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Multiple crops can be grown sequentially on the same field within a 12-month period in tropical humid environments. Yield gap analysis focusing on both individual crop cycles and cropping systems can help identifying opportunities to increase annual productivity. Indonesia was used as a case study to evaluate options for increasing annual productivity in rice and maize through closure of existing yield gaps at both crop-cycle and cropping-system levels. A total of 31 (rice) and 11 (maize) sites for irrigated crops, and 24 (rice) and 29 (maize) sites for rainfed crops were selected based on their share of national harvested area. Crop modeling based on local weather, soil, and management data, together with average farmer yield data, were used to estimate yield potential and yield gaps for individual crop cycles (total: 367) and cropping systems (total: 154). Extra rice and maize production potential were estimated for different scenarios of crop intensification and/or cropland expansion and compared against projected increase in grain demand for the two crops by year 2035. Yield gaps were substantially larger in maize versus rice and, in the case of rice, yield gap was larger in rainfed lowland versus irrigated conditions. At national level, average farmer yield for irrigated rice and maize represented 63% and 44% of their respective yield potential (9.5 and 13.6 Mg ha−1) while, in rainfed conditions, average farmer yield was 52% (rice) and 42% (maize) of respective water-limited yield potential (9.2 and 12.2 Mg ha−1). Scenario assessment indicated that Indonesia can produce an extra 24 and 16 million metric tons (MMT) of rice and maize annually (respective 31 and 67% increase relative to current production) and reach near self-sufficiency for both crops on existing cropland area by closing current yield gaps to a level equivalent to 80% of yield potential (irrigated crops) or 70% of water-limited yield potential (rainfed crops). Analysis of cropping-system yield gaps indicated an additional potential increase in annual rice (3 MMT) and maize (11 MMT) production derived from adoption of crop sequences with highest annual yield potential combined with yield gap closure, though this may be limited by extra input requirements and/or increasing risk. Findings from this study demonstrate the utility of yield-gap analysis to estimate extra crop production potential derived from intensification at both individual-crop and cropping-systems levels.

Future rice systems will need to produce more grain while minimizing the environmental impact. A key question is how to orient agricultural research & development (R&D) programs at national to global scales to maximize the return on investment. Here we assess yield gap and resource-use efficiency (including water, pesticides, nitrogen, labor, and energy) across 32 rice cropping systems, together accounting for 88% of global rice production. We show that achieving high yields and high resource-use efficiencies are not conflicting goals. Most cropping systems have room for increasing yield, resource-use efficiency, or both. In aggregate, current total rice production of these systems can be increased by 36%, and excess nitrogen almost eliminated, by focusing on a relatively small number of cropping systems with large yield gaps and/or poor resource-use efficiencies. This study provides essential strategic insight for prioritizing national and global agricultural R&D investments to ensure adequate rice supply while minimizing negative environmental impact in coming decades.

Chili (Capsicum sp.) is one of the national strategic vegetable commodities because it has a special position in the community as a food / seasoning material consumed at any time, and because of the turmoil of the chili prices it causes can affect inflation. The research was carried out for 5 (five) months from April to 2017 on the demonstration plot in Campursari Village, Ngadirejo District, Temanggung Regency. The purposes of this study are: (i). Identify and explain the cost of production in the cultivation of environmental friendly cayenne pepper; (ii). Identify and explain the acceptance of cayenne pepper cultivation farm environmental friendly; and (iii). Identify and explain the feasibility of cultivation of cayenne pepper farming is environmental friendly. The results showed that: (i). Lower recommendation technology production costs 11.18% of farmers' methods; (ii). Recommendation farming technology acceptance is 16.61% higher than the farmers' method; (iii). Farming feasible recommendations to be implemented in an environmental friendly cultivation of cayenne pepper that is to be shown that the R / C and B / C ratio is greater than the technology on the way farmers are respectively 2.42> 2.05 and 1.42> 1.05.

The Rice farming system has long been implemented by a typical top-down approach. The degree of creativity and autonomy of farmers has been determined by the continuous external inputs. The main challenge of rice breeding programs is to improve the quality of varieties to be developed in a specific environment and acceptable to the user community. The adoption of new varieties was limited because the breeding process has not taken into account the farmers' preferences. Another obstacle that often arises was that varieties are less adaptive in specific conditions. The variety's productivity depends on farmers' knowledge, facilities, and resource management. This paper explores the principles of participatory rice breeding and its application with a comprehensive approach that aims to encourage farmer empowerment in assembling superior varieties and providing seeds independently. Participatory breeding programs are offered as a solution in understanding the needs of sustainable agriculture. The farmers' involvement serves to capture preferences and selection of lines with high yield potential and were environmentally adaptive. Collaboration was carried out through testing the lines on farmers' land. Decentralization breeding also pays attention to the agroecological paradigm in the scale of the agricultural region. Implementation of agricultural region development serves to preserve sustainable agricultural resources and the environment. The farmers' active participation in the agricultural region has a positive impact on ecosystem sustainability, biodiversity, and environmental conservation for the future. Participatory rice breeding through integrated policies contributes to improving farmers' welfare and realizing environmental sustainability through agricultural region management.Key words: Rice, breeding, participatory, collaboration, varieties AbstrakPEMULIAAN PADI SECARA PARTISIPATIF BERBASIS KONSEP KAWASAN PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTANSistem pertanian padi telah lama diterapkan dengan pendekatan top-down yang khas. Tingkat kreativitas dan otonomi petani ditentukan oleh input eksternal secara terus menerus. Tantangan utama program pemuliaan padi ialah meningkatkan kualitas varietas untuk dikembangkan di lingkungan khusus dan dapat diterima oleh masyarakat pengguna. Adopsi varietas baru terbatas karena proses pemuliaan belum memperhatikan preferensi petani. Kendala lain yang sering muncul yaitu varietas kurang adaptif pada lingkungan spesifik. Produktivitas varietas bergantung pada pengetahuan petani, fasilitas, dan pengelolaan sumber daya. Makalah ini menggali prinsip pemuliaan padi secara partisipatif dan penerapannya dengan pendekatan komprehensif yang bertujuan utuk mendorong pemberdayaan petani dalam perakitan varietas unggul dan penyediaan benih secara mandiri. Program pemuliaan partisipatif ditawarkan sebagai solusi dalam memahami kebutuhan pertanian berkelanjutan. Keterlibatan petani berfungsi untuk menjaring preferensi dan seleksi galur dengan potensi hasil tinggi dan adaptif lingkungan. Kolaborasi dilakukan melalui uji galur di lahan petani. Pemuliaan desentralisasi juga memperhatikan paradigma agroekologi dalam skala kawasan pertanian. Implementasi pembangunan kawasan pertanian berfungsi melestarikan sumber daya dan lingkungan pertanian berkelanjutan. Partisipasi aktif petani di kawasan pertanian berdampak positif terhadap kelestarian ekosistem, keanekaragaman hayati, dan konservasi lingkungan bagi masa depan. Pemuliaan padi partisipatif melalui kebijakan terintegrasi berkontribusi pada peningkatan kesejahteraan petani dan mewujudkan kelestarian lingkungan melalui pengelolaan kawasan pertanian.Kata kunci: Padi, pemuliaan, partisipatif, kolaborasi, varietas

Sesamum indicum L. adalah salah satu tanaman alternatif penghasil minyak nabati penting. Pendekatan pemuliaan melalui induksi mutasi berusaha untuk menghasilkan variabilitas baru populasi wijen, yang secara umum tersusun dari individu homozigot. Karakter morfologi berguna untuk mengidentifikasi galur dan memastikan hasil pemuliaan mutasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi keragaman morfologi wijen hasil mutasi berdasarkan 26 karakter kualitatif. Penggalian informasi dengan metode analisis kelompok juga dikaji untuk menggambarkan variabilitas genetik pada 57 galur mutan wijen (jenis hitam dan putih) generasi M4 dan M5. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap: tahap pertama terdiri 18 galur generasi M4, dievaluasi pada Maret-Agustus 2015; tahap kedua terdiri atas 39 galur M5, ditanam pada November 2015 hingga April 2016. Pemeriksaan penampilan kualitatif mengikuti panduan descriptor list untuk wijen. Secara umum, penilaian representatif dari sifat kualitatif pada galur mutan wijen generasi M4 akan diikuti oleh keturunan generasi M5. Dendrogram dibangun untuk membedakan galur menjadi kelompok berdasarkan matriks tingkat kemiripan. Struktur populasi utama dari 57 galur berdasarkan sifat kualitatif dikategorikan dalam dua kelompok besar. Materi genotipe kelompok I diklasifikasikan menjadi dua sub-kelompok, terdiri 17 dan 31 galur. Sub-kelompok ini menjadi bagian distribusi genotipe terbesar. Kelompok II tersusun oleh 9 galur, mayoritas dari M4. Nilai korelasi antar karakter bervariasi antara 0,7176 hingga 1,0. Keragaman morfologi antar galur wijen dipengaruhi oleh sifat genetik dibandingkan faktor lingkungan. Studi ini membantu seleksi galur terpilih berdasarkan kestabilan fenotipe. Evaluasi keragaman struktur populasi wijen mutan bermanfaat untuk program pemuliaan.ABSTRACTSesamum indicum L. is one of the alternative crops that produces vegetative oil. The plant breeding approach through mutation induction could produce new genetic variability in sesame populations, which are generally composed of homozygous individuals. The study aims were to determine the diversity of sesame-mutant lines based on 26 qualitative characters. Cluster analysis method was carried out to describe the genetic variability of 57 sesame mutant lines (consist of black and white types) 4th (M4) and 5th generations (M5). The study was done in two phases, the first phases consisted of 18 M4 lines planted in March-August 2015; the second phase consisted 39 M5 lines planted in November 2015 to April 2016. Analyses of qualitative morphological characters followed the descriptors list for sesame. In general, a representative assessment of qualitative traits in M4 lines will be followed by the offspring of M5. Dendrogram showed that the 57 mutant lines categorized into two major clusters. Cluster I were composed of two sub-clusters, consisting 17 and 31 lines. This sub-cluster was the largest part of the genotype distribution. Cluster II composed of 9 lines, where M4 were the majority. The correlation value between characters ranged from 0.7176 up to 1.0. Morphological diversity among lines were largely influenced by genetic rather than environmental factors. This study supports the selection of lines based on phenotype stability. Evaluation of the structural diversity of mutant-sesame populations could be applied in sesame-breeding programs.

The main purpose of plant breeding programs is to improve varieties acceptable to rural communities. Participatory crop improvement for rice lines was initiated using techniques which were designed with the purposes to strengthen the collaboration between breeders and stakeholder especially farmers to produce varieties. Before the promising rice lines released and adopted by farmers, it is necessary to study the preferences on characteristics, especially its quality, because farmers have their own criteria or considerations before adopting a new variety. A bottom-up preferences in this study is to understand the major phenotypic performance, sensory quality, and provide recommendations for improving promising rice lines (Oryza sativa L.). The respondents are farmers, extension workers, members of academic institutions, and local government officers, came from four Regencies (Banyumas, Magelang, Batang, Klaten) that representing the main rice production areas in Central Java province. The attribute data on rice characteristics showed that grain size, plant age, and lemma shape of apiculus was essentially regarded as a major factor for better performing varieties. The respondents’ preference provides recommendations for breeders to release promising rice lines GM 8 and GM 2 into commercial varieties.

Rice is one of the world’s oldest important crops. Qualitative traits can be useful for the identification of promising rice lines. In this study, seventeen advance rice lines were evaluated for qualitative traits. This assessment was carried out to analyse the variability in genotypes, based on 49 important qualitative traits of rice. Data on morphological parameters was collected from each line at suitable phase of growth to check variation. Findings were recorded according to descriptors for rice. Dendrogram was constructed which divided all the genotypes into seventeen major clusters, each subdivided into smaller sub-clusters. The pattern of cluster based on qualitative traits revealed the wide genetic variation. A high level of genetic variability based on qualitative traits was observed in this study. The genetic improvement of the rice needs the availability of genetic variability in promising lines. Significant phenotypic information and these variability has potential to develop quality rice for future breeding programs.

The world’s important food commodity is rice. This rice needs to be extended annually, but the production has not been able to meet the demands. The morphological parameters’ improvement is the major aim of this breeding program. Morphological fingerprint is a unique pattern of traits which consists of a genotype for identification purposes and to detect genetic diversity as the basis of rice breeding. One of the obstacles which is faced in rice cultivation is that it has poor aeration which is caused by floods. Climate change affects the potential flooding in productive fields. The land optimization under the flooding needs to be supported by tolerant genotypes rice that are able to adapt and produced high yield. The importance of morphological fingerprint through evaluations of seventeen rice genotypes in a potentially flooded environment, would increase the efficiency of the breeding programs. The study of variability on yield and these components of rice genotypes showed a wide range of variation and specificity for all traits. The Pearson correlation coefficients for fifteen characters indicated that rice yield had a positive and significant correlation with culm diameter, biomass, and harvest time. The performance of rice genotypes had a significant negative correlation on 1000-grain weight and biomass.

Food needs serious handling in responding to the challenges of environmental changes and population growth. The diversity of local food crops has the advantage as a source of nutrition and breeding materials. The research aims to determine diverse local food crops in Central Java. A total of 120 farmers were selected by purposive random sampling from Tegal, Brebes, Banjarnegara, and Karanganyar regency, based on different agro-ecological sequences. The field inventory found 257 varieties of 11 types of exotic crops. The compositions of local rice varieties (Indica and Javanica) included seven red rice, nine black rice, 27 white rice, 17 glutinous rice, one animal feed rice, three upland rice, and eight aromatic ones. The frequency of the species distribution rate proves was very narrow in Tegal-Brebes, limited in Banjarnegara, and spread evenly in Karanganyar. The Shannon Diversity Index revealed the diverse species in a region. Banjarnegara had the highest species abundance index. The relationship between the Shannon Diversity Index and Equitability Index illustrates the dominant types of local food plants, especially in Karanganyar dominated by rice. The Sorensen Similarity Coefficient was used to estimate the level of structural similarity between species and regions. Tegal-Brebes have similar species composition and agro-ecological.

Padi sebagai tanaman penting di dunia, potensi varietasnya dapat ditingkatkan melalui program pemuliaan tanaman. Keterlibatan petani dan pemulia menawarkan cara pemecahan masalah kesesuaian tanaman dengan lingkungan target, mengenali preferensi pengguna, menentukan tujuan dan prioritas pemuliaan, menyediakan ketersediaan sumber daya genetik, efisiensi pemilihan galur, serta komersialisasi benih dari varietas terpilih di lahan petani. Investasi kultivar dengan daya adaptasi khusus sangat penting dalam pemuliaan tanaman, terutama pada kondisi tidak menguntungkan, karena setiap lingkungan budidaya cenderung berbeda. Pemegang kebijakan semakin membutuhkan metode partisipatif untuk memperluas adopsi dan dampak inovasi teknologi, serta pengelolaan hasil pemuliaan tanaman agar terukur secara absolut.

Sesame is an producing seed whose oil is commercially needed. Breeding attempts to improve the productivity of sesame and yield components are induction of gamma ray irradiation mutations (Co-60). This study was aimed to identify effects of induced mutation by gamma rays irradiation in quantitative characteristics and yield of sesame in M4 generation originated from local cultivars. Two types of sesame (black and white) are irradiated with eight doses (100-800 Gy) of Co-60. The result showed a high variation in almost all morphological characters and modified the character of stem height from base to first branch, number of capsules per plant, biomass yield per plant, and seed yield per plant. Sesame irradiated with 600 Gy Co-60 doses has a beneficial effect on the number of capsules (black:120.23; white: 255.23, respectively) and the weight of 1000 seeds (black:3.63 g; white: 4.55 g, respectively). Genotypic Coefficient of Variation in M4 generation were recorded for high value for characters number of primary branches (30.16%), stem height from base to the first branch (30.96%), stem height from base to first capsule (14.82%), number of secondary branches (53.64%), number of nodes to first flower (72.66%), number of capsules/plant (44.90%), biomass yield/plant (28.37%), and seed yield/plant (36.68%). Genetic variability of plant population is very important for plant breeding program and to sustain level of high productivity. Komponen Hasil Beberapa Populasi Mutan Wijen yang Diinduksi oleh Iradiasi Gamma Wijen adalah tanaman penghasil biji yang minyaknya dibutuhkan secara komersial. Upaya pemuliaan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas wijen dan komponen hasil adalah dengan induksi mutasi iradiasi sinar gamma (Co-60). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pengaruh induksi mutasi iradiasi sinar gamma pada karakter kuantitatif dan hasil pada generasi M4 wijen yang berasal dari kultivar lokal. Dua jenis wijen (hitam dan putih) diiradiasi dengan delapan dosis (100-800 Gy) Co-60. Sejumlah pengaruh mutasi wijen berhasil menunjukkan variasi yang tinggi pada hampir semua ciri morfologi dan memodifikasi karakter tinggi batang dari pangkal ke cabang pertama, jumlah kapsul/tanaman, hasil biomassa/tanaman dan hasil biji/tanaman. Wijen yang diiradiasi dengan dosis 600 Gy Co-60 memiliki efek menguntungkan pada jumlah kapsul (hitam:120,23; putih: 255,23) dan berat karakter 1000 biji (hitam:3,63 g; putih: 4,55 g). Koefisien Keragaman Genotipik pada generasi M4 dicatat nilai tertinggi pada karakter jumlah cabang primer (30,16%), tinggi batang dari pangkal ke cabang pertama (30,96%), tinggi batang ke kapsul pertama (14,82%), jumlah cabang sekunder (53,64%), jumlah ruas ke bunga pertama (72,66%), jumlah kapsul/tanaman (44,90%), hasil biomassa/tanaman (28,37%), dan hasil biji/tanaman (36,68%). Keragaman genetik dari populasi tanaman sangat penting untuk program pemuliaan tanaman dan mempertahankan produktivitas yang tinggi.

Sesame is an important commodity in supporting various industries such as low saturated fat oil producing and are often able to adapt under stressed grown conditions. Breeding sesame is undertaken to increase production and is possible by radiation induced polygenic characteristic changes with a gamma rays source. The study aims to identify the effectiveness of genetic variability, standardized multiple linear regression, and principal component analysis to determine some important sesame yield components for indirect selection. Eighteen sesame mutant lines (black and white types) were studied for eleven quantitative traits. Two sesame types were irradiated with eight doses (100-800 Gy) of gamma rays individually. Variability studies on seed yield and yield components are important raw material of high productivity for all studied traits. Standardized multiple linear regression analysis is the most effective way to provide information of relationship between seed yield and yield components in sesame mutant lines for indirect selection.

Sesame is an important source of edible oil with potential production in marginal agro-ecological zones. An effort to increase sesame production through breeding with selection is made possible by radiation-induced polygenic characteristics with a Co-60 source. This study was done to evaluate characteristic associations and determine factor wise contribution on sesame seed yield of several M4 generations sesame mutant lines from two sesame types (black and white). Variability studies on yield and yield components of M4 generation sesame mutant lines showed a wide range of variation for all studied traits. Seed yield/plant registered coefficient of variation 62.76%. Sesame seed yield/plant had positively and significantly correlated with plant height, the number of primary branches, the number of secondary branches, the number of nodes/plant, the number of nodes to the first flower, the number of capsules/plant, biomass yield/plant and 1000-seed weight. The mutagen treatments shifted mean value of yield in the negative and positive direction. The relative contribution coefficient of determination for yield factors explained 89% of the total variation in seed yield which could be linearly related to variation in all variables. Factor wise analysis showed that plant height, the number of primary branches, the number of secondary branches, the number of capsules/plant, and biomass yield/plant were found as the appropriate characteristic for sesame selection and improvement.