Search

ABSTRACT Background: Diffuse axonal injury occurs with high acceleration and deceleration forces in traumatic brain injury (TBI). This lesion leads to disarrangement of the neuronal network, which can result in some degree of deficiency. The Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) is the primary outcome instrument for the evaluation of TBI victims. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assesses white matter (WM) microstructure based on the displacement distribution of water molecules. Objective: To investigate WM microstructure within the first year after TBI using DTI, the patient’s clinical outcomes, and associations. Methods: We scanned 20 moderate and severe TBI victims at 2 months and 1 year after the event. Imaging processing was done with the FMRIB software library; we used the tract-based spatial statistics software yielding fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) for statistical analyses. We computed the average difference between the two measures across subjects and performed a one-sample t-test and threshold-free cluster enhancement, using a corrected p-value < 0.05. Clinical outcomes were evaluated with the GOS-E. We tested for associations between outcome measures and significant mean FA clusters. Results: Significant clusters of altered FA were identified anatomically using the JHU WM atlas. We found increasing spotted areas of FA with time in the right brain hemisphere and left cerebellum. Extensive regions of increased MD, RD, and AD were observed. Patients presented an excellent overall recovery. Conclusions: There were no associations between FA and outcome scores, but we cannot exclude the existence of a small to moderate association.

Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of neuropsychiatric disorders in young adults. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to improve psychiatric symptoms in other neurologic disorders, such as focal epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and fibromyalgia. However, the efficacy of rTMS as a treatment for anxiety in persons with TBI has never been investigated. This exploratory post-hoc analyzes the effects of rTMS on anxiety, depression and executive function in participants with moderate to severe chronic TBI.Methods: Thirty-six participants with moderate to severe TBI and anxiety symptoms were randomly assigned to an active or sham rTMS condition in a 1:1 ratio. A 10-session protocol was used with 10-Hz rTMS stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 20 min each session, a total of 2,000 pulses were applied at each daily session (40 stimuli/train, 50 trains). Anxiety symptoms; depression and executive function were analyzed at baseline, after the last rTMS session, and 90 days post intervention.Results: Twenty-seven participants completed the entire protocol and were included in the post-hoc analysis. Statistical analysis showed no interaction of group and time (p > 0.05) on anxiety scores. Both groups improved depressive and executive functions over time, without time and group interaction (ps < 0.05). No adverse effects were reported in either intervention group.Conclusion: rTMS did not improve anxiety symptoms following high frequency rTMS in persons with moderate to severe TBI.Clinical Trial Registration:www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02167971.

BackgroundOveractivation of NMDA-mediated excitatory processes and excess of GABA-mediated inhibition are attributed to the acute and subacute phases, respectively, after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there are few studies regarding the circuitry during the chronic phase of brain injury.ObjectiveTo evaluate the cortical excitability (CE) during the chronic phase of TBI in victims diagnosed with diffuse axonal injury (DAI).MethodsThe 22 adult subjects were evaluated after a minimum of 1 year from the onset of moderate or severe TBI. Each of the subjects first had a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment to evaluate executive functions—attention, memory, verbal fluency, and information processing speed. Then, CE assessment was performed with a circular coil applying single-pulse and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation over the cortical representation of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle on M1 of both hemispheres. The CE parameters measured were resting motor threshold (RMT), motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SIICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF). All data were compared with that of a control group that consisted of the healthy age-matched individuals.ResultsNo significant differences between the left and right hemispheres were detected in the DAI subjects. Therefore, parameters were analyzed as pooled data. Values of RMT, MEPs, and ICF from DAI patients were within normal limits. However, SIICI values were higher in the DAI group—DAI SIICI = 1.28 (1.01; 1.87) versus the control value = 0.56 (0.33; 0.69)—suggesting that they had a disarranged inhibitory system (p

Traumatic head injury is a common cause of mortality and acquired neurological impairment in children. However, pediatric epidural hematomas (EDHs) are not common and few series have studied the evolution of these patients. In this study, we present the results from a sample of patients with EDH with long-term follow-up. METHOD: Between January 2006 and December 2008, 49 patients with traumatic EDH were treated at our unit. Clinical course, radiological findings and outcomes were evaluated. Neurological status was assessed using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The patients' ages ranged from one day to 16 years. The mean follow-up was six months. RESULTS: On admission, most of the patients presented mild trauma and 57% had a GCS of 13-15. The most common symptom was irritability. The most frequent mechanisms of injury were: falling from a height in 29 cases and motor vehicle accidents in 16 cases. Three of these patients presented GCS 3, but only one died. We found a late neurological deficit in nine patients. CONCLUSION: These lesions may occur following mild head trauma and in alert children with nonfocal neurological examinations. However, in children presenting irritability with subgaleal hematomas and a history of loss of consciousness, skull computed tomography must be performed.

BACKGROUND: Primary spinal cord intramedullary tumors are rare and present with insidious symptoms. Previous treatment protocols emphasized biopsy and radiation/chemotherapy but more aggressive protocols have emerged. OBJECTIVE: To report our experience. METHOD: Forty-eight patients were diagnosed with primary intramedullary tumors. The cervical cord was involved in 27% and thoracic in 42% of patients. Complete microsurgical removal was attempted whenever possible without added neurological morbidity. RESULTS: Complete resection was obtained in 33 (71%) patients. Neurological function remained stable or improved in 32 patients (66.7%). Ependymoma was the most frequent tumor (66.7%). CONCLUSION: Neurological outcome is superior in patients with subtle findings; aggressive microsurgical resection should be pursued with acceptable neurological outcomes.INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores intramedulares primários são raros e apresentam-se com sintomas insidiosos. Protocolos de tratamento anteriores enfatizavam biópsia e radio/quimioterapia, mas protocolos mais agres-sivos têm surgido. OBJETIVO: Relatar nossa experiência. MÉTODO: Tumores intramedulares foram diagnosticados em 48 pacientes. O segmento cervical estava envolvido em 27% e torácico em 42% dos pacientes. Remoção completa foi tentada quando possível sem aumento da morbidade neurológica. RESULTADOS: Ressecção total foi obtida em 33 (71%) pacientes. Função neurológica: permaneceu inalterada/melhorou em 32 (66,7%) pacientes. O tumor mais freqüente foi ependimoma (66,7%). CONCLUSÃO: O prognóstico é melhor em pacientes oligossintomáticos; ressecção microcirúrgica agressiva deve ser tentada sempre, com resultados clínicos aceitáveis.

Trata-se do relato de caso de menino de sete anos com crises epilépticas parciais complexas secundárias à presença de glioma de baixo grau em região fronto-temporal esquerda, cuja ressonância magnética evidenciou, lesão transitória focal do esplênio do corpo caloso. A revisão bibliográfica através de pesquisa no database MedLine resultou no encontro de descrição de lesão transitória do esplênio do corpo caloso foi relatada em três estudos anteriores, em pacientes portadores de epilepsia. Portanto, a lesão transitória observada no corpo caloso desta criança, provavelmente, tem correlação com as crises epilépticas do lobo temporal e não à presença do glioma de baixo grau cerebral.We report on a seven years-old boy with complex partial seizures and the presence of low grade glioma in left fronto-parietal region. The magnetic resonance imaging showed focal non-hemorrhagic lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. The description of the transient lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum was related in three previous studies, in patients with epilepsy. Thus, the observed transient focal lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum of this child, probably, has correlation with to prolonged focal partial seizures and not to the presence of glioma low grade.

ABSTRACT In the present study, we evaluated the reliability and safety of a new upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm to help in the selection of the best treatment modality for these injuries. Methods Thirty cases, previously treated according to the new algorithm, were presented to four spine surgeons who were questioned about their personal suggestion for treatment, and the treatment suggested according to the application of the algorithm. After four weeks, the same questions were asked again to evaluate reliability (intra- and inter-observer) using the Kappa index. Results The reliability of the treatment suggested by applying the algorithm was superior to the reliability of the surgeons’ personal suggestion for treatment. When applying the upper cervical spine injury treatment algorithm, an agreement with the treatment actually performed was obtained in more than 89% of the cases. Conclusion The system is safe and reliable for treating traumatic upper cervical spine injuries. The algorithm can be used to help surgeons in the decision between conservative versus surgical treatment of these injuries.

ABSTRACT Background: Decompressive craniectomy is a procedure required in some cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This manuscript evaluates the direct costs and outcomes of decompressive craniectomy for TBI in a developing country and describes the epidemiological profile. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using a five-year neurosurgical database, taking a sample of patients with TBI who underwent decompressive craniectomy. Several variables were considered and a formula was developed for calculating the total cost. Results: Most patients had multiple brain lesions and the majority (69.0%) developed an infectious complication. The general mortality index was 68.8%. The total cost was R$ 2,116,960.22 (US$ 661,550.06) and the mean patient cost was R$ 66,155.00 (US$ 20,673.44). Conclusions: Decompressive craniectomy for TBI is an expensive procedure that is also associated with high morbidity and mortality. This was the first study performed in a developing country that aimed to evaluate the direct costs. Prevention measures should be a priority.

Formative intervention methodologies, such as the Change Laboratory (CL), are increasingly being used in work environments. However, the learning process entailed in the application of these methodologies has received insufficient attention and may be facilitated through the use of learning platforms. We examined the development of learning and training strategies for implementing formative interventions, drawing on the experiences of a research group focusing on workers’ health. Information obtained from individuals involved in CL formative activities was analyzed and interpreted using Cultural-Historical Activity Theory and the theory of expansive learning. The process of learning to implement formative interventions unfolded gradually, beginning with the interventionists’ initial exposure to abstract concepts that they subsequently internalized via various mediations and applied in concrete situations. Four key interventionist training strategies used to foster collective learning were identified: (1) promoting dialogues and exchange of experiences, (2) creating environments for continuous learning and permanent discussion (seminars and post-graduate courses and the use of communication technologies), (3) creating spaces for experimentation and the practical application of concepts (case studies and participation in interventions), and (4) the use of the double stimulation method during training programs.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem in Western countries. A TBI brings many negative consequences, including behavioral and cognitive changes, which affect social adjustment and the performance of functional activities. Cognitive evaluation after TBI is a complex issue in what pertains to definition of the most appropriate questionnaires for clinical use in a comprehensive analysis of the condition of the patient. In this paper, we described a critical review of the main cognitive assessment tests currently used in clinical and research settings in patients with TBI.

BackgroundMild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) represents 70–80% of all treated brain injuries. A considerable proportion of MTBI patients experience post-concussion symptoms for a prolonged period after MTBI, and these symptoms are diagnosed as persistent post-concussion syndrome (PPCS). PPCS is defined as a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. However, memory and executive dysfunction seems to be one of the most debilitating symptoms. Recently, non-invasive brain stimulation has been studied as a potential treatment method for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Therefore, our primary goal is to verify the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with PPCS who demonstrate cognitive deficits in long-term episodic memory, working memory, and executive function following MTBI.Methods/designThis is a randomized crossover trial of patients with a history of MTBI with cognitive deficits in memory and executive function. Thirty adult patients will be randomized in a crossover manner to receive three weekly sessions of anodal tDCS (2 mA) at left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left temporal cortex, and sham stimulation that will be performed at 7-day intervals (washout period). The clinical diagnosis of PPCS will be determined using the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Patients who meet the inclusion criteria will be assessed with a neuropsychological evaluation. A new battery of computerized neuropsychological tests will be performed before and immediately after each stimulation. Statistical analysis will be performed to determine trends of cognitive improvement.DiscussionThere is paucity of studies regarding the use of tDCS in TBI patients, and although recent results showed controversial data regarding the effects of tDCS in such patients, we will address specifically patients with PPCS and MTBI and no brain abnormalities on CT scan other than subarachnoid hemorrhage. Moreover, due to the missing information on literature regarding the best brain region to be studied, we will evaluate two different regions to find immediate effects of tDCS on memory and executive dysfunction.Clinical Trial Registrationwww.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT02292589 (https://register.clinicaltrials.gov).

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores clínicos dos indivíduos, fatores sociais, ambientais e dos exames de imagem que se correlacionam ao resultado final de melhora neurológica em pacientes submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da mielopatia espondilótica cervical. MÉTODOS: A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala deficitária da JOA. Analisamos 200 casos de mielorradiculopatia cervical, operados no HC-FMUSP, no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A média de segmento foi de 06 anos e 08 meses. A análise radiológica foi baseada nos critérios de instabilidade de White e scala de Kellgren. RESULTADOS: Em 80% houve melhora, 14% estabilização e em 6% piora do quadro neurológico. A piora neurológica não foi associada com nenhum fator clínico, ambiental ou de imagem. A melhora neurológica foi diretamente proporcional a menor idade na cirurgia, ausência de co-morbidade, sinal de Hoffman, atrofia muscular, hipersinal medular na RNM, menor período de evolução pré-operatório, melhor status neurológico pré-operatório e inversamente proporcional ao diâmetro AP do canal medular e multiplicidade de compressões. Identificou-se associação com o tabagismo. Mais de 70 anos, evolução superior a 24 meses, atrofia muscular, pontuação JOA igual ou inferior a sete pontos e diâmetro AP do canal inferior ou igual a seis mm não foram associado à melhora.OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores clínicos de los pacientes, factores sociales, ambientales y de exámenes de imagen que se correlacionan con el resultado final de mejoría neurológica en pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielopatía cervical espondilótica. MÉTODOS: La evaluación clínica fue cuantificada por la escala de JOA. Se analizaron 200 casos de mielorradiculopatía cervical, operados en el HC-FMUSP, desde enero de 1993 a enero de 2007. El promedio del segmento fue de 06 años y 08 meses. El análisis radiológico se basó en los criterios de inestabilidad de White y en la escala de Kellgren. RESULTADOS: El 80% había mejorado, el 14% tuvo estabilización y el 6% presentó deterioro del cuadro neurológico. El empeoramiento neurológico no se asoció con ningún factor clínico, ambiental ni de imagen. La mejoría neurológica fue directamente proporcional a edad menor para la cirugía, ausencia de comorbilidad, signo de Hoffman, atrofia muscular, hiperintensidad de la medula espinal en la RM, período más corto de la evolución preoperatoria, mejor estado neurológico preoperatorio, y siendo inversamente proporcional al diâmetro AP del canal espinal y a las compresiones múltiples. Identificada una asociación con el tabaquismo. Más de 70 años de edad, la evolución superior a 24 meses, la atrofia muscular, la puntuación JOA igual o inferior a siete puntos y el diámetro AP del canal menor o igual a seis mm no se asociaron con a mejoría.OBJECTIVE: Identify the individual, social, environmental clinical factors and also imaging studies which correlate to the final result of neurological improvement in patients undergoing surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. METHODS: The clinical assessment was quantified by the deficit in JOA scale. We analyzed 200 cases of cervical myeloradiculopathy surgically treated in HC-FMUSP, from January 1993 to January 2007. The mean follow-up was 6 years and 8 months. The analysis was based on radiological criteria of instability by White and Kellgren scale. RESULTS: 80% had improved, 14% stabilized and 6% had worsened. The neurological deterioration was not associated with any clinical, environmental or imaging factor. The neurological improvement was directly proportional to the lower age at surgery, absence of co-morbidity, Hoffman sign, muscular atrophy, spinal cord hyperintensity on MRI, the shortest period of preoperative evolution, better preoperative neurological status and was inversely proportional to the AP diameter of the spinal canal and to multiple cord compressions. An association with smoking was observed. Over 70 years of age, evolution superior to 24 months, muscle atrophy, JOA score equal to or less than seven points and AP canal diameter less than or equal to 6mm were not associated with improvement.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do tratamento cirúrgico da mielorradiculopatia espondilótica cervical na produção de melhora neurológica pós-operatória, aferida em pontos pela escala da JOA e taxa de recuperação e as complicações do tratamento. MÉTODOS: Análise dos prontuários e os exames de imagem de 200 indivíduos submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico da mielorradiculopatia cervical no HC-FMUSP, no período de janeiro de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala da JOA, com média de segmento de 06 anos e 08 meses. RESULTADOS: Evidenciou-se melhora neurológica pós-operatória nas vias anterior e posterior, exceto nas laminectomias sem fusão, onde houve piora neurológica tardia. A via anterior mostrou um significante maior índice de complicações, relacionados a déficit de fusão intervertebral, deslocamento de enxerto, síndrome de disco adjacente, disfonia, disfagia, o mau posicionamento de enxerto e placas, lesão de raiz nervosa e significativo maior índice de re-intervenção cirúrgica. Na via posterior maior ocorrência de instabilidade em cifose pós-operatória na laminectomia, não sendo observada na laminoplastia, esta última com índices semelhantes aos encontrados na via anterior. Não houve melhora da dor axial nas laminoplastias e houve piora nas laminectomias, enquanto que nas discectomias e corpectomias houve significativa melhora do sintoma. CONCLUSÃO: As vias anterior e posterior foram eficazes em produzir melhora neurológica, exceto as laminectomias sem fusão. A via anterior produziu mais complicações, mas trata melhor a dor.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielorradiculopatía cervical espondilótica en la producción de la mejoría neurológica posoperatoria, medida en puntos en la escala de la JOA y la tasa de recuperación y las complicaciones de la terapia. MÉTODOS: Análisis de los registros médicos y de los exámenes de imagen de 200 pacientes sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico de la mielorradiculopatía cervical en el HC-FMUSP, desde enero de 1993 a enero de 2007. La evaluación clínica se cuantificó mediante la escala de la JOA, con un segmento promedio de 06 años y 08 meses. RESULTADOS: Se observó una mejoría neurológica posoperatoria en las vías anterior y posterior, con excepción de las laminectomías sin fusión, donde hubo deterioro neurológico tardío. La vía anterior mostró una tasa significativamente mayor de complicaciones relacionadas con el déficit de fusión intervertebral, desplazamiento del injerto, síndrome de disco adyacente, disfonía, disfagia, o mala posición de injerto y placas, lesión de la raíz del nervio y tasa significativamente mayor de nueva intervención quirúrgica. En la vía posterior, mayor incidencia de inestabilidad en la cifosis posoperatoria, en la laminectomía, y en la laminoplastia no se observó esto, teniendo esta última tasas similares a las encontradas en la vía anterior. No hubo mejoría en el dolor axial en las laminoplastias y se agravó en las laminectomías, mientras que en las discectomías y las corpectomías se produjo una mejoría significativa de los síntomas. CONCLUSIÓN Las vías anterior y posterior fueron eficaces en la producción de mejoría neurológica, con excepción de las laminectomías sin fusión. La vía anterior produjo más complicaciones, pero el dolor es mejor tratado.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myeloradiculopathy in the production of postoperative neurological improvement, measured in points by the scale of JOA (Japanese Orthopaedic Association) and the recovery rate and complications of therapy. METHODS: Analysis of medical records and imaging studies of 200 patients undergoing surgical treatment of cervical myeloradiculopathy in HC-FMUSP, from January 1993 to January 2007. Clinical evaluation was quantified by the scale of the JOA, with an average follow-up of 6 years and 8 months. RESULTS: There was post-operative neurological improvement in the anterior and posterior approach, except in laminectomy without fusion, where late neurological deterioration was observed. The anterior approach showed a significantly higher rate of complications related to poor fusion, intervertebral displacement of the graft, adjacent disc syndrome, dysphonia, dysphagia, poor positioning of the graft and plates, nerve root injury and significant higher rate of re-operation. In the posterior approach, increased occurrence of instability and kyphosis in the postoperative, in laminectomy were found, whereas in laminoplasty these conditions were not observed, presenting similar rates to those found for the anterior approach. There was no improvement in axial pain in the laminoplasties and worsening in laminectomies, whereas in discectomias and corpectomias there was significant relief of symptoms. CONCLUSION: The anterior and posterior routes were effective in producing neurological improvement, except for laminectomy without fusion. The anterior approach produced more complications, but is better for pain treatment.

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar a ocorrência da síndrome do disco adjacente secundária à fusão intervertebral, no segmento cervical, e os fatores prognósticos associados. MÉTODOS: foram analisados os prontuários e exames de imagem de 209 indivíduos submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico da doença degenerativa cervical, sendo 169 casos por via anterior e em 40 por via posterior, no HC-FMUSP, no período de março de 1993 a janeiro de 2007. A avaliação clínica foi quantificada pela escala da Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), com média de segmento de 80 meses. A análise radiológica foi baseada nos critérios de instabilidade de White e Panjabi em todos os casos. A degeneração discal foi mensurada segundo a escala de Kellgren antes e após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: no total, diagnosticou-se a síndrome do disco adjacente em 30 casos (17,75%), com média de intervalo de tempo de incidência de 28,5 meses após a fusão ou 2,9 casos/ano. Houve um aumento das alterações degenerativas nos exames radiológicos em níveis adjacentes à fusão por via anterior em 41,42% e em 52,5% por via posterior sem fusão, avaliados pela escala de Kellgren, com taxa de degeneração de 6,7% ao ano, sem correlação com alterações clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: alterações no alinhamento fisiológico sagital da coluna e a sua gravidade predispõem ao desenvolvimento da síndrome. Não foi observada incidência da síndrome em casos de pseudoartrose ou utilização de metacrilato, portanto onde não ocorreu a fusão. A utilização de descompressão e fusão, por via anterior, está associada à possibilidade de desenvolvimento de um novo quadro de mielorradiculopatia no período pós-operatório. Fusão em um nível que envolva a quinta ou sexta vértebras cervicais, fixação com placas e pré-existência da evidência radiográfica de degeneração de disco adjacente mostraram-se como os grandes fatores de risco para o seu surgimento.OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este trabajo es identificar la ocurrencia del síndrome del disco adyacente secundario a la fusión intervertebral, en el segmento cervical, y los factores pronósticos asociados. MÉTODOS: Fueron analizados las historias clínicas y exámenes de imagen, de 209 individuo sometidos al tratamiento quirúrgico de la enfermedad degenerativa cervical, por vía anterior en 169 casos; y en 40 por vía posterior, en el HC-FMUSP, en el periodo de marzo de 1993 a enero de 2007. La evaluación clínica fue cuantificada por la escala de Japanese Ortopaedic Association (JOA), con un promedio de segmento de 80 meses. El análisis radiológico fue fundamentado en los criterios de inestabilidad de White & Panjabi, en todos los casos. La degeneración discal fue medida según la escala de Kellgren, antes y después de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: en el total, fueron diagnosticados 30 caos de síndrome del disco adyacente (17.75%), con un promedio de intervalo de tiempo de incidencia de 28.5 meses después de la fusión, o 2.9 casos/año. Hubo un aumento de las alteraciones degenerativas en los exámenes radiológicos, en niveles adyacentes a la fusión por vía anterior en 41.42%, y en 52.5% por vía posterior sin fusión, evaluados por la escala de Kellgren, con tasa de degeneración de 6.7% al año, sin correlación con alteraciones clínicas. CONCLUSIONES: Alteraciones en el alineamiento fisiológico sagital de la columna y el agravamiento de éstas, predisponen al desarrollo del síndrome. No fueron observados casos del síndrome en casos de pseudoartrosis o utilización de metacrilato, por lo tanto donde no hubo la fusión. La utilización de descompresión y fusión, por vía anterior están asociadas a la posibilidad del desarrollo de un nuevo cuadro de mielorradiculopatía en el periodo postoperatorio. Una fusión en un nivel incluyendo la quinta y sexta vértebra cervical, fijación con placas y preexistiendo la evidencia radiológica de degeneración de disco adyacente, se mostraron como los grandes factores de riesgo para el seguimiento.OBJECTIVE: the objective of this study was to identify the occurrence of adjacent disc syndrome secondary to intervertebral fusion in the cervical segment, and the predictors of outcome. METHODS: the medical records and imaging studies of 209 patients undergoing surgical treatment of cervical degenerative disease, with 169 cases treated through anterior approach and 40 cases through the posterior approach, at the HC-FMUSP from March 1993 to January 2007. Clinical evaluation was quantified by the scale of Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA), with an average follow-up of 80 months. The radiological analysis was based on the criteria of instability by White and Panjabi in all cases. The degeneration was measured by the scale of Kellgren before and after surgery. RESULTS: overall, the syndrome of adjacent disc was diagnosed in 30 cases (17.75%), with a mean time interval of incidence of 28.5 months after the merger, or 2.9 cases per year. There was an increase in degenerative changes in X-rays at levels adjacent to anterior fusion in 41.42% and 52.5% for the posterior without fusion, evaluated by the scale of Kellgren, the degeneration rate of 6.7% per annum, with no correlation with clinical changes. CONCLUSIONS: changes in physiological sagittal alignment of the spine and their severity predispose to the development of the syndrome. There was no incidence of the syndrome in cases of pseudoarthrosis or methacrylate, therefore, where there was a merger. The use of decompression and fusion, anterior, is associated with the possibility of developing a new framework for myeloradiculopathy in the postoperative period. Merger at a level that involve the fifth or sixth cervical vertebra, fixation with plates and pre-existing radiographic evidence of disc degeneration adjacent were factors of high risk for its emergence.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a morfometria da pars da segunda vértebra cervical, verificar as variações existentes e predizer sua segurança para a colocação de parafusos por meio de uma abordagem cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras foram obtidas para estudo anatômico (116 pars de C2) e foram medidas a altura e largura da pars, além do comprimento eixo-pedículo, largura e comprimento do pedículo, angulação sagital e medial. Todas as medidas foram separadas quanto aos seus lados direito e esquerdo; foi realizado o cálculo da média, variação, desvio padrão e a médica foi comparada com os estudos prévios. RESULTADOS: a largura média da pars de C2 foi de 9,5 mm; a altura, 9,5 mm; não houve diferença significativa entre os lados esquerdo e direito. O comprimento médio do pedículo foi de 10,5 mm; a medida média encontrada para o comprimento eixo-pedículo foi de 24,9 mm; a largura do pedículo foi de 2,8 mm. A angulação sagital encontrada foi de 19,6º e a horizontal foi de 28,5º. CONCLUSÕES: este estudo demonstra a viabilidade para a colocação de parafuso na pars de C2 em uma população caucasiana, destacando-se, porém, a grande variabilidade anatômica encontrada nas referidas medidas.OBJETIVO: evaluar la morfometría de la pars de la segunda vértebra cervical, verificar las variaciones existentes y predecir su seguridad para la colocación de los tornillos por un abordaje cervical posterior. MÉTODOS: 58 vértebras fueron obtenidas para el estudio anatómico (116 pars de C2) y fueron medidas su altura y el ancho de las pars, además de la largura eje-pedículo, ancho y largura del pedículo, ángulo sagital y medial. Todas las medidas fueron separadas según sus lados derecho e izquierdo, se realizó el cálculo de la media, variación, desvío estándar y comparados los valores con estudios previos. RESULTADOS: el ancho promedio de la pars de C2 fue de 9.5 mm, la altura de 9.5 mm, sin diferencia significativa entre los lados izquierdo y derecho. La largura promedio del pedículo fue de 10.5 mm y la medida promedio encontrada para la largura eje-pedículo fue de 24.9 mm, además del ancho del pedículo que fue de 2.8 mm. El ángulo sagital encontrado fue de 19.6° y de la horizontal de 28.5°. CONCLUSIÓN: este estudio demuestra la viabilidad para la colocación de tornillos en la pars de C2 en una población caucásica, pero destacándose la gran variabilidad anatómica encontrada en las medidas referentes.OBJECTIVE: to evaluate de morphometry of the pars of the second cervical vertebra, assess the variations existent and predict its safety for the placement of screws through a posterior cervical approach. METHODS: 58 vertebrae were obtained for anatomic study (116 pars of C2) and measured the height and width of the pars, besides the length of the axis-pedicle, width and length of the pedicle, sagittal and medial angulations. All measurements were separated as to their right and left sides, completed the calculation of media, variation, standard deviation and compared to previous studies. RESULTS: the medium width of the pars of C2 was 9,5 mm, the height, 9,5 mm, without significant difference between right and left sides. The medium length of the pedicle was 10.5 mm and the medium measurement found for the length axis-pedicle was of 24.9 mm and the width of the pedicle was of 2.8 mm. The sagittal angulation found was of 19.6º and the horizontal was of 28.5º. CONCLUSIONS: this study demonstrates the viability of positioning screws in the pars of C2 in a Caucasian population, emphasizing, however, the great anatomic variability found in the referred measurements.