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The social and ideological consequences of the American colonization of the Philippines in 1898 cannot be seen as a purely historical and political act. One cannot only look at the political policies that established colonization, but also look at the various 'communities of practice' aiding the legitimization and ideological construction of the American occupation of the Philippines. In this paper, I intend to discuss one 'community of practice': the stereograph card industry, a communicative medium used to photograph the Philippines as a new colonial possession for American consumption. More linguistically specific, I will focus on the overlooked printed text that accompanied the stereograph images. The printed text can naively be considered as primarily informational practices to complement the images. I believe this limited view does not give enough attention to the multidimensional meanings and agency of the text, therefore deserving a more nuanced and systematic study. The type of study that I feel is needed for this textual relationship to the Philippine colonization, is a social historical and cultural genealogical study of the printed text on back of the stereographs.***I could not download the digital stereograph images in the Appendix, but if my paper is accepted, I can provide digital images upon presentation time and full paper submittal. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When dealing with the representation of the city in media such as films there is often an assumption that the material urban world exists on a different plane from the symbolic content within films. This separation of the entanglements between the material and symbolic nature of cities follows biases toward realism existing only in the physical world versus the cognitive world often expressed through cultural artifacts such as films. Furthermore, the separation does not see how material and symbolic actually inform each other through 'mediated meanings' that are circulated through multiple layers of physical existence and social communicative acts beyond the primary media text involved. This essay argues that the communication of the city of Los Angeles can be understood through its mediation of urban spaces (physical and social) represented in films. This mediation provides the urban material space of representations of Los Angeles on and off screen. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]