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An efficient architecture of two-dimensional (2D) Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters is required to process the images. The architectures implemented in VLSI design and optimization achieve better performance in terms of metrics such as power consumption, area, and delay. The 2D FIR filter architectures can be implemented using parallel or block processing to increase the throughput of the architecture and to prune the number of clock cycles required for image processing. The symmetry in the filter coefficients decreases the number of multipliers, whereas the multiplier block is very complex and a power hunger block in the filter architecture. In this work, two types of symmetry architectures such as diagonal symmetry and quadrantal symmetry filters are proposed. The remaining multipliers required for the filter architecture are replaced by Distribute Arithmetic (DA) logic. The memory-based DA reduces the LUT size and hence the area, power, and delay are reduced in the filter architecture. Block processing, symmetry, and DA concepts are introduced here to optimize the 2D FIR filter architecture. The proposed architectures are implemented in 45nm CMOS technology using Cadence Genus Synthesis tools and area, delay, power, Area-Delay Product (ADP), and Power-Dealy Product (PDP) results are obtained and compared with state-of-the-art works. The ADP value of the proposed diagonal symmetry architecture is decreased by a maximum of 73.35%, and a minimum of 28.9%, and the PDP value is decreased by a maximum of 87%, and a minimum of 21.27% when compared to the existing works. The ADP and PDP values of the proposed quadrantal symmetry are decreased by a minimum of 28.9%, and 27.74% when compared to the works, respectively.

Newcastle disease, an economically important endemic OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) listed viral disease remains a major impediment to the vibrant status of the poultry industry. The outbreak of the disease leads to huge economic loss posing a major threat to the Country’s economy. To detect the disease outbreak, an effective tool is required. The present study is a first step in forming a peptide nanoparticle conjugate as an attempt to develop a biosensor for NDV outbreak detection. ZnS due to its emission properties and photo stability, it was used as fluorescent labels in immunoassays. ZnS is widely used as the shell material in most luminescent core–shell nanoparticles. In this study, ZnS was used as the core material and the ZnS–PEG modified with the carboxylic acid group functionalized nanoparticles were prepared by a simple wet chemical method. To the ZnS–PEG–COOH nanoparticle, Newcastle disease virus peptide was attached using EDC/NHS coupling and analyzed. Structural properties of the ZnS, ZnS–PEG and ZnS–PEG–COOH nanoparticles were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). FTIR peak at 2364 cm−1 indicates the formation of S–H bond which confirms the attachment of PEG to ZnS surface by S–H bond formation. The XRD, FTIR, DLS and optical study such as UV–Vis results support the particle size reduction upon capping ZnS with PEG and dicarboxylic-terminated PEG. The optical properties were studied using Photoluminescence (PL) and UV–visible Spectra. PL result shows upon capping ZnS with PEG-COOH, the fluorescence intensity increased by ≈ 5 times more than that of the bare ZnS nanoparticles. ZnS–PEG–COOH found to have superior photo luminescent property. NDV peptides were tagged by means of EDC/NHS activation to ZnS–PEG–COOH. The peptide conjugation was confirmed by UV–Vis spectral analysis and the peak was found to be shifted by 4 nm which confirms the attachment of NDV peptide on the surface of ZnS–PEG–COOH nanoparticle. Hence ZnS–PEG–COOH nanoparticle is found to be suitable option for attaching biomolecule which can be further extended for bio sensing application of NDV detection.

The present study investigates the effect of precursor solution volume on the structural, morphological, compositional, optical, and electrical properties of In2S3 films. Thin films of In2S3 were deposited by a nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates with varying precursor solution volumes (4 mL, 8 mL, 12 mL, and 16 mL). X-ray diffraction studies confirmed the formation of the tetragonal phase and the compositional studies using energy-dispersive x-ray spectra showed the presence of only indium and sulfur. The energy bandgap of the films was found to be in the range of 2.51–2.4 eV. The I-V characteristics and photoresponses of the photodetectors including photosensitivity, responsivity, and detectivity were evaluated under visible light illumination. Enhanced photo-responsivity was observed with an increase in the precursor solution volume, with a maximum value of 0.213 AW−1 observed for the thin film coated with 12 mL precursor solution volume. For the thin film coated with a volume of 12 mL precursor solution, external quantum efficiency of 69% and detectivity of 20 × 109 Jones were observed. This In2S3 thin film may find application in the fabrication of efficient and cost-effective photodetector devices.

Bio-impedance diagnosis depends mainly on two factors first being the location of electrode placement and second being the distance between electrodes. To minimize the errors caused during bio impedance measurement at variable frequencies, it is required to study the electrodes used for the measurement and its exact location where the electrodes are placed. This paper analyses various electrode separations used for bioimpedance measurement for cardiac signal. The electrode system is used based on the type of tissue under consideration for measurement. It is found that the errors are dependent on the frequencies at which the measurement is carried out and it also depends on the intensity of current applied. Thus, selection of current and frequency is very important for measurements. In this paper, the impact of size, distance and location of the electrodes that can be used for bio-impedance cardiograph.

Bio-impedance is the manner in which a person’s body opposes the applied alternating current in a unique manner. Acquired bio-impedance data is being used for diagnosis of critical diseases condition of various systems in human body. Electrode placement on body surface to sense impedance signal for various systems is unique format for each system. This paper first part focus on design of electrical bio-impedance based acquisition system with patient identification and later part deals with visualizing, analyzing and prediction of disease condition using software tools. Impedance data from 100 patients were acquired using designed system made with surface electrodes, signal generator with variable frequency and amplitude, Microcontroller board to process acquired data. Obtained impedance values at low frequencies are a good source of cardiac related information. Data obtained from bio impedance based multi-parameter monitoring system was visualized and analyzed for the prediction of age and disease condition. The validity of this system was made using intelligent diagnosis system based on IBM SPSS computational algorithms.

We report co-doping effects of transition metal elements (Ni, Co) primarily on the opto-electronic properties of CuO thin films. CuO, CuO:Ni(1%), CuO:Co(1%) and CuO:Ni(1%):Co(1%) thin films were deposited via the spray pyrolysis route. Structural studies revealed the monoclinic CuO structure for all films. For all the films scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a crack-free and homogeneous surface. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of all the films exhibited four emission peaks at 415, 451, 477, and 521 nm wavelengths. The optical bandgap (E g) values were around 2.12 eV, 2.18 eV, 2.05 eV and 1.84 eV for CuO, CuO:Ni(1%), CuO:Co(1%) and CuO:Ni(1%):Co(1%)thin films, respectively. CuO:Ni(1%):Co(1%) photo-device displayed a large responsivity (R) of 0.43 AW−1, external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 100% and detectivity (D *) of 9.55 × 109 Jones. Hence, co-doping of transition metal elements would be one of the effective approaches for enhancing opto-electronic properties of metal oxide compounds.

Simultaneous power distribution to multiple loads using a single source in the wireless power transfer (WPT) system is a challenging issue due to cross-coupling between the load coils, which reduces the power transfer efficiency. In a resonant WPT system, when two or more coils operated under over coupled condition, the original operating resonant frequency gets bifurcated, and thereby reduction in the power transfer efficiency. Different techniques are investigated in the literature to mitigate the frequency bifurcation phenomena in the resonant WPT system. However, the utilization of frequency bifurcation approach for the simultaneous power transfer to multiple loads is not addressed. This paper proposes a simultaneous power transfer approach using frequency bifurcation for the multiple load system designed with different operating frequency. Mathematical, simulation, and experimental studies performed for dual, triple, and four coil WPT systems with multiple loads. In addition, an automatic power flow control method is implemented to estimate the load current from the source, which helps to select a new set of load coils to be charged. The experimental results confirm the proposed power transfer, helps to attain higher power transfer efficiency of 39.34%, 49.31%, 68.22% and cross interference of −31.2 dBV, −36.2 dBV, −41.2 dBV for dual, triple, and four coil WPT system, respectively.

A highly efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) system is required in many applications to replace the conventional wired system. The high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires are examined in a WPT system to increase the power-transfer efficiency (PTE) as compared with the conventional copper/Litz conductor. The HTS conductors are naturally can produce higher amount of magnetic field with high induced voltage to the receiving coil. Moreover, the WPT systems are prone to misalignment, which can cause sudden variation in the induced voltage and lead to rapid damage of the resonant capacitors connected in the circuit. Hence, the protection or elimination of resonant capacitor is required to increase the longevity of WPT system, but both the adoptions will operate the system in nonresonance mode. The absence of resonance phenomena in the WPT system will drastically reduce the PTE and correspondingly the future commercialization. This paper proposes an open bifilar spiral coils based self-resonant WPT method without using resonant capacitors at both the sides. The mathematical modeling and circuit simulation of the proposed system is performed by designing the transmitter coil using HTS wire and the receiver with copper coil. The three-dimensional modeling and finite element simulation of the proposed system is performed to analyze the current density at different coupling distances between the coil. Furthermore, the experimental results show the PTE of 49.8% under critical coupling with the resonant frequency of 25 kHz.