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A comparative analysis of carbon dioxide emissions during the burning of Portland cement clinker, lime and gypsum was performed. The interrelation between energy indices and the emission of carbon dioxide is shown. The quantitative indices of atmospheric pollution in the manufacture of binders are given. Ecological expediency of production of gypsum and cement clinker in comparison with lime is shown. The article is made rough calculation of environmental pollution by carbon dioxide, which is produced and released into the atmosphere during the production of building binders. It was determined the directions of reducing the formation of gases during firing of the substances to reduce environmental pollution: decrease in endothermy of chemical transformations; reduction of the content of calcium and magnesium carbonates in the feedstock mixture; reduction of raw material moisture; reduction of fuel consumption for the process; increasing the technological efficiency of the process. It was determined the directions of reducing the formation of gases during firing of the substances to reduce environmental pollution. It is shown that carbon dioxide is released into the Earth’s atmosphere in the amount of more than three billion metric tons per year by enterprises that produce cement, lime, and gypsum.

Heat loss analysis in cladding of brick buildings under reconstruction is presented. Thermograms obtained under thermovision inspection and window systems operating experience in conditions of the Republic of Bashkortostan are thoroughly studied. Live issue of increasing buildings energy performance in public utilities sector may largely be solved by replacement of existing window units made of wood to new PVC profile windows equipped with multi-glazed glass units both in brick and frame-panel old buildings. Significant heat loss occurs in junctions between the window frames and the wall in jamb areas. Therefore for the heat conduction matrix for the finite element is used the heat balance equation. Use of the software application to choose certain measures to eliminate the thermal bridges enables to get the thermotechnical calculations in the junction between the window and the exterior wall in the form of temperature fields. Practical recommendations for arrangement of heat insulation in junctions between the window frames and the wall to eliminate actual defects and for normal room conditions are made under examinations. To get the heat conduction matrix for the finite element we will use the heat balance equation.

It is shown that the production of dolomite clinker in comparison with that of Portland cement is environmentally appropriate. When calcining dolomite for cementitious binder, the pollution of the atmosphere by carbon dioxide is reduced due to its isolation during decarbonization reactions of calcium carbonates. Reducing fuel consumption for clinker burning provides less carbon dioxide emissions from combustion products. Reducing the firing temperature creates obstacles to the formation of nitrogen oxides. The production of binders from dolomite in comparison with the production of Portland cement helps to protect the environment from contamination

Introduction: The choice of an effective and safe method of disintegration of stones in upper and lower urinary tract is very important in the context of continuous scientific and technological progress. In current clinical urological practice, various lithotriptors with rigid and flexible probes are used for contact disintegration of stones, having both advantages and disadvantages. This study aimed to analyze the first results of the clinical application of the native Tm: fiber Urolaz laser (STA IRE-Polyus, Russia) for contact transurethral lithotripsy., Materials and Methods: The study comprised 56 patients who underwent transurethral contact thulium laser lithotripsy for 68 stones of the upper and lower urinary tracts between April and September 2017. Forty-four patients had kidney and ureteral stones, and twelve patients had urinary bladder stones. Twenty-four kidney stones were removed by retrograde intrarenal surgery using ureteral casing, flexible ureteropyeloscope and thulium laser, 32 stones in various ureteral segments - by rigid contact thulium laser ureterolithotripsy and 12 bladder stones - by thulium laser cystolithotripsy. The size of the upper urinary tract stones varied from 0.6 to 1.8 cm, bladder stones measured from 1.1 to 3.5 cm. Also, experimental studies were carried out to investigate the effects of the fiber thulium and holmium laser on the stone displacement and temperature environment during lithotripsy., Results: Full stone fragmentation was achieved in 100% of patients. 47.7% of patients required additional lithoextraction of fragments; there was no retrograde migration of large stones. The mean duration of stone disintegration was 19 minutes. Postoperatively, 15.9% of patients had an exacerbation of pyelonephritis, which was successfully managed by conservative measures. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.4+/-1.1 days. At follow-up examination 4-6 weeks after surgery, one patient was found to have a residual symptomatic ureteral stone, which required extracorporeal short-wave lithotripsy. The experimental study showed that fiber thulium laser lithotripsy produced much less propulsion of artificial stone than Holmium laser lithotripsy. With the use of therapeutic power, neither of the lasers resulted in "dangerous" rises of the washing fluid temperature during stone disintegration., Conclusion: Using the universal thulium laser system "Urolaz" provides a significant improvement in the effectiveness of endourologic upper urinary tract interventions and significantly reduces the likelihood of intraoperative trauma and postoperative complications, which contributes to improving the quality of specialized urological care.

The first medical application of lasers dates back to the mid-60s of the XX century. Since then, laser systems have undergone significant changes. No longer a science fiction, lasers are used in many medical fields as an indispensable tool in the hands of the modern physician. The article outlines advances in laser techniques (from the idea of laser radiation to the modern laser systems used as effective surgical tools). We also present our experience in using laser surgical techniques in treating patients with prostatic hyperplasia.