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Sustainable development has to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements, and political decisions. This study aimed to analyse the implementation of the ecosystem services approach (ESA) in the spatial planning of the Basque Country, via the co-creation of knowledge. This paper uses a proposal for a regional green infrastructure (GI) to examine the co-creation of knowledge process. It addresses the community of practice; a process of co-creation of knowledge through workshops and meeting, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis using an online survey, and mapping and identification of the multifunctional areas that provide ecosystem services (ES) to develop a GI. Results indicate that ESA has been included in spatial planning actions at different scales (biosphere reserve, metropolitan area, and region). This subsequently created an avenue for understanding the political necessities at play, so that scientists can develop useful tools for sustainable development. The findings also draw attention to the importance of establishing a constructive and mutually comprehensible dialogue between politicians, technical experts and scientists. For ES to be part of spatial planning, ESA has to be taken into account at the beginning of the planning process. We conclude that building bridges between science and spatial planning can help establish science-based management guidelines and tools that help enhance the sustainability of the territory.

El tipo de desarrollo sostenible al que aspiramos necesita, entre otras cosas, una base de conocimiento científico, acuerdos sociales y decisiones políticas que encaminen la gestión hacia una ruta de sostenibilidad. Por lo tanto, es fundamental identificar el conocimiento necesario para la parte política y técnica, y el tipo de ciencia que se requiere desarrollar para este fin. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el trabajo desarrollado a través de una comunidad de práctica, que contribuye a una eficiente colaboración entre la investigación y la gestión. La experiencia de trabajo transdisciplinar está basada en un enfoque holístico y colaborativo entre equipos de la universidad y equipos técnicos de la administración pública a diferentes escalas. El objeto de estudio de esta comunidad de práctica es la aplicación del enfoque de los servicios de los ecosistemas a políticas de ordenación territorial. Se analiza la co-creación de conocimiento para la aplicación de políticas orientadas a la gestión sostenible del territorio. Como resultado del trabajo colaborativo se ha incluido el enfoque basado en servicios de los ecosistemas en las Directrices de Ordenación Territorial de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco, lo que tiene como consecuencia que los diferentes departamentos de la Administración, y a diferentes escalas, deberán implementar acciones para el mantenimiento de los servicios de los ecosistemas y la promoción de una infraestructura verde local. Los resultados demuestran que los puentes entre ciencia y gestión pueden ser exitosos para establecer directrices de gestión con base científica., The type of sustainable development to which we aspire needs, among other things, to be based on scientific knowledge, social agreements and political decisions that direct management towards a sustainability path. Therefore, it is essential to identify the knowledge needed by the political and technical community and the type of science that is required to be developed for this purpose. The objective of this study was to analyze the work developed through a community of practice, which is contributing to an efficient collaboration between researchers and managers. The transdisciplinary work experience is based on a holistic and collaborative approach between university teams and public administration technical teams at different scales (Government, County Councils, Town-halls). The object of study of this community of practice is the application of the Ecosystem Services Approach in land management policies. The aim is the sustainable development of the territory based on the co-creation of knowledge for the application in policies. Because of the collaborative work, the approach based on ecosystem services has been included in the Guidelines for Territorial Planning of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. This means that all the different departments of the Administration at different scales must implement actions to maintain ecosystem services and the promotion of a local green infrastructure. The results show that the bridges between science and management can be successful in establishing scientific-based management guidelines.

It has been suggested that spatial heterogeneity is key to the coexistence at local spatial scales of subordinate and dominant predator species by allowing the former to shift to more protective habitats when the risk of intraguild predation exists. Here, we show how the smaller carnivore Egyptian mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) may coexist on a local scale with its intraguild pre- dator, the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), by using places with different microhabitat character- istics. We expect that mongooses living within lynx home ranges will use denser and more protective habitats when active in order to di- minish their risk of being killed by lynx com- pared to those living in areas similar in ve- getation and prey availability but where lynx are absent. The scrubland cover of points used by mongooses outside lynx areas, and that of points located within lynx areas but not used by mongooses, were significantly lower than, or similar to, cover of points used by mongooses within lynx areas. The probability of finding mongoose tracks was constant across levels of scrubland cover when lynx were absent, but more mongoose tracks were likely to be found in thicker scrubland within lynx areas, especially if these areas were intensively used by lynx. This result agrees with the hypothesis on shifts in microhabitat use of subordinate carnivores to prevent fatal or risky encounters with dominant ones.

A wild-caught, adult red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from Doñana National Park (southern Spain), in very poor condition, died during anesthesia. At necropsy, the submandibular, retropharyngeal, mediastinal, axillary, mesenteric, and popliteal lymph nodes were enlarged, and the right submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes had hard, white-colored concretions (calcifications). Multiple white pinpoint foci were observed in the lungs, and abscesses were present in the left dorsal lung lobes. No lesions were seen in tonsils, liver, or spleen. On histopathology multiple tuberculous granulomas, with Ziehl-Neelsen-positive bacilli, were observed in the lung, and multifocal necrotic areas with calcification were present in the submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes. Nucleic acid amplification from lymph node samples demonstrated the presence of mycobacteria belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. One strain was isolated by culture and identified as Mycobacterium bovis. The suspected route of infection was oral, probably after repeated scavenging of infected wild ungulate carcasses. This is the first report of generalized bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in a wild canid. This finding raises concerns about bTB as a disease risk for protected species, livestock, and humans in Mediterranean Spain., Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub