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Keywords: Refusing to Forget, Texas history, Texas Rangers, Rio Grande Valley, state violence, Mexican American, Like countless seventh graders in Texas before me, and countless since, I took the mandatory Texas history course without paying much attention. This wasn't just because that's what all seventh [...]

In State and Revolution (the very title of which announces the space of violence), Lenin is typically unequivocal in his assessment of what needs to be done in Russia in [...]

This article explores an overlooked aspect of the Soviet occupation of post-war Germany, namely, the influence of wartime violence on German behavioural patterns during the post-war period. Whilst many historians have noted that violent Soviet conduct in Germany merely encouraged the intensification of existing anti-Soviet attitudes therein, few have attempted to thoroughly investigate its influence on German behaviour. The conclusions made by those few historians who have done so are unsupported by the Soviet archival evidence drawn upon in the article. Using this evidence, the article highlights the tentative links between the violent repression of an occupation force and the muted responses of its subjects. It concludes that the nature of the repression and of the broader occupation landscape in which it developed, was integral in ensuring that the characteristically docile behaviour of the German population toward the Soviet occupier continued unabated throughout much of the occupation period.

Capitalism remains an important subject for modern-world archaeologists. Symbolic violence offers an insightful avenue of inquiry into the capitalist project because it allows for a further understanding of dominant power would its effects. A case study of two early nineteenth-century Irish tenant-farmer cabins, in light of the Enlightenment theory of improvement, offers insights on the archaeological dimensions of symbolic violence and its resistance. Keywords Symbolic violence; improvement; historical archaeology; Ireland.

Since the eighteenth century, relations between civilian populations and wartime violence have passed through three stages. First, the politicisation of war. The levee en masse, an invention of the French Revolution, involves a total mobilisation of the population for war--an idea that reached its zenith in the twentieth century's two World Wars. The same logic of total mobilisation turns the enemy population as a whole into a legitimate target of military violence. Second, the industrial revolution and technological progress have made it possible to unleash unprecedented destructive power against civilians. Last, in the half century following the Second World War, the politicisation and industrialisation of war have been altering (and redressing) the substantial military imbalance between Europe and the European colonies. Extreme violence against civilian populations results in part from these changes in the way war is waged. However, it is also a product of how 'normality' is defined in warfare and the perception by contemporaries that, under certain circumstances, such norms are completely invalid. Extreme violence constitutes, so to speak, an 'extreme moment' in war.

PREFACE Most thought-provoking in our thought-provoking time is that we are still not thinking. --Martin Heidegger We made pilgrimage there [Ground Zero]. Confusion of tongues. Some cried vengeance. Others paced [...]

Skeletal evidence of ancient violence is discussed in relation to theories of warfare and violence. Topics include the definition of violence, interpretation of skeletal injuries, modern interpersonal violence, modern assault injury patterns, the myth of a pacifistic past, and prehistoric Native American violence.

The schism between Germay's violent first half of the 20th century and the peaceful and prosperous second half can still generate optimism when the two periods are compared. Observatons by the philosopher Immanuel Kant suggest that humanity's hope does not disappear even when its constitutional reforms have failed. The German unification exemplifies this hope and in retrospect of a cruel past.

As football related disorders remain stubbornly impervious to 'solutions', so the study of football hooliganism has become almost a minor branch of the social sciences. This paper looks critically at the main academic approaches to the problem in the UK and Europe. The shortcomings of much of this work are revealed, both theoretically and in terms of the evidence employed about the nature of hooliganism. The meagre amount of data about hooliganism contained in the plethora of Government reports that have so far been commissioned is striking. This may well be the reason why 'official' remedies so often prove inadequate. One way of gaining an understanding of this phenomenon is by making contact with, talking to, and observing at first hand the behaviour of those people most centrally involved, the hooligans themselves. This paper concludes with a series of portraits of 'the boys', some of it based on their own published writing. This will illustrate different forms of hooligan involvements. It will also provide an understanding of its origins as well as the true scale and scope of hooligan activity, about which many myths prevail. Something of the changes as well as the continuities on the football scene over the past 25 years will be indicated. Finally we will attempt to locate the whole phenomenon in its true place within British youth culture.

In explaining the long-term decline of violence in English society, historians have failed to recognize the importance of changing gender-based conceptions of honour. During the eighteenth century the per capita rate of homicide in London decreased dramatically, and because 93% of homicides were committed by men, this decline essentially involved a change in male behaviour. At the start of the period violence served to enhance or defend men's reputations, and thereby to reinforce their social and gender identities. In order to maintain their honour, most men felt the need to physically challenge anyone who insulted them or questioned their honesty or courage. Such disputes often took the form of duels and other ritualized staged fights and were conducted by men of all social classes. While the violence was limited by accepted rules (violence committed by women, though much rarer, more easily got out of hand), fatalities nonetheless occurred. Over the course of the century, however, these types of disputes became far less common as reputations came to be defined much less publicly in London, and men found new ways of establishing and defending their honour, and thus of asserting gender and social differences. However, private violence, notably wife beating, continued behind closed doors.

The turn of the millennium draws the mind back a thousand years to the deeply troubled 990s in England, a paradoxical decade that enjoyed a high clerical culture even as [...]