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The COVID pandemic is forcing the renewal of scientific conferences, offering opportunities to introduce technological and inclusive developments. Our analysis focuses on the implementation of inclusive practices for female and early-career researchers in a virtual scientific conference. This organization approach was applied in the XIII Spanish Optical Meeting (RNO2021), which was also characterized by avatars interacting in an online metaverse. The effectiveness of inclusive policies and novel technological tools was evaluated using the participation data and a post-conference survey. Our study reveals the high impact of inclusive actions and a strong interest in the scientific community to explore conference advances.

Esta ponencia propone investigar los sistemas de representación más empleados en el proceso de diseño de Enric Miralles (Barcelona, 1945 — Sant Feliu de Codines, 2000). Miralles comenzó utilizando una visión perceptiva, que analizó detenidamente en su tesis doctoral, pero que fue perdiendo relevancia progresivamente en favor de la planta como origen formalizador. Sin embargo, en este escrito no solo se plantea una revisión del método gráfico desplegado en los bocetos de Miralles a lo largo de las distintas etapas de su carrera, sino que su nueva aportación reside en rastrear una posible relación con el proceso presente en los dibujos de Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Glasgow, 1868 — Londres, 1928). Por lo que este ensayo propone un análisis deductivo donde se entremezclan sus bocetos para establecer una comparativa entre ambos autores. Tras revisar los estudios donde se analiza el método de dibujo desarrollado por Miralles, estas aproximaciones se confrontan con los escritos y conversaciones del propio arquitecto. La comparativa con la obra de Mackintosh se sustenta en los ensayos publicados sobre su proceso gráfico desplegado. El campo de estudio se acota a los bocetos preliminares, dado que pueden contribuir a desvelar la esencia del método que sirvió a ambos autores para representar y comunicar sus proyectos.

La presente comunicación pretende revalorizar la figura de cuatro arquitectos españoles que realizaron, en el Madrid de la postguerra, cuatro interesantes promociones de viviendas para el Patronato de Casas de la Armada en el distrito de Salamanca. Sus nombres eran: José Fonseca y Llanedo, Manuel Ruiz de la Prada, José Gómez Mesa y José María Rodríguez Cano y todos ellos trabajaron como proyectistas de la sección de Arquitectura del Instituto Nacional de la Vivienda. Tras una breve introducción a sus obras en común, en donde se constata su interés por las viviendas sociales, se indican las características generales y localización de las primeras residencias construidas por el Patronato de Casas de la Armada. Se estudia la documentación existente en el INVIED de estas viviendas para realizar un breve análisis de las cuatro promociones y a continuación realizar paralelismos entre la documentación gráfica existente y las características tipológicas de estas viviendas. Las diferentes e interesantes soluciones dadas a unas muy distintas parcelas muestran los amplios recursos proyectuales de los cuatro arquitectos considerados. Y la variedad y calidad en la documentación gráfica hallada los diferencia del resto de los proyectos de los Patronatos Militares.

Background: Homologous recombination allows plants to repair double strand breaks in DNA, which if unrepaired may lead to cell death. In this project, we determined the relative DNA repair efficiency of the US inbred lines B73 and Mo17 and Central American purple landraces from Guatemala and Costa Rica with the purpose to uncover genetic differences that may allow for the breeding of new lines better adapted to tolerate DNA damage caused by environmental factors. Methods: Single cell electrophoresis was used to analyze the relative DNA repair ability of several lines from the US and Central America exposed to radiomimetic agent Zeocin, and these results were in turn compared with High Resolution Melting analyses of key genes for homologous DNA recombination. The significance of differences between treatments was evaluated with the Di Rienzo, Guzmán and Casanoves (DGC) test, while High Resolution Melting and difference curves were generated with the R package “HRM.curve”. Curves were created as a negative first derivative (−d(RFU)/d(T)) using normalized relative fluorescence values (RFUs) after background removal. The kinase gene ZeaATM1 was amplified and sequenced in B73, Mo17, P1 and P2. Multiple sequence alignment of DNA and aminoacid sequences was performed using ClustalW. Protein sequence analysis was done in UniProt to compare the resulting aminoacid sequences from maize to the available sequences from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 (ATM protein code: Q9M3G7). Results: Single-cell electrophoresis results of statistical significance suggested that the landrace P1-Pujagua Santa Cruz is resistant to damage caused by the radiomimetic agent Zeocin, and landrace P2-Pujagua La Cruz was able to repair all DNA damage after 24 h of treatment and 1 h of recovery time. In contrast, line Mo17 was unable to repair the damage, but B73 and the landraces Jocopilas (Guatemalan), Orotina Congo, and Talamanca were partially able to repair the DNA damage. High resolution meltin

The purpose of this study is to compare the binocular visual perception of participants wearing multifocal contact lenses and these same lens designs viewed through a temporal multiplexing visual simulator.

We evaluated the interaction of multifocal patterns with eye's accommodation. Seven patterns were mapped on the spatial light modulator and the deformable mirror of an adaptive optics visual simulator, and projected onto the subjects' eyes, representing different contact lens designs: NoLens, Bifocal Center Distance (+2.50D), Bifocal Center Near (+2.50D) and Multifocal Center Near-MediumAdd (+1.75D) and Center Near HighAdd (+2.50D), positive and negative spherical aberration (±1µm). The change in spherical aberration and the accommodative response to accommodative demands were obtained from Hartmann-Shack measurements. Positive spherical aberration and Center Distance designs are consistent with a higher accommodative response (p=0.001 & p=0.003): steeper shift of SA towards negative values and lower accommodative lag.

Scleral collagen crosslinking (SCXL) to mechanically reinforce the scleral tissue and modify axial length is the most promising novel technique to treat Myopia. In this study, we use Optical coherence elastography (OCE) and mechanical testing to evaluate the impact of SCXL on different posterior scleral locations, by quantifying the shear and Young's modulus, to characterize the biomechanical properties of posterior sclera that are better suited for a higher impact of the SCXL. 15 porcine eyes were treated with riboflavin-ultraviolet-A irradiation (UVX-SCXL). Rayleigh-wave speed was measured: (1) before treatment, (2) after 30 minutes soaking on riboflavin, (3) after UVX-SCXL treatment, and (4) after treatment in a non-treated area. Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on scleral strips. Shear and Young modulus were obtained for all conditions. Mean wave speed (WS) and shear modulus (G) for posterior sclera differed statistically for the different locations, being the POST-POST higher than POST-ANT, both in temporal (WS 85% and G ↑124%, p<0.05) and nasal (WS ↑124%, p<0.01 and G ↑160%, p<0.01) positions. UVX-SCXL treatment changed significantly the mechanical properties of posterior sclera, with higher changes induced at the most posterior locations (POST-ANT WS= 22.95±1.15 (m/s) T↑130% N↑146% and POST-POST WS= 26.28±1.41 (m/s) T↑142% N↑132%, p<0.01, averaged across frequencies)). Both shear and Young's modulus significantly increased after treatment (averaged across eyes: G T↑249% N↑193% and E T↑320% N↑208%, p<0.01). OCE is a noninvasive, high-resolution tool to evaluate the impact of SCXL ex vivo, and in vivo in the future. Differences in posterior scleral properties should be considered to maximize the impact of UVX-SCXL treatment. UVX-SCXL in porcine scleras changes significantly the biomechanical properties and strengthen the scleral tissue. Future work will consist on the evaluation of the biomechanical and microstructural changes in posterior sclera following

Purpose : There is an association between myopia progression and near work that has led to speculation that the larger accommodative lags reported in myopes may be a factor or an effect in progression. We evaluated the impact of contact lenses design and addition on the accommodative behavior in myopes

Scleral crosslinking may provide a way to prevent or treat myopia by stiffening scleral tissues. The ability to measure the stiffness of scleral tissues in situ pre and post scleral crosslinking would be useful but has not been established. Here, we tested the feasibility of optical coherence elastography (OCE) to measure shear modulus of scleral tissues and evaluate the impact of crosslinking on different posterior scleral regions using ex vivo porcine eyes as a model. From measured elastic wave speeds at 6 - 16 kHz, we obtained out-of-plane shear modulus value of 0.71 ± 0.12 MPa (n = 20) for normal porcine scleral tissues. After riboflavin-assisted UV crosslinking, the shear modulus increased to 1.50 ± 0.39 MPa (n = 20). This 2-fold change was consistent with the increase of static Young's modulus from 5.5 ± 1.1 MPa to 9.3 ± 1.9 MPa after crosslinking, which we measured using conventional uniaxial extensometry on tissue stripes. OCE revealed regional stiffness differences across the temporal, nasal, and deeper posterior sclera. Our results show the potential of OCE as a noninvasive tool to evaluate the effect of scleral crosslinking.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare the binocular visual perception of participants wearing multifocal contact lenses and these same lens designs viewed through a temporal multiplexing visual simulator. Methods: Visual performance and perceived visual quality at various distances were obtained in 37 participants wearing soft M−CLs and through the SimVis Gekko programmed with the same lenses. In a pilot study (n = 10) visual performance was measured in terms of LogMAR visual acuity (VA) at far (4 m), intermediate (64 cm) and near (40 cm) distances and through-focus VA (TFVA) curves with the simulated M−CLs. In the follow-up study (n = 27), LogMAR VA at far, intermediate and near distances were measured both with the actual and simulated M−CLs. Perceived visual quality was measured in both studies using the Multifocal Acceptance Score (MAS-2EV), and a Participants Reported Outcomes Vision questionnaire. Differences between the metrics obtained with simulated and actual lenses were obtained. Results: Both actual and simulated M−CLs increased depth-of-focus by a similar amount. Mean LogMAR VA differences with actual and simulated M−CLs ranged between 4 and 6 letters (0.08 ± 0.01, 0.12 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.01, for far, intermediate and near distances, respectively). MAS-2EV average score differences with actual and simulated M−CLs ranged between −1.00 and + 4.25. Average MAS-2EV scores were not correlated significantly with VA. However, MAS-2EV (average and individual scores) were highly correlated to visual quality questionnaire responses (p < 0.005). Conclusions: A simultaneous vision simulator accurately represented vision with M−CLs both VA at various distances and perceived visual quality, as measured in a clinical setting. The MAS-2EV metric accurately captured participant reported outcomes of standard vision questionnaires. The combination of SimVis Gekko and MAS-2EV has the potential to largely reduce chair time in M−CLs fitting.

A better understanding of visual performance with Multifocal Contact Lenses (MCLs) is essential, both in young eyes, where MCLs may be prescribed to control the progression of myopia wherein the MCLs optics interact with accommodation, and in presbyopes, where MCLs are increasingly used to compensate the lack of accommodation. In this study, we evaluated the through focus visual acuity (TFVA) with center-near MCLs of three additions (low, medium and high) and without an addition (NoLens) in 10 young adults and 5 presbyopes. We studied the effect of accommodation, age and pupil diameter (in cyclopleged subjects) on visual performance. The MCLs produced a small but consistent degradation at far (by 0.925 logMAR, averaged across eyes and conditions) and a consistent benefit at near in young subjects with paralyzed accommodation (by 1.025 logMAR), and in presbyopes with both paralyzed and natural accommodation (by 1.071 logMAR, on average). TFVA in young adults with NoLens and all MCLs showed statistically significant differences (Wilcoxan, p<0.01) between natural and paralyzed accommodation, but not in presbyopes with MCLs. In young adults, VA improved with increasing pupil diameter with the HighAdd MCL (0.08 logMAR shift from 3 to 5-mm pupil size). Visual imbalance (standard deviation of VA across distances) was reduced with MCLs, and decreased significantly with increasing near add. The lowest imbalance occurred in young adults under natural accommodation and was further reduced by 13.33% with MCLs with respect to the NoLens condition. Overall, the visual performance with MCLs in young adults exceeds that in presbyopes at all distances, and was better than 0.00 logMAR over the dioptric range tested. In conclusion, the center-near lenses do not degrade the near high contrast visual acuity significantly but maintains the far vision in young adults, and produce some visual benefit at near in presbyopes.

Diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs) modulate chromatic aberration and reduce it at certain distances due to interactions between the refractive and diffractive chromatic components. However, the extent to which computer modeling and on bench measurements of IOL chromatic aberration translate to chromatic aberration in patients implanted with these multifocal IOLs (MIOLs) is not yet fully understood. In this study, we compare the chromatic difference of focus and longitudinal chromatic aberrations in pseudophakic patients implanted with different IOL designs (monofocal and trifocal IOLs) and materials (hydrophobic and hydrophilic), and compared them with predictions from computer eye models and on bench measurements with the same IOLs. Patient data consisted of results from 63 pseudophakic eyes reported in four different studies and obtained psychophysically in the visual testing channel of a custom-developed polychromatic adaptive optics system. Computational predictions were obtained using ray tracing on computer eye models, and modulation transfer function (MTF) on bench measurements on physical eye models. We found that LCA (in vivo/simulated) for far vision was 1.37 ± 0.08 D/1.19 D for monofocal hydrophobic, 1.21 ± 0.08 D/0.88 D for monofocal hydrophilic, 0.99 ± 0.06 D/1.19 D for MIOL hydrophobic, and 0.82 ± 0.05 D/0.88 D for MIOL hydrophilic. For intermediate and near vision, LCA (in vivo/simulated) was 0.67 ± 0.10 D/0.75 D and 0.23 ± 0.08 D/0.19 D for MIOL hydrophobic and 0.27 ± 0.15 D/0.38 D and 0.15 ± 0.15 D/−0.13 D for MIOL hydrophilic, respectively. In conclusion, computational ray tracing and on bench measurements allowed for evaluating in vivo chromatic aberration with different materials and designs for multifocal diffractive intraocular lenses.

Convolved images are often used to simulate the effect of ocular aberrations on image quality, where the retinal image is simulated by convolving the stimulus with the point spread function derived from the subject's aberrations. However, some studies have shown that convolved images are perceived far more degraded than the same image blurred with optical defocus. We hypothesized that the positive interactions between the monochromatic and chromatic aberrations in the eye are lost in the convolution process. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated optical and visual quality with natural optics and with convolved images (on-bench, computer simulations, and visual acuity [VA] in subjects) using a polychromatic adaptive optics system with monochromatic (555 nm) and polychromatic light (WL) illumination. The subject's aberrations were measured using a Hartmann Shack system and were used to convolve the visual stimuli, using Fourier optics. The convolved images were seen through corrected optics. VA with convolved stimuli was lower than VA through natural aberrations, particularly in WL (by 26% in WL). Our results suggest that the systematic decrease in visual performance with visual acuity and retinal image quality by simulation with convolved stimuli appears to be primarily associated with a lack of favorable interaction between chromatic and monochromatic aberrations in the eye.