in contemporary science? The posterior gives a distribution for an interest parameter and, thereby, a quantile for the interest parameter; an oracle could record whether it was left or right of the true value. If the average split in evaluative repetitions is in accord with the nominal level, then the approach is providing accuracy. And if not, then what is up, other than performance specific to the parameter frequencies in the prior. No one has answers although speculative claims abound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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13. Crystal structure of rofecoxib bound to human cyclooxygenase-2.
- Author
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Orlando, Benjamin J. and Malkowski, Michael G.
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ROFECOXIB , *CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 - Abstract
Rofecoxib (Vioxx) was one of the first selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (coxibs) to be approved for use in humans. Within five years after its release to the public, Vioxx was withdrawn from the market owing to the adverse cardiovascular effects of the drug. Despite the widespread knowledge of the development and withdrawal of Vioxx, relatively little is known at the molecular level about how the inhibitor binds to COX-2. Vioxx is unique in that the inhibitor contains a methyl sulfone moiety in place of the sulfonamide moiety found in other coxibs such as celecoxib and valdecoxib. Here, new crystallization conditions were identified that allowed the structural determination of human COX-2 in complex with Vioxx and the structure was subsequently determined to 2.7 Å resolution. The crystal structure provides the first atomic level details of the binding of Vioxx to COX-2. As anticipated, Vioxx binds with its methyl sulfone moiety located in the side pocket of the cyclooxygenase channel, providing support for the isoform selectivity of this drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Systematic study of constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 expression: Role of NF-κB and NFAT transcriptional pathways.
- Author
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Kirkby, Nicholas S., Chan, Melissa V., Zaiss, Anne K., Garcia-Vaz, Eliana, Jing Jiao, Berglund, Lisa M., Verdu, Elena F., Ahmetaj-Shala, Blerina, Wallace, John L., Herschman, Harvey R., Gomez, Maria F., and Mitchell, Jane A.
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CYCLOOXYGENASES , *NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents , *PROSTACYCLIN , *ROFECOXIB , *CARDIOVASCULAR system - Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that drives inflammation and is the therapeutic target for widely used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, COX-2 is also constitutively expressed, in the absence of overt inflammation, with a specific tissue distribution that includes the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and thymus. Constitutive COX-2 expression is therapeutically important because NSAIDs cause cardiovascular and renal side effects in otherwise healthy individuals. These side effects are now of major concern globally. However, the pathways driving constitutive COX-2 expression remain poorly understood. Here we show that in the kidney and other sites, constitutive COX-2 expression is a sterile response, independent of commensal microorganisms and not associated with activity of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Instead, COX-2 expression in the kidney but not other regions colocalized with nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor activity and was sensitive to inhibition of calcineurin- dependent NFAT activation. However, calcineurin/NFAT regulation did not contribute to constitutive expression elsewhere or to inflammatory COX-2 induction at any site. These data address the mechanisms driving constitutive COX-2 and suggest that by targeting transcription it may be possible to develop antiinflammatory therapies that spare the constitutive expression necessary for normal homeostatic functions, including those important to the cardiovascular-renal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Mechanistic definition of the cardiovascular mPGES-1/COX-2/ADMA axis
- Author
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Nicholas S. Kirkby, Per-Johan Jakobsson, Walter Wahli, Mark Chambers, SI Mazi, Marina Korotkova, Yingbi Zhou, Blerina Ahmetaj-Shala, Bin Liu, Xiaomeng Wang, Rolf M. Nüsing, Matthew L Edin, Darryl C. Zeldin, Joan Raouf, Jane A. Mitchell, The Royal Society, Imperial College London, British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,Physiology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Vioxx ,Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ,Prostacyclin ,Cardioprotection ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Pharmacology ,Kidney ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0302 clinical medicine ,Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ,Methylarginines ,Medicine ,AcademicSubjects/MED00200 ,Receptor ,1102 Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology ,Aorta ,Prostaglandin-E Synthases ,Mice, Knockout ,biology ,Intramolecular Oxidoreductases ,PGE2 ,ADMA ,COX-2 ,Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ,Knockout mouse ,Female ,lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins) ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,medicine.drug ,Prostaglandin E ,musculoskeletal diseases ,Prostaglandin E2 receptor ,Arginine ,Receptors, Epoprostenol ,03 medical and health sciences ,Physiology (medical) ,Animals ,Receptors, Prostaglandin E ,Prostaglandins I ,PPAR-beta ,Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ,business.industry ,Prostanoid ,Original Articles ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Cardiovascular System & Hematology ,Cyclooxygenase 2 ,biology.protein ,Cyclooxygenase ,business ,Asymmetric dimethylarginine - Abstract
Aims Cardiovascular side effects caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which all inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, have prevented development of new drugs that target prostaglandins to treat inflammation and cancer. Microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors have efficacy in the NSAID arena but their cardiovascular safety is not known. Our previous work identified asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, as a potential biomarker of cardiovascular toxicity associated with blockade of COX-2. Here, we have used pharmacological tools and genetically modified mice to delineate mPGES-1 and COX-2 in the regulation of ADMA. Methods and results Inhibition of COX-2 but not mPGES-1 deletion resulted in increased plasma ADMA levels. mPGES-1 deletion but not COX-2 inhibition resulted in increased plasma prostacyclin levels. These differences were explained by distinct compartmentalization of COX-2 and mPGES-1 in the kidney. Data from prostanoid synthase/receptor knockout mice showed that the COX-2/ADMA axis is controlled by prostacyclin receptors (IP and PPARβ/δ) and the inhibitory PGE2 receptor EP4, but not other PGE2 receptors. Conclusion These data demonstrate that inhibition of mPGES-1 spares the renal COX-2/ADMA pathway and define mechanistically how COX-2 regulates ADMA., Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract
- Published
- 2020
16. Crisis Management Rhetoric of Merck and the FDA in Response to Vioxx.
- Author
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Stuart, Jane and Willyard, Jennifer
- Subjects
CRISIS management ,RHETORICAL analysis ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry - Abstract
Merck and the FDA faced a unique situation in response to the withdrawal of Vioxx from the market. Both organizations had to address their constituents and assure them that this was an isolated event. Based on an analysis of the crisis rhetoric responses by both Merck and the FDA, it is apparent that the two organizations addressed different audiences and used different strategies to address those audiences. Specifically, the authors found the Merck emphasized ingratiation, acknowledgment, and institutional characteristics, while the FDA addressed institutional characteristics without either acknowledgment or denial. The significance of these findings are discussed. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
17. Hidden Cardiotoxicity of Rofecoxib Can be Revealed in Experimental Models of Ischemia/Reperfusion
- Author
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Zoltán Giricz, Éva Sághy, Zoltán Husti, Tamás Baranyai, András Makkos, Péter Ferdinandy, Csilla Terézia Nagy, Anikó Görbe, András Varró, Bernadette Lázár, Richárd S. Varga, Gábor B. Brenner, István Baczkó, Nabil V Sayour, Zoltán S. Zádori, Laszlo Tothfalusi, Tamás G Gergely, Bernadett Kiss, Rainer Schulz, and Zsófia Onódi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cardiotonic Agents ,Cell Survival ,Ischemia ,Myocardial Infarction ,cardiotoxicity ,Action Potentials ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,arrhythmia ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,Lactones ,0302 clinical medicine ,safety testing ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Animals ,Myocytes, Cardiac ,Sulfones ,Rats, Wistar ,Adverse effect ,Ischemic Preconditioning ,cox-2 ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Rofecoxib ,Cardioprotection ,Cardiotoxicity ,business.industry ,Arrhythmias, Cardiac ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,electrophysiology ,reperfusion injury ,vioxx ,Disease Models, Animal ,030104 developmental biology ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,pharmacovigilance ,Ventricular fibrillation ,Cardiology ,Ischemic preconditioning ,hiddentox ,business ,Reperfusion injury ,ischemic conditioning ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Cardiac adverse effects are among the leading causes of the discontinuation of clinical trials and the withdrawal of drugs from the market. The novel concept of &lsquo, hidden cardiotoxicity&rsquo, is defined as cardiotoxicity of a drug that manifests in the diseased (e.g. ischemic/reperfused), but not in the healthy heart or as a drug-induced deterioration of cardiac stress adaptation (e.g. ischemic conditioning). Here, we aimed to test if the cardiotoxicity of a selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib that was revealed during its clinical use, i.e., increased occurrence of proarrhythmic and thrombotic events, could have been revealed in early phases of drug development by using preclinical models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats that were treated with rofecoxib or vehicle for four weeks were subjected to 30 min. coronary artery occlusion and 120 min. reperfusion with or without cardioprotection that is induced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Rofecoxib increased overall the arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation (VF) during I/R. The proarrhythmic effect of rofecoxib during I/R was not observed in the IPC group. Rofecoxib prolonged the action potential duration (APD) in isolated papillary muscles, which was not seen in the simulated IPC group. Interestingly, while showing hidden cardiotoxicity manifested as a proarrhythmic effect during I/R, rofecoxib decreased the infarct size and increased the survival of adult rat cardiac myocytes that were subjected to simulated I/R injury. This is the first demonstration that rofecoxib increased acute mortality due to its proarrhythmic effect via increased APD during I/R. Rofecoxib did not interfere with the cardiprotective effect of IPC, moreover, IPC was able to protect against rofecoxib-induced hidden cardiotoxicity. These results show that cardiac safety testing with simple preclinical models of I/R injury uncovers hidden cardiotoxicity of rofecoxib and might reveal the hidden cardiotoxicity of other drugs.
- Published
- 2020
18. Drug withdrawals and the utilization of therapeutic substitutes: The case of Vioxx
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Collins, J. Michael, Simon, Kosali I., and Tennyson, Sharon
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- *
DRUG withdrawal symptoms , *DRUG utilization , *SUBSTITUTE products , *ROFECOXIB , *CONSUMERS , *MEDICAL care costs , *MEDICAID , *PANEL analysis - Abstract
Abstract: The lack of research on how the 2004 safety-related withdrawal of the drug Vioxx affected consumer drug utilization or outcomes for competitors is a missed opportunity to learn from the largest drug withdrawal event in history. Our study fills this void using state-level repeated cross section data from the Medicaid State Drug Utilization (SDU) database of fee-for-service Medicaid claims for prescription drugs, and individual-level panel data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) which is a nationally representative survey that contains information on medication use across two years. We find that the withdrawal of Vioxx had both positive and negative effects for specific substitute drugs in its own class (COX-2s), and that it led to an overall increase in the usage of both its most direct competitor class (NSAIDs) and in a class of older similar therapy (Analgesics). We argue these shifts in drug usage represent what could be viewed as an appropriate response to the events. However, aggregate use of drugs in the COX-2 and related classes declined overall, suggesting that some consumers may have over-reacted to the withdrawal events in ways that lessened the health benefits they could receive from this family of drugs. These findings about medication utilization changes in response to negative information are highly relevant for policy design and for determining thresholds for regulatory interventions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Reconstructing Merck's Practical Theory of Communication: The Ethics of Pharmaceutical Sales Representative-Physician Encounters.
- Author
-
Lyon, Alexander and Mirivel, JulienC.
- Subjects
- *
ROFECOXIB , *COMMUNICATION ethics , *PHYSICIANS , *SALES personnel , *MEDICAL communication , *SALES , *GROUNDED theory , *SIGNIFICANT choice theory (Communication) - Abstract
This essay considers the ways in which Merck, a major pharmaceutical company, trained salespeople to communicate with physicians about its controversial pain drug, Vioxx. Between 2000 and 2004, approximately 60,000 people died while taking the drug. In this study, we analyzed 989 pages of internal training materials that show how Merck taught employees to communicate with physicians. Inspired by Craig and Tracy, we reconstruct the (1) guiding philosophies, (2) assumed problems, and (3) skills and techniques inherent in Merck's practical theory of communication. Using Nilsen's perspective on ethics, we argue that Merck taught a communication approach that obscured physicians' ability to make a significant choice and unnecessarily put more patients' lives at risk. The essay underscores the need to make communication ethics a primary rather than a secondary research concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The Duty to Disclose Adverse Clinical Trial Results.
- Author
-
Liao, S.Matthew, Sheehan, Mark, and Clarke, Steve
- Subjects
- *
DISCLOSURE , *MEDICAL research , *CLINICAL trials , *INFORMED consent (Law) , *HUMAN research subjects - Abstract
Participants in some clinical trials are at risk of being harmed and sometimes are seriously harmed as a result of not being provided with available, relevant risk information. We argue that this situation is unacceptable and that there is a moral duty to disclose all adverse clinical trial results to participants in clinical trials. This duty is grounded in the human right not to be placed at risk of harm without informed consent. We consider objections to disclosure grounded in considerations of commercial interest, and we argue that these concerns are insufficient to override the moral duty to disclose adverse clinical trial results. However, we also develop a proposal that enables commercial interests to be protected, while promoting the duty to disclose adverse clinical trial results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Prothrombotic effect of Rofecoxib in a murine venous thrombosis model
- Author
-
Nagai, Nobuo, Hoylaerts, Marc F., Gallacher, David J., Lu, Hua Rong, and Lijnen, H. Roger
- Subjects
- *
CARDIOVASCULAR diseases , *DISEASES , *CARDIOVASCULAR system , *BLOOD circulation disorders , *CARDIOLOGICAL manifestations of general diseases , *HYPERTENSION - Abstract
Abstract: The potential prothrombotic effect of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor Rofecoxib (Vioxx) was investigated using murine thrombosis models. In a jugular vein thrombosis model (photochemically induced injury) in lean wild-type mice, Rofecoxib treatment for 4 weeks induced a mild prothrombotic tendency, as indicated by a shorter occlusion time as compared to placebo (median of 12 min versus 36 min; p<0.05). Thrombus size was somewhat, but not significantly, enhanced after Rofecoxib treatment. In a femoral artery thrombosis model (FeCl3 induced injury) Rofecoxib did not cause an enhanced thrombotic tendency in mice with nutritionally induced or genetically determined (ob/ob) obesity. The occlusion time was comparable for obese wild-type mice with (8.8±0.7 min) or without (7.8±2.1 min) Rofecoxib treatment, as well as for ob/ob mice (8.5±0.7 min versus 6.8±3.0 min). Thus, an enhanced prothrombotic effect of Rofecoxib was detected when using a venous thrombosis model in lean mice, but not when using an arterial thrombosis model in obese mice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Celebrex and Potential Heart Disease and Liver Disease: A Personal Account.
- Author
-
Eisenman, Russell
- Subjects
- *
HEART diseases , *CARDIOLOGY , *CELECOXIB , *PHARMACODYNAMICS , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
The author took Celebrex for seven years, only to find out that it could be associated with heart disease, which I now have, and other possible diseases, too. This article discusses some of my experiences and the possible link between Celebrex and heart disease and other illnesses. It is apparent that while I was helped in various ways, I did not always receive complete, excellent medical advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
23. Merck and Vioxx: An Examination of an Ethical Decision-Making Model.
- Author
-
Cavusgil, Erin
- Subjects
MARKETING research ,DECISION making in marketing ,DECISION making ,BUSINESS ethics ,ROFECOXIB - Abstract
Marketing researchers have proposed various conceptual models of ethical decision-making to better clarify the steps in the decision-making process. However, lacking in the literature is comprehensive empirical validation of these models. This manuscript examines the ethical decision-making model proposed by Ferrell et al. [1989, Journal of Macromarketing 56(Fall), 55–64] in the context of a real-world marketing situation. This model is a comprehensive synthesis of previously developed models in the literature. The events surrounding the withdrawal from the market of the pain reliever Vioxx, manufactured by Merck & Co., are detailed. The analysis provides insights into the decision-making process faced by Merck executives and sheds light onto the real-world applicability of the conceptual model. Furthermore, this study demonstrates how potential modifications to existing models can be developed by their examination in the context of real world events. It is hoped that this analysis, along with future examinations, aids marketing researchers in developing a better understanding of the ethical decision-making process in a business context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. "Putting Patients First": Systematically Distorted Communication and Merck's Marketing of Vioxx.
- Author
-
Lyon, Alexander
- Subjects
- *
PATIENTS , *BUSINESS communication , *PHYSICIANS , *EMPLOYEES , *ORGANIZATION , *STOCKHOLDERS , *INVESTORS - Abstract
An estimated 27,000-60,000 patients died while taking Merck's drug Vioxx between 2000 and 2004. This essay uses Deetz's treatment of systematically distorted communication and Nilsen's significant choice to analyze Merck's communication about the drug. The company claimed publicly to be forthright about Vioxx's safety. The article shows, however, that Merck systematically distorted communication through neutralization, topical avoidance, and disqualification in ways that thwarted physicians' and patients' abilities to make an informed choice about Vioxx. The analysis shows that Merck employees' consent to economic priorities framed these communication practices as legitimate and rational within the organization. The same practices, however, appeared socially irresponsible to members of the scientific community outside the company. In contrast to Merck's practices, the essay offers more participatory communication applications that uphold companies' moral obligation to their stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors, Eicosanoid Synthesis and Clinical Outcomes: A Case Study of System Failure.
- Author
-
James, M., Cook-Johnson, R., and Cleland, L.
- Abstract
Elucidation of differences between the active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 allowed the targeted design of the selective COX-2 inhibitors known as coxibs. They were marketed as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that had improved upper gastrointestinal (GI) safety compared with older non-selective NSAIDs such as diclofenac and naproxen. Two GI safety studies conducted with arthritis patients demonstrated that in terms of upper GI safety, celecoxib was not superior to diclofenac (CLASS study) but rofecoxib was superior to naproxen (VIGOR study). However, the VIGOR study revealed also that rofecoxib had increased cardiovascular (CV) risk compared with naproxen. This clinical outcome was supported by the existence of plausible eicosanoid-based biological mechanisms whereby selective COX-2 inhibition could increase CV risk. Nevertheless, the existence of CV risk with rofecoxib was successfully discounted by its pharmaceutical company owner, Merck & Co, with the assistance of specialist opinion leaders and rofecoxib achieved widespread clinical use for 4–5 years. Rofecoxib was withdrawn from the market when several clinical trials in colorectal cancer and post-operative pain revealed increased CV risk with not only rofecoxib, but also coxibs. The commercial success of rofecoxib provides a case-study of failure of the medical journal literature to guide drug usage. Attention to ethical issues may have provided a more useful guide for prescribers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Lessons from the Vioxx Debacle: What the Privatization of Science Can Teach Us About Social Epistemology.
- Author
-
Biddle, Justin
- Subjects
- *
PRIVATIZATION , *MEDICAL sciences , *SOCIAL epistemology , *ROFECOXIB , *PHARMACEUTICAL research , *RESEARCH methodology - Abstract
Since the early 1980s, private, for-profit corporations have become increasingly involved in all aspects of scientific research, especially of biomedical research. In this essay, I argue that there are dangerous epistemic consequences of this trend, which should be more thoroughly examined by social epistemologists. In support of this claim, I discuss a recent episode of pharmaceutical research involving the painkiller Vioxx. I argue that the research on Vioxx was epistemically problematic and that the primary cause of these inadequacies was faulty institutional arrangements. More specifically, the research was organized in such a way as to allow short-term commercial interests to compromise epistemic integrity. Thus, the Vioxx case study, in conjunction with numerous case studies developed elsewhere, provides strong reasons for believing that the privatization of the biomedical sciences is epistemically worrisome, and it suggests that the primary response to this situation should be a social, or organizational, one. What kind of organizational response would be most beneficial? I briefly discuss two prominent social epistemological proposals for how scientific research should be organized - namely those of Philip Kitcher and Helen Longino - and I suggest that they are incapable of dealing with the phenomenon of privatization. I then draw upon the Vioxx episode in order to outline an alternative suggestion for reorganizing certain aspects of pharmaceutical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The story of Vioxx—no pain and a lot of gain: ethical concerns regarding conduct of the pharmaceutical industry.
- Author
-
Cahana, Alex and Mauron, Alexandre
- Subjects
- *
ROFECOXIB , *NONSTEROIDAL anti-inflammatory agents , *DRUG side effects , *PHARMACEUTICAL ethics , *PHARMACEUTICAL industry , *EFFECT of drugs on the heart - Abstract
The article discusses ethical concerns regarding the conduct of the pharmaceutical industry in the light of the development and withdrawal of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Vioxx. The growing concerns over the safety and efficacy of Vioxx has forced its manufacturers to withdraw it from the market. The author opines that bioethical aspects in drug manufacturing should be taken into consideration by the drug manufacturers.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Vioxx…More to the Story.
- Author
-
Pritts, Debra
- Abstract
On July 14, 2005, opening arguments were given in Ernst v. Merck, the first Vioxx®-related lawsuit to reach a jury. Mark Lanier represented the widow of Robert Ernst, who died in May 2001 at age 59, after taking Vioxx® for 8 months. The coroner's report indicated that Ernst died of an arrhythmia. Lanier pointed out that the Merck Manual of Medical Information states that arrhythmias are associated with heart attacks 90% of the time (Keller, 2005). The trial was held in Angleton, Texas, with the 23rd District Court Judge Ben Hardin presiding. After 5 weeks of testimony, the jury realized not only how early Merck knew of the cardiovascular effects of Vioxx® but how they continued to aggressively market the drug despite these devastating effects. A seven-man, five-woman jury deliberated for 10 1/2 hours over 2 days before returning a verdict for the plaintiff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
29. Dimethyl-Celecoxib (DMC), a Derivative of Celecoxib that Lacks Cyclooxygenase-2-Inhibitory Function, Potently Mimics the Anti-Tumor Effects of Celecoxib on Burkitt's Lymphoma In Vitro and In Vivo.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Timely lessons for target-based discovery of anti-inflammatory drugs
- Author
-
Szymkowski, David E.
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Does preoperative rofecoxib (Vioxx) decrease postoperative pain with laparoscopic cholecystectomy?
- Author
-
Horattas, Mark C., Evans, Steve, Sloan-Stakleff, Kimberly D., Lee, Christopher, and Snoke, Joseph W.
- Subjects
- *
GALLBLADDER surgery , *POSTOPERATIVE care , *POSTOPERATIVE pain , *SURGICAL complications - Abstract
Background: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial was designed to study the effects of preemptive rofecoxib (Vioxx) analgesia in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Methods: One hundred-twenty patients were enrolled in the study over a 21-month period, and 116 completed the study. One half of the patients received 50 mg rofecoxib preoperatively and the other half, placebo. Both groups were demographically similar. Medical information, patient and nursing assessments, and surgical data were evaluated.Results: A significant reduction in requirements for postoperative narcotic analgesic dosing was noted in the rofecoxib group. In addition, patients receiving rofecoxib reported significantly less nausea and improvement in their activity level when compared with the control group. No complications were encountered with the preoperative use of rofecoxib.Conclusions: We conclude that in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, preoperative administration of rofecoxib in selected patients may facilitate postoperative recovery and decrease postoperative narcotic requirements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Rofecoxib does not adversely affect skin graft survival in a rat model
- Author
-
Miller, Quintessa, Losken, Albert, Harre, Joseph G., and Bird, Maj Erin T.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Differential Effects of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors on Cell Cycle Regulation and Proliferation of Glioblastoma Cell Line.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Triumph and Tragedy
- Author
-
Kinch, Michael, author
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Adsorptive stripping square-wave voltammetric behavior of rofecoxib
- Author
-
Radi, A.
- Subjects
- *
VOLTAMMETRY , *PHARMACEUTICAL technology - Abstract
Adsorption and reduction of rofecoxib were investigated by cyclic and square-wave voltammetry on a hanging mercury drop electrode in electrolytes of various pH values. The reduction process on hanging mercury drop electrodes gave rise to a single peak within the entire pH range (2.0–11.5). In alkaline solutions, rofecoxib gave a sensitive adsorptive reductive peak; approximately 10 times larger than those obtained by applying a square-wave scan without prior accumulation. Application of the method to the determination of rofecoxib in two pharmaceutical products (Vioxx 12.5 and 25 mg), without sample pretreatment, resulted in acceptable deviation from the stated concentrations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Tolerability profiles of rofecoxib (Vioxx) and Arthrotec. A comparison of six weeks treatment in patients with osteoarthritis.
- Author
-
Acevedo, E., Eda, O. Castan, Ugaz, M., Beaulieu, A. D., Pons-Estel, B., Caeiro, F., Casas, N., Garza-Elizondo, M., Irazoque, F., Hinojosa, W., Gutierrez-Ureña, S., Vandormael, K., Rodgers, D. B., Laurenzi, M., Castañeda, O, and Gutierrez-Ureña, S
- Subjects
- *
OSTEOARTHRITIS treatment , *DRUG efficacy - Abstract
Objective: To compare the incidence of selected spontaneously reported adverse events (AEs) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) treated with rofecoxib (VIOXX, 12.5 mg qd) or Arthrotec (diclofenac 50 mg/misoprostol 200 mcg bid).Methods: Double-blind, parallel-group, 6-week study of patients aged > or = 40 years with a clinical diagnosis of OA treated with rofecoxib or Arthrotec. Primary endpoint: self-reported diarrhea; secondary endpoints: abdominal pain, discontinuations due to AEs, GI AEs and NSAID-type GI AEs (ie., acid reflux, dyspepsia, epigastric discomfort, heartburn, nausea, vomiting).Results: Among 483 patients (80.3% females, mean age 62.1), the rofecoxib group vs the Arthrotec group respectively reported diarrhea 6.2% vs 16.2% (p<0.001); drug-related diarrhea 3.7% vs 16.2% (p<0.001); one or more clinical AEs 52.9% vs 73.0% (p<0.001); GI AEs 28.9% vs 48.5% (p<0.001); NSAID-type GI AEs 18.6% vs 29.9% (p=0.004); discontinuations due to abdominal pain 0.4% vs 3.7% (p<0.05); and discontinuations due to any AE 4.1% vs 9.1% (p=0.029). No significant differences were observed in efficacy.Conclusion: Rofecoxib 12.5 mg qd has improved GI tolerability and similar efficacy compared to Arthrotec (diclofenac 50 mg/misoprostol 200 mcg bid). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The rule of law in multidistrict litigation
- Author
-
Noll, David L.
- Subjects
Opioids ,Judicial administration ,Civil procedure ,Administrative Procedure Act ,MDL ,Vioxx ,Litigation ,Deepwater Horizon ,Ad hoc procedure ,Multidistrict litigation ,Administrative Law - Abstract
From the Deepwater Horizon disaster to the opioid crisis, multidistrict litigation—or simply MDL—has become the preeminent forum for devising solutions to the most difficult problems in the federal courts. MDL works by refusing to follow a regular procedural playbook. Its solutions are case-specific, evolving, and ad hoc. This very flexibility, however, provokes charges that MDL violates basic requirements of the rule of law. At the heart of these charges is the assumption that MDL is simply a larger version of the litigation that takes place every day in federal district courts. But MDL is not just different in scale than ordinary litigation; it is different in kind. In structure and operation, MDL parallels programs like Social Security where an administrative agency continuously develops new procedures to handle a high volume of changing claims. Accordingly, MDL is appropriately judged against the “administrative” rule of law that emerged in the decades after World War II, and which underpins the legitimacy of the modern administrative state. When one views MDL as an administrative program instead of a larger version of ordinary civil litigation, the real threats to the legitimacy of its model of aggregate litigation come into focus. The problem is not that MDL is ad hoc. Rather, it is that MDL lacks guarantees of transparency, public participation, and judicial review that administrative agencies have operated under since the middle of the twentieth century. The history of the administrative state suggests that MDL’s continued success as a forum for resolving staggeringly complex problems depends on how it addresses these governance deficits.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. STRESS FROM COVERT STATIN SIDE EFFECTS.
- Abstract
The article offers news briefs related to clinical medicine in the U.S. A study was conducted in Massachusetts to identify conditions that contributed to stroke and heart disease. A comprehensive review revealed that statins does not offer benefits in individuals with no history of cardiovascular diseases. Meanwhile, some foods such as pistachios and Cheerios were advertised by companies as having potential benefits in lowering the levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and cholesterol.
- Published
- 2012
39. HEALTH CARE-MORE FOR PROFITS THAN PATIENTS?
- Author
-
Rosch, Paul J.
- Abstract
The article offers updates related to medical care in the U.S. It mentions the increasing presence of drugs that treat erectile dysfunction, obesity and insomnia which may cause significant adverse effects. It notes the release of the book "Pharmageddon," by David Healy which cites the accelerating sales of statins in the country, generating 35 billion dollars annually. Also, it reports the heightened inclination of Americans on medical screening which could result in overdiagnosis.
- Published
- 2012
40. IS MEDICINE NOW MORE ABOUT $$$ THAN HEALTH?
- Author
-
Rosch, Paul J.
- Abstract
The article offers views from iconoclast Ivan Illich stressing that the nature of most institutions and organizations end up performing in a manner directly opposite to their original purpose due to corruption and greed. He cites the destruction of traditional ways that people coped and adapted in regards to death, illness, pain and other stresses of daily life that are unavoidable. The author also mentions the significance of lipitor as the world's best selling and most profitable drug.
- Published
- 2011
41. WHY MEDICAL RESEARCH NEWS CAN'T BE TRUSTED.
- Author
-
Rosch, Paul J.
- Abstract
The article discusses the flaws in research news. It says that the prime purpose of most journals now is to earn more money, citing Reed Elsevier PLC's annual income of more than seven billion dollars from the reprints sold by its 2000 scientific and medical journals. Doctor John Ioannidis says that 90% of the published medical data is flawed. Former "British Journal of Medicine" editor Richard Smith notes that most editors of the more than 10,000 biomedical journals in the world did not train.
- Published
- 2010
42. PHARMACEUTICAL STRESS FROM FRAUD AND DECEIT.
- Abstract
The article focuses on how large pharmaceutical companies have brought disturbance in their quest for higher revenues that have made them the most profitable industry in the U.S. The drugs' inflation rate was cited as the main reason for the increase of health costs and insurance payments. Several drug companies that were litigated and found guilty of fallacious activities are presented. Statements of various doctors and executives from different drug companies are also cited.
- Published
- 2008
43. Bayes, Reproducibility and the Quest for Truth
- Author
-
Wei Lin, Mylène Bédard, Augustine C. M. Wong, Donald Fraser, and Ailana Fraser
- Subjects
Statistics and Probability ,Bayes' rule ,Welch–Peers ,General Mathematics ,linear parameter ,Vioxx ,Confidence ,Parameter space ,01 natural sciences ,Jeffreys ,010104 statistics & probability ,Bayes' theorem ,Frequentist inference ,Prior probability ,Econometrics ,Statistical inference ,genuine prior ,Applied mathematics ,exponential model ,0101 mathematics ,reproducibility ,Mathematics ,two theories ,010102 general mathematics ,L’Aquila ,curved parameter ,regular model ,Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty ,opinion prior ,risks ,rotating parameter ,gamma mean ,Quantile ,Jeffreys prior - Abstract
We consider the use of default priors in the Bayes methodology for seeking information concerning the true value of a parameter. By default prior, we mean the mathematical prior as initiated by Bayes [Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 53 (1763) 370–418] and pursued by Laplace [Theorie Analytique des Probabilites (1812) Courcier], Jeffreys [Theory of Probability (1961) Clarendon Press], Bernardo [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 41 (1979) 113–147] and many more, and then recently viewed as “potentially dangerous” [Science 340 (2013) 1177–1178] and “potentially useful” [Science 341 (2013) 1452]. We do not mean, however, the genuine prior [Science 340 (2013) 1177–1178] that has an empirical reference and would invoke standard frequency modelling. And we do not mean the subjective or opinion prior that an individual might have and would be viewed as specific to that individual. A mathematical prior has no referenced frequency information, but on occasion is known otherwise to lead to repetition properties called confidence. We investigate the presence of such supportive property, and ask can Bayes give reliability for other than the particular parameter weightings chosen for the conditional calculation. Thus, does the methodology have reproducibility? Or is it a leap of faith. For sample-space analysis, recent higher-order likelihood methods with regular models show that third-order accuracy is widely available using profile contours [In Past, Present and Future of Statistical Science (2014) 237– 252 CRC Press]. But for parameter-space analysis, accuracy is widely limited to first order. An exception arises with a scalar full parameter and the use of the scalar Jeffreys [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 25 (1963) 318–329]. But for vector full parameter even with a scalar interest parameter, difficulties have long been known [J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 35 (1973) 189–233] and with parameter curvature, accuracy beyond first order can be unavailable [Statist. Sci. 26 (2011) 299–316].We show, however, that calculations on the parameter space can give full second-order information for a chosen scalar interest parameter; these calculations, however, require a Jeffreys prior that is used fully restricted to the one-dimensional profile for that interest parameter. Such a prior is effectively data-dependent and parameter-dependent and is focally restricted to the one-dimensional contour; these priors fall outside the usual Bayes approach and yet with substantial calculations can still give less than frequency analysis. We provide simple examples using discrete extensions of Jeffreys prior. These serve as counter-examples to general claims that Bayes can offer accuracy for statistical inference. To obtain this accuracy with Bayes, more effort is required compared to recent likelihood methods, which still remain more accurate. And with vector full parameters, accuracy beyond first order is routinely not available, as a change in parameter curvature causes Bayes and frequentist values to change in opposite direction, yet frequentist has full reproducibility. An alternative is to view default Bayes as an exploratory technique and then ask does it do as it overtly claims? Is it reproducible as understood in contemporary science? The posterior gives a distribution for an interest parameter and, thereby, a quantile for the interest parameter; an oracle could record whether it was left or right of the true value. If the average split in evaluative repetitions is in accord with the nominal level, then the approach is providing accuracy. And if not, then what is up, other than performance specific to the parameter frequencies in the prior. No one has answers although speculative claims abound.
- Published
- 2016
44. MDL as Public Administration
- Author
-
Noll, David L.
- Subjects
Civil procedure ,Corporate governance ,In kind ,MDL ,Vioxx ,Litigation ,Multidistrict litigation ,Transparency (behavior) ,Rule of law ,Opioids ,Judicial administration ,Political science ,Administrative Procedure Act ,Accountability ,Agency (sociology) ,Deepwater Horizon ,Ad hoc procedure ,Law ,Legitimacy ,Administrative Law ,Law and economics - Abstract
From the Deepwater Horizon disaster to the opioid crisis, multidistrict litigation— or simply MDL—has become the preeminent forum for devising solutions to the most difficult problems in the federal courts MDL works by refusing to follow a regular procedural playbook Its solutions are case specific, evolving, and ad hoc This very flexibility, however, provokes charges that MDL violates basic requirements of the rule of law. At the heart of these charges is the assumption that MDL is simply a larger version of the litigation that takes place every day in federal district courts But MDL is not just different in scale than ordinary litigation; it is different in kind In structure and operation, MDL parallels programs like Social Security in which an administrative agency continuously develops new procedures to handle a high volume of changing claims Accordingly, MDL is appropriately judged against the “administrative” rule of law that emerged in the decades after World War II and underpins the legitimacy of the modern administrative state. When one views MDL as an administrative program instead of a larger version of ordinary civil litigation, the real threats to its legitimacy come into focus The problem is not that MDL is ad hoc Rather, it is that MDL lacks the guarantees of transparency, public participation, and ex post review that administrative agencies have operated under since the middle of the twentieth century The history of the administrative state suggests that MDL’s continued success as a forum for resolving staggeringly complex problems depends on how it addresses these governance deficits., Resource replaces accepted Manuscript (AM)
- Published
- 2019
45. Hidden Cardiotoxicity of Rofecoxib Can be Revealed in Experimental Models of Ischemia/Reperfusion.
- Author
-
Brenner, Gábor B., Makkos, András, Nagy, Csilla Terézia, Onódi, Zsófia, Sayour, Nabil V., Gergely, Tamás G., Kiss, Bernadett, Görbe, Anikó, Sághy, Éva, Zádori, Zoltán S., Lázár, Bernadette, Baranyai, Tamás, Varga, Richárd S., Husti, Zoltán, Varró, András, Tóthfalusi, László, Schulz, Rainer, Baczkó, István, Giricz, Zoltán, and Ferdinandy, Péter
- Subjects
- *
MYOCARDIAL reperfusion , *ROFECOXIB , *CARDIOTOXICITY , *CLINICAL drug trials , *VENTRICULAR fibrillation , *REPERFUSION - Abstract
Cardiac adverse effects are among the leading causes of the discontinuation of clinical trials and the withdrawal of drugs from the market. The novel concept of 'hidden cardiotoxicity' is defined as cardiotoxicity of a drug that manifests in the diseased (e.g., ischemic/reperfused), but not in the healthy heart or as a drug-induced deterioration of cardiac stress adaptation (e.g., ischemic conditioning). Here, we aimed to test if the cardiotoxicity of a selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib that was revealed during its clinical use, i.e., increased occurrence of proarrhythmic and thrombotic events, could have been revealed in early phases of drug development by using preclinical models of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Rats that were treated with rofecoxib or vehicle for four weeks were subjected to 30 min. coronary artery occlusion and 120 min. reperfusion with or without cardioprotection that is induced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Rofecoxib increased overall the arrhythmias including ventricular fibrillation (VF) during I/R. The proarrhythmic effect of rofecoxib during I/R was not observed in the IPC group. Rofecoxib prolonged the action potential duration (APD) in isolated papillary muscles, which was not seen in the simulated IPC group. Interestingly, while showing hidden cardiotoxicity manifested as a proarrhythmic effect during I/R, rofecoxib decreased the infarct size and increased the survival of adult rat cardiac myocytes that were subjected to simulated I/R injury. This is the first demonstration that rofecoxib increased acute mortality due to its proarrhythmic effect via increased APD during I/R. Rofecoxib did not interfere with the cardiprotective effect of IPC; moreover, IPC was able to protect against rofecoxib-induced hidden cardiotoxicity. These results show that cardiac safety testing with simple preclinical models of I/R injury uncovers hidden cardiotoxicity of rofecoxib and might reveal the hidden cardiotoxicity of other drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Vioxx Withdrawn from the Market: Controversies Continue to Involve Merck & FDA.
- Author
-
O'Connor, Mary A.
- Abstract
As this special themed edition of The Journal of Legal Nurse Consulting on Pain Management went to print, Vioxx (rofecoxib), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was withdrawn from the market by its manufacturer, Merck & Co., Inc. On September 30, 2004, Merck announced the withdrawal of Vioxx based on the results of the APPROVe (Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx) trial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
47. Bayesian approaches to aspects of the Vioxx trials: Non-ignorable dropout and sequential meta-analysis
- Author
-
Cheng, Jerry, Madigan, David, O'Hagan, Anthony, book editor, and West, Mike, book editor
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Ibuprofen arginate retains eNOS substrate activity and reverses endothelial dysfunction: implications for the COX-2/ADMA axis
- Author
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Kirkby, Nicholas S., Tesfai, Abel, Ahmetaj-Shala, Blerina, Gashaw, Hime H., Sampaio, Walkyria, Etelvino, Gisele, Leão, Nádia Miricéia, Santos, Robson A., Mitchell, Jane A., Wellcome Trust, and Imperial College London
- Subjects
Male ,Biochemistry & Molecular Biology ,Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III ,aspirin ,prostacyclin ,Research ,organic chemicals ,Vioxx ,0601 Biochemistry And Cell Biology ,Ibuprofen ,Arginine ,Kidney ,0606 Physiology ,Substrate Specificity ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Drug Combinations ,Cyclooxygenase 2 ,nitric oxide ,1116 Medical Physiology ,Animals ,Humans ,Endothelium ,Enzyme Inhibitors ,methylarginines - Abstract
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen, are among the most commonly used medications and produce their antiinflammatory effects by blocking cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Their use is associated with increased risk of heart attacks caused by blocking COX-2 in the vasculature and/or kidney, with our recent work implicating the endogenous NOS inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), a cardiotoxic hormone whose effects can be prevented by L-arginine. The ibuprofen salt ibuprofen arginate (Spididol) was created to increase solubility but we suggest that it could also augment the NO pathway through codelivery of arginine. Here we investigated the idea that ibuprofen arginate can act to simultaneously inhibit COX-2 and preserve the NO pathway. Ibuprofen arginate functioned similarly to ibuprofen sodium for inhibition of mouse/human COX-2, but only ibuprofen arginate served as a substrate for NOS. Ibuprofen arginate but not ibuprofen sodium also reversed the inhibitory effects of ADMA and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester on inducible NOS (macrophages) and endothelial NOS in vitro (aorta) and in vivo (blood pressure). These observations show that ibuprofen arginate provides, in one preparation, a COX-2 inhibitor and NOS substrate that could act to negate the harmful cardiovascular consequences mediated by blocking renal COX-2 and increased ADMA. While remarkably simple, our findings are potentially game-changing in the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug arena.—Kirkby, N. S., Tesfai, A., AhmetajShala, B., Gashaw, H. H., Sampaio, W., Etelvino, G., Leão, N. M., Santos, R. A., Mitchell, J. A. Ibuprofen arginate retains eNOS substrate activity and reverses endothelial dysfunction: implications for the COX-2/ADMA axis.
- Published
- 2016
49. Systematic study of constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 expression: Role of NF-κB and NFAT transcriptional pathways
- Author
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Blerina Ahmetaj-Shala, Lisa Berglund, Nicholas S. Kirkby, Anne K. Zaiss, Jane A. Mitchell, John L. Wallace, Jing Jiao, Maria F. Gomez, Melissa V. Chan, Eliana Garcia-Vaz, Elena F. Verdu, Harvey R. Herschman, and Wellcome Trust
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Lipopolysaccharides ,Male ,Transcription, Genetic ,nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs ,Vioxx ,Kidney ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Transcription (biology) ,Tissue Distribution ,Luciferases ,GENE-EXPRESSION ,Multidisciplinary ,cardiovascular ,INDUCTION ,NF-kappa B ,NFAT ,Biological Sciences ,MICROBIOTA ,3. Good health ,Multidisciplinary Sciences ,cyclooxygenase ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cyclosporine ,Science & Technology - Other Topics ,Cytokines ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Signal Transduction ,Inflammation ,Biology ,IMMUNITY ,Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Animals ,Germ-Free Life ,RNA, Messenger ,Transcription factor ,Science & Technology ,NFATC Transcription Factors ,prostacyclin ,NF-κB ,Calcineurin ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,030104 developmental biology ,chemistry ,Cyclooxygenase 2 ,Immunology ,Cancer research ,biology.protein ,Cyclooxygenase ,RESPONSES - Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme that drives inflammation and is the therapeutic target for widely used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, COX-2 is also constitutively expressed, in the absence of overt inflammation, with a specific tissue distribution that includes the kidney, gastrointestinal tract, brain, and thymus. Constitutive COX-2 expression is therapeutically important because NSAIDs cause cardiovascular and renal side effects in otherwise healthy individuals. These side effects are now of major concern globally. However, the pathways driving constitutive COX-2 expression remain poorly understood. Here we show that in the kidney and other sites, constitutive COX-2 expression is a sterile response, independent of commensal microorganisms and not associated with activity of the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Instead, COX-2 expression in the kidney but not other regions colocalized with nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor activity and was sensitive to inhibition of calcineurin-dependent NFAT activation. However, calcineurin/NFAT regulation did not contribute to constitutive expression elsewhere or to inflammatory COX-2 induction at any site. These data address the mechanisms driving constitutive COX-2 and suggest that by targeting transcription it may be possible to develop antiinflammatory therapies that spare the constitutive expression necessary for normal homeostatic functions, including those important to the cardiovascular-renal system.
- Published
- 2015
50. The story of Vioxx—no pain and a lot of gain: ethical concerns regarding conduct of the pharmaceutical industry
- Author
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Alexandre Mauron and Alex Cahana
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,ddc:174.957 ,Drug Industry ,Pain medicine ,MEDLINE ,Alternative medicine ,Vioxx ,Pain ,Lactones ,Marketing ethics ,Anesthesiology ,medicine ,Humans ,Sulfones ,Drug Approval ,Pharmaceutical industry ,Ethics ,Marketing ,Clinical Trials as Topic ,Medical education ,Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ,Pharmaceutics ,business.industry ,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,Anesthesia ,Ethical concerns ,business - Published
- 2006
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