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Objective. To compare the prevalence of women 20-49 years of age with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), iron deficiency with no anemia (IDNA), and non-ID anemia (NIDA) in comparison during 2006, 2012 and 2018, and their association with sociodemographic characteristics and nutritional status. Materials and methods. Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018-19 are comparable for measurements of anemia (hemoglobin) and Iron deficiency (ID, by ferritin). Both measurements combined were compared with year of surveys and other dependent variables using a multinomial regression. Results. In 2006, the total prevalence of anemia was 14.9% and ID 29.0%, the prevalence of IDA was 8.35%, of IDNA 20.5%, and NIDA 6.6%; in 2012, the total prevalence of anemia was 13.3%, ID was 9.6%, IDA 8.6%, IDNA 21.0% y NIDA 4.7%; in 2018 total prevalence of anemia was 21.4%, of ID 25.7%, IDA 10.5%, IDNA 15.2% and NIDA 10.9%. Conclusions. The total prevalence of anemia increased 6.5 pp between 2006 and 2018, IDNA reduced, IDA had no significant changes, the mayor increase (4.3 pp) occurred in NIDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence of anemia and consumption of iron rich groups among Mexican children and adolescents who participated in the Halfway National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2016. Materials and methods. Our study sample included children and adolescents who provided full capillary hemoglobin data. Anemia was defined according to WHO criteria. Logistic regression models were used to explore the association among consumption of iron-rich food groups, sociodemographic characteristics and anemia. Results. In 2016, the prevalence of anemia was 26.9% in children aged 1 to 4 years old, 12.5% in those aged 5 to 11, and 9.6% in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. Rates were the highest among females who lived in the southern and central parts of Mexico, belonged to an indigenous ethnic group and fell within the first tercile of the Household Wealth Index. Consumption of beef by preschoolers and viscera by adolescents was associated with lower risk for anemia; higher risk was associated with consumption of Liconsa milk and non-heme iron by preschoolers. Conclusions. Anemia is highly prevalent in Mexican children and adolescents, affecting mainly the poorest and youngest populations. Sources of heme iron are the principal dietary factor associated with low risk for anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI), and the main dietary sources of vitamin D (VD) in a probabilistic sample of Mexican women at reproductive age participating in Ensanut 2012, stratified by sociodemographic factors and body mass index (BMI) categories. Materials and methods. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin-D(25-OH-D) were determined using an ELISA technique in 4 162 women participants of Ensanut 2012 and classified as VDD, VDI or optimal VD status. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and dietary data were also collected. The association between VDD/VDI and sociodemographic and anthropometry factors was assessed adjusting for potential confounders through an estimation of a multinomial logistic regression model. Results. The prevalence of VDD was 36.8%, and that of VDI was 49.8%. The mean dietary intake of VD was 2.56 μg/d. The relative risk ratio (RRR) of VDD or VDI was calculated by a multinomial logistic regression model in 4 162 women. The RRR of VDD or VDI were significantly higher in women with overweight (RRR: 1.85 and 1.44, p<0.05), obesity (RRR: 2.94 and 1.93, p<0.001), urban dwelling (RRR:1.68 and 1.31, p<0.06), belonging to the 3rd tertile of income (RRR: 5.32 and 2.22, p<0.001), or of indigenous ethnicity (RRR: 2.86 and 1.70, p<0.05), respectively. Conclusion. The high prevalence of VDD/VDI in Mexican women calls for stronger actions from the health authorities, strengthtening the actual policy of food supplementation and recommending a reasonable amount of sun exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence of iron, folate, and B12 deficiencies in Mexican women of reproductive age from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012. Materials and methods. Data came from a national probabilistic survey, representative from rural and urban areas, and different age groups. Blood samples were obtained from 4 263, 20 to 49 years old women for serum ferritin, vitamin B12 and serum folate concentrations. The prevalence of deficiencies, was assessed using adjusted logistic regression models. Results. The deficiency of folate was 1.9% (95%CI 1.3-2.8), B12 deficiency was 8.5% (95%CI 6.7-10.1) and iron deficiency was 29.4% (95%CI 26.5-32.2). No differences were found when compared with 2006, 24.8% (95%CI 22.3-27.2). Conclusions. The vitamin B12 deficiency is still a problem for women of reproductive age and their offspring in Mexico, while folate deficiency disappeared as a problem. Iron deficiency needs prevention and fortification strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the frequency of anemia, iron, vitamin B12, folate, retinol and predictors of anemia among Mexican children from Ensanut 2012. Materials and methods. Hemoglobin, ferritin, CRP, vitamin B12, retinol and folate concentrations were measured in 2 678 children aged 1-4 y and 4 275 children aged 5-11 y. Adjusted logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk for anemia and micronutrient deficiencies. Results. In preschoolers and scholars, the overall prevalence of anemia was 20.4 and 9.7%, iron deficiency 14 and 9.3%, low vitamin B12 (LB12S) 1.9 and 2.6%; Folate 0.30 and 0%, and retinol depletion (VADp) 15.7 and 2.3%, respectively. ID and VADp were negatively associated with Hb (coefficient: -0.38 and -0.45, p<0.05); a higher log-CRP was associated with higher risk for anemia and VADp (OR=1.13 and OR=2.1, p<0.05, respectively). Conclusions. Iron deficiency, anemia and VADp are some of the main nutritional problems among Mexican infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: C4 plants (e.g. corn and sugar cane) have greater 13C enrichment than C3 plants (e.g. wheat and sugar beet). Objective: To assess whether 13C enrichment of CO2 in the breath and breast milk of women on diets based on C3 and C4 foods changes from one diet to the other. Materials and Methods: Six breast-feeding women were studied at 5-6 months postpartum. They ate a controlled C4 diet on days 1 and 2 followed by a C3 diet on days 3 and 4. Diet duplicates, breast milk on days 2 and 4 and hourly breath samples were collected over 4 days. 13C enrichment was measured by isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. Values of δ13C were calculated from the international PDBV standard (δ13CPDBV). Differences between means were compared by paired t test or t test for repeated measurements. Results: δ13CPDBV values were significantly higher in the C4 diet than in the C3 diet composites (p < 0.01). In breath CO2, the δ13CPDBV value was greater on days 1 and 2 (range -15.4 to -13.2, respectively) and declined on days 3 and 4 (range -20.0 to -21.8, respectively, p < 0.01). The lipid and milk serum fractions of breast milk had significantly higher δ13CPDBV on the C3 diet than on the C4 diet (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Subjects eating a C4 diet have a higher δ13CPDBV value in the breath and breast milk fractions, which diminish rapidly on a C3 diet. Further studies focusing on individual nutrients are warranted. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To examine the independent association of household food insecurity (HFI) with diabetes and hypertension in a nationally representative cross-sectional sample from Mexico. Materials and methods. We assessed the association between HFI and self-reported doctor diagnosed diabetes and hypertension among 32 320 adult individuals using multiple logistic regression. HFI was measured using an adapted version for Mexico of the Latin American and Caribbean Food Security Scale (ELCSA). Results. HFI was a risk factor for diabetes among women but not men and for hypertension among both genders. Diabetes odds were higher by 31,67 and 48%, among women living in mild, moderate, and severe food-insecure (vs. food-secure) households, respectively. Living in moderate to severe food-insecure (vs. food-secure) households was associated with hypertension odds that were 28 and 32% higher, respectively. Conclusion. Decreasing HFI may help improve public health and national development in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes three presentations on the global and Latin American perspectives on the health significance of fat quality in the diet given at the 16th Congress of the Society of Latin American Nutrition in Havana, Cuba, November 11-16, 2012. Dietary fat quality contributes to the risk of the leading chronic diseases and is more important than fat quantity in reducing the risk of chronic disease mortality, especially from cardiovascular disease (CVD). In many countries, the consumption of saturated fats exceeds the recommended limit of 10% energy (%E) and intakes of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) are often below the recommended range of 6-11%E. Consumption of long-chain ω-3 PUFAs is especially low. In many Latin American countries, high consumption of carbohydrates, especially sugars, contributes to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and CVD, while intakes of total fat and PUFAs may be low. Thus, dietary fat recommendations must consider the dietary fat patterns of each country. Nutrition counseling can be effective in teaching individuals and families to modify their food intake patterns and control the major risk factors for chronic disease. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the liking, flavor and texture of whole, partially defatted and defatted cow's milk using sensory tests. Materials and Methods: Children aged 6-16 years, living in indigenous boarding schools in the State of Hidalgo, Mexico, tested samples of whole, partially defatted and defatted cow's milk and answered a questionnaire that explored liking, flavor and texture through ad hoc designed scales. The differences in response proportions were analyzed by χ2 tests and multinomial logistic regression models. Results: Tests were completed by 165 children (79 girls and 86 boys). Rated by habitual consumers of whole, partially defatted and defatted milk, liking (70.6-77.8%, liked it very much), flavor (72.5-77.8%, very tasteful) and texture (41.3-54.9%, not creamy or watery) were better rated for defatted than for whole milk [liking (19.6-29.4%, p < 0.001, liked it very much), flavor (19.6-39.7%, p < 0.001, very tasty) and texture (27.5-39.2%, p < 0.05, not creamy or watery)]. The global preference was higher for defatted (74.5-81.0%) than for whole milk (6.3-15.7%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Defatted milk (0.5%) can be introduced into public programs to reduce the saturated fat intake or control obesity in children older than 6 years in elementary schools. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To update the prevalence of anemia and its trend in Mexican women of childbearing age over the past 13 years using information from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 and 2006 (ENSANUT 2012 and ENSANUT 2006, respectively) and from the National Nutrition Survey 1999 (ENN 99). Materials and methods. Data came from three national probabilistic surveys, representative at regional and rural / urban level. Hemoglobin (Hb) in women was measured using a HemoCue photometer and classified as anemia according to the WHO criteria. Frequencies and CI95% were estimated for each survey (ENSANUT 2012, ENSANUT 2006 and ENN 99) as well as percentage changes in anemia prevalence among pregnant and non-pregnant women in this survey sequence. Results. The national prevalence of anemia in 2012 in non-pregnant women was 11.6% and in pregnant women was 17.9%. Between 1999 and 2012, a 10 percentage point (pp) decreasing in anemia prevalence was observed in the first ones and a 13.5 pp in the second ones. Conclusions. Although it has declined in the past 13 years, anemia in women of childbearing age remains as a serious public health problem. It is considered necessary to design strategies to prevent iron deficiency and for the early detection of anemia in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence of anemia in Mexican children and adolescents from ENSANUT 2012. Materials and methods. Data had the power to make distinctions at the national, regional and rural/urban dwelling. Hemoglobin was measured by Hemocue. Descriptions were made by adjusted frequencies and 95%CI. Confounders were tested in a logistic regression models. Results. The prevalence of anemia in 2012 was: in children 1-4 y, 23.3%; 5-11y, 10.1%, and 12-19 y, 5.6%. The prevalence in female adolescents was 7.7% and 3.6% in males. Reductions in the prevalence of anemia from 1999 was 8.3pp in <5y, 5.1pp in children 5-11y and 3.6pp from 2006 in adolescents. Conclusions. Despite the decrease in the prevalence of anemia in children 1-4 y in the last 13 years, it still is of great concern. There is a need of awareness among social and medical communities about this, to extend the distribution of micronutrient supplements in children <3y, and to promote nutritional education to incentive mothers to provide foods rich in iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive. To present an overview of micronutrient status of Mexican children in 2006. Materials and methods. Data on iron, zinc, folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies and low serum copper and magnesium were gathered and critically analyzed from the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey. Results. Results. Iron deficiency is still the main nutritional deficiency in children (13%-26%). Zinc deficiency was high in all age groups (≈25%) but reduced 5.6 PP in children <5 y from 1999 to 2006. Folate deficiency was 3.2% and vitamin B12 deficiency 7.7% in children. Low serum magnesium and copper were high (22.6% and 30.6%, respectively). Conclusions. The prevalence of iron deficiency seems to be lowering, and zinc deficiency has reduced in Mexican children. A high prevalence of copper and magnesium deficiencies warrants further research on their public health implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To assess the use and understanding of the Nutritional information Panel (NIP) of pre-packaged foods by Mexican consumers. Materials and methods. A questionnaire and an understanding test for NIP were applied to adult consumers in supermarkets of six cities in the Northern, Central, and Southern regions of Mexico. Data were analyzed by frequencies and Poisson regression models. Results. Interviewed 731 consumers; 71.5% were women, mean age 33 ± 9.7 (range: 18-60), 70% completed high-school or a higher degree. In total, 17% of consumers use the NIP for making purchase decisions; 49% did not understand the NIP. Only 1.2% of consumers answered correctly the five questions of the NIP understanding test. Conclusions. The use and understanding of the NIP are low despite a high proportion self-reported reading and understanding. The lack of previous knowledge of the technical language prevents use and interpretation of NIP nutritional information for purchasing decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the micronutrient nutritional status of a national sample of 1-11 year old Mexican children surveyed in 2006 in National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2006) and their association with dietary and sociodemographic factors. Materials and methods. Serum samples were used (n=5 060) to measure the concentrations of ferritin, transferrin receptor, zinc, copper and magnesium. Results. Prevalence of deficiencies in 1-4 and 5-11y old children were for iron (using low ferritin) 26.0 and 13.0%; zinc, 28.1 and 25.8%, respectively; and copper, ≈30% in both age groups. Magnesium low serum concentrations (MLSC), were found in 12.0% and 28.4% of the children, respectively. Being beneficiary of Liconsa (OR=0.32; C.I.95%, 0.17-0.61) or belonging to higher socioeconomic status (OR=0.63; C.I.95%, 0.41-0.97) were protective against iron deficiency. Increasing age (OR=0.59; C.I.95%, 1.19--1.32) and living in the Central Region (OR=0.59; C.I.95%, 0.36-0.97) were protective against MLSC. Conclusions. Deficiencies of iron and zinc are serious public health problems in Mexican children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the frequency and severity of anemia and the nutritional variables associated to hemoglobin levels (Hb) in children <5 years of age. Materials and methods. We studied 981 children measuring hemoglobin and serum concentrations of ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR), C-reactive protein (CRP), zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, folate and vitamin B12. Ordinal logit or multiple regression models were constructed to assess the risk for anemia and the associations among nutritional variables. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia was 20.6%, of which 14% were mild cases and 6.38% moderate. Anemia was associated with iron deficiency (ID) in 42.17% of the cases, whereas ID coexisted with either folate or vitamin B12 deficiency in 9%. Only 2% of cases of anemia were associated with either folate or vitamin B12 deficiencies. CRP (coef: 0.17 g/dl) and third tertile of s-copper (coef: -0.85 g/dl) were associated to unexplained anemia (p<0.05). Conclusions. ID is the main cause of anemia in children <5 y. Folate and vitamin B12 concentrations were associated with anemia. CRP was associated to unexplained anemia. However, vitamin A deficiency, which is associated with anemia, was not studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To compare the physical activity patterns of a cohort of Mexican children in kindergarten (K), first (1ES) and second grade (2ES) of elementary school. Material and Methods. The physical activity of 217 children (123 girls and 94 boys) aged 5-6 years was measured (five full-day triaxial accelerometry) annually. Weekday and weekend moderate/ vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and school and off-school MVPA was calculated. Comparisons between surveys were made using longitudinal multilevel generalized linear models. Results. Weekday MVPA was 22 and 37 min/d flower for 1ES (p=0.06) and 2ES (p<0.01), respectively, compared to K. School MVPA for 1ES and 2ES was 37 (-5.0 min/h) and 40% (-5.5 min/h) (p<0.001) lower , respectively, compared to K. No differences were found between weekend and off-school MVPA among school stages (p>0.5). Conclusion. MVPA was significantly reduced from K to ES, in part because of a decline in MVPA during school activities. Interventions targeted to school environment modifications should be promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is growing evidence that quality, rather that quantity of fat is the determinant of cardiovascular risk. The objective of the study is to describe quantitatively the intake and adequacy of fatty acid classes among the Mexican population aged 5-90 years from a probabilistic survey. Methods: Dietary intake of individual and classes of fatty acids was computed from the dataset of the 2006 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT2006), collected by a food frequency questionnaire. Adequacy was calculated in reference to authoritative recommendations. Results: The mean intake of total fatty acids (TFA ≈ 25%E) fell within WHO recommendations; the intakes of saturated fatty acids (SFA) among all age-groups (45-60%) and of trans fatty acids (TrFA) in 30% of school-age children and adolescents and 20% of adults exceeded international recommendations. The mean intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and particularly of n6 and n3 PUFAS, was inadequately insufficient in 50% of the sample. Conclusions: The main public health concerns are the high intake of SFA and the suboptimal intake of PUFA in Mexican population. The TrFA intake represents a low public health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), and other cardiovascular risk factors in three national health surveys (1993, 2000 and 2006). Materials and Methods. The databases of three surveys: ENEC 1993, ENSA 2000 and ENSANUT 2006 were gathered. Calculations of published data were reprocessed to do appropriate adjustments to assure comparability among surveys. Results. From 1993 to 2006 the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (6.7-14.4%), metabolic syndrome (26.6-36.8%), hypertension (23.8-30.7%), hypercholesterolemia (27-43.6%), and high LDL-cholesterol (31.6-46%) increased rapidly. The prevalence of low HDL cholesterol was very high (60.5-63%) in all surveys and remained remarkably unchanged among surveys. Conclusions. This increasing trends for the prevalence of T2D and cardiovascular risk factors predicts larger increments in the near future for T2D and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Intensification of the preventive and remedy strategies is mandatory in order curve the foreseen dramatic increment in the disease burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence, distribution and degree of control of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Mexican population. Material and Methods. Subjects were classified as previously diagnosed T2D (PD); or as "finding of the survey" (FS) (glucose ≥126 mg/dL). Hemoglobin A1c was measured in PD-subjects. Results. The prevalence for PD-T2D was 7.34% (95%CI 6.3, 8.5) and for FS 7.07% (95%CI 6.1, 8.1), summing 14.42%; (7.3 million diabetics). 5.3% of PD-T2D were in good, 38.4% in poor and 56.2% very poor control. Older age (OR=0.96, 95%CI 0.94, 0.97), lower BMI (OR=0.95, 95%CI 0.91, 1.0), were protective for poor control. Affiliation to private services (OR=1.77, 95%CI 0.98, 3.13), larger T2D duration (OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.01, 1.08), and combining oral medication and insulin (OR=16.1, 95%CI 1.61, 161) were riskier. Conclusions. We found an alarming prevalence of T2D in Mexican population; the majority of PD diabetics are in poor control. Research on the latter is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This research aims to describe the epidemiology of obesity and its association with alterations in some components of metabolic syndrome, such as serum concen-trations of glucose, insulin, and some lipids in a sub-sample of the Mexican Health Survey (MHS) of youth ages 10 to 19 years. Material and Methods. This analysis is based on a randomly selected sub-sample of the MHS of 20% of the youth ages 10 to19 years (n=1977), carried-out in Mexico in the year 2000 and distinguishes differences between national, rural and urban areas as well as four geographical country regions. Serum concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and HDL-cholesterol (HDLc) were measured. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Mexican National Institute of Public Health. Results. Overall, 14.8% of the individuals were overweight, 6.7% were obese and 37.5% had a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The overall mean concentrations of glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were significantly higher and those of HDLc were significantly lower in obese subjects than in individuals with normal Body Mass Index (BMI) (p< 0.05-0.001). The probability ratio (PR) of being in quintile 5 for glucose distribution was significantly higher for obese males and females (RP=2.1, p<0.001) than for their non-obese counterparts. It was also higher for females with a history of DM2 (RP=1.12, p<0.02), but not for males. The PR of being in quintile 5 for insulin distribution was significantly higher for obese males (RP=3.51, p<0.001) and females (RP=3.3, p<0.001) than for non-obese counterparts. It was also higher for male (RP=1.28, p<0.02) and female (RP=1.27, p<0.02) subjects with a history of DM2. Finally, the PR for being in quintile 5 for TG distribution was significantly higher for obese males (RP=4.71, p<0.001) and females (RP=1.75, p<0.001) than for their non-obese counterparts. Discussion. A strong association between obesity and the risk of higher concentrations of glucose, insulin, TG, and TC and a lower concentration of HDLc in youth has been demonstrated. These findings stress the risk of obesity at these early ages, with alterations in some of the components of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This investigation aims to explore the association among anemia and vitamins A, C, and folate deficiencies in a probabilistic sample of Mexican children. Methods: Data on hemoglobin, serum vitamins A and C and folate concentrations and percent transferrin saturation (PTS) in children 0.5–11 years (n = 1,770) were extracted from the database of the probabilistic Mexican National Nutrition Survey 1999 (NNS-99). Results: Overall, 16.6% of children were anemic. Iron deficiency children with or without anemia had more frequent low serum retinol (40.6 vs. 16% and 27.7 vs. 11.9%, p < 0.05, respectively) and lower hemoglobin folate (11.5 vs. 22%, p < 0.05) than their non-iron deficiency counterparts. Mean concentrations of serum iron (p < 0.01), folate (p < 0.001) and retinol (p < 0.0001), but not ascorbic acid (p < 0.6), were significantly lower in anemic than in nonanemic children. In a linear regression model, 15% of hemoglobin variation in children was explained by retinol, folate and PTS, but not vitamin C (p <0.0001). Conclusion: Anemia was mostly associated with iron deficiency and with a lesser proportion of folate and vitamin A deficiencies. Vitamin A deficiency might be overestimated since iron deficiency may lower serum retinol concentrations. Interventions aimed to reduce anemia in this population must consider interactions between those micronutrients in designing strategies. Copyright © 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to assess the efficacy of whole cow's milk fortified with ferrous gluconate and zinc oxide, along with ascorbic acid, in reducing the prevalence of anemia and improving iron status of low income children 10-30 mo of age. Healthy children were randomly assigned to drink 400 mL/d of cow's whole milk, either fortified milk (FM) with 5.8 mg/400 mL of iron as ferrous gluconate, 5.28 mg/400 mL of zinc as zinc oxide, and 48 mg/400 mL of ascorbic acid, or nonfortified milk (NFM) with 0.2 mg iron/400 mL, 1.9 mg zinc/400 mL, and 6.8 mg ascorbic acid/400 mL. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptors (TfR), and C-reactive protein concentrations were measured at baseline and 6 mo after intervention. The prevalence of anemia declined from 41.4 to 12.1% (P < 0.001), or 29 percentage points, in the FM group; there was no change in the NFM group. Hemoglobin (coefficient = 0.22, P < 0.01) was positively and TfR (coefficient = -0.29, P < 0.001) negatively associated with treatment, controlling for their respective baseline values, age, and gender. Treatment with FM was negatively associated with the likelihood of being anemic (pseudo R(2) = 0.085, P < 0.03) after 6 mo of intervention. Ferrous gluconate added to whole cow's milk as a fortificant along with ascorbic acid is efficacious in reducing the prevalence of anemia and in improving iron status of Mexican toddlers. The results of this study lead to broadening a subsidized FM distribution program to 4.2 million beneficiary children 1-11 y of age in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 1 y of distributing a milk-based fortified weaning food provided by the Mexican social program PROGRESA, positive effects on physical growth, prevalence of anemia, and several vitamin deficiencies were observed. There was no effect on iron status, which we hypothesized was related to the poor bioavailability of the reduced iron used as a fortificant in PROGRESA. The objective of this study was to compare the iron bioavailability from different iron sources added as fortificants to the weaning food. Children (n = 54) aged 2-4 y were randomly assigned to receive 44 g of the weaning food fortified with ferrous sulfate, ferrous fumarate, or reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA. Iron absorption was measured using an established double-tracer isotopic methodology. Iron absorption from ferrous sulfate (7.9 +/- 9.8%) was greater than from either ferrous fumarate (2.43 +/- 2.3%) or reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA (1.4 +/- 1.3%) (P < 0.01). The absorption of log-(58)Fe sulfate given with the iron source correlated with serum ferritin (s-ferritin) concentration (n = 13, r = 0.63, P = 0.01) and log-(57)Fe absorption (reference dose) (n = 14, r = -0.52, P = 0.02). Absorption from ferrous fumarate and reduced iron + Na2EDTA did not correlate with s-ferritin or absorption of (57)Fe. The recommended daily portion of the fortified complementary food provides an average of 0.256, 0.096, 0.046 mmol (1.44, 0.54, and 0.26 mg) of absorbed iron, if fortified with sulfate, fumarate and reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA, respectively. Ferrous sulfate was more bioavailable than either ferrous fumarate or reduced iron + Na(2)EDTA when added to the milk-based fortified food and more readily met the average daily iron requirements for children 2-3 y of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: BackgroundVitamin A deficiency (VAD) has been closely related to acute respiratory infections (ARI), although information is still incomplete; for example, the frequency of VAD in children <5 years of age with pneumonia is not known, and the conditions associated with VAD have not been identified. This study was conducted to gain insight into the status of vitamin A in children with pneumonia. A secondary objective was to identify the sociodemographic, individual, and nutritional factors associated with VAD in these children.: MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mexican state of Hidalgo, one of the poorest in the country. Children with community-acquired pneumonia treated at nine public hospitals were included. Information was obtained by interviewing mothers, and ascertainment of vitamin A status was performed with relative-dose-response (RDR) test.: ResultsA total of 422 cases were included. VAD was identified in 17.8% of children; 50.3% showed normal results, 24.6% had liver reserve depletion, and 7.3% showed results attributable to the infectious process. Variables associated with VAD were as follows: age <2 months (OR 3.44, 95% CI: 1.84–9.24); children >6 months of age fed with formula (OR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15–0.91), and affiliation with the Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS) health system (OR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.22–0.72).: ConclusionsThe frequency of VAD in children with community-acquired pneumonia confirms that the problem of deficiency persists in Mexico. The associated factors for VAD found in this study can be taken into account when planning and evaluating vitamin A supplementation activities in populations with high risk for deficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study was designed to test whether breast-feeding protects infants reared in unfavorable environments from growth-stunting by averting acute infections. The body weight and length, feeding mode and morbidity of 170 healthy infants were assessed at 15-d intervals from birth to 6 mo. Birth weight and length were not different between groups, but at 6 mo, breast-fed infants were heavier and tended to be taller (P = 0.1) than infants fed formula. Relative to NCHS values, infants had lower mean birth weights than a sample of American and European BF infants. At 6 mo, the weight of BF infants caught up to the weight of NCHS standards, while infants fed formula fell to around -1 NCHS-Z-score for weight and length. The cumulative 6-mo weight increments were negatively related to the number of episodes of diarrhea, and positively to duration of lactation (P = 0.03, R(2) = 0.17). The 6-mo length gain was negatively related to infections but not to duration of lactation (P = 0.004, R(2) = 0.19). Never-ill infants attained a better weight (P = 0.04) and length (P = 0.02) than infants who suffered one or more episodes of diarrhea. Weight and length gain of infants suffering at least one episode of diarrhea was positively related to breast-feeding and socioeconomic status. Weight increments of 15-d were positively related to breast-feeding and negatively to the introduction of solids. In conclusion, breast-feeding positively affected the growth performance of the recipient infants by averting infections and possibly by improving nutrient intake during infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rats fed a diet with high fat concentration produce larger amounts of milk with a higher lipid concentration than rats fed a lower fat diet. This investigation was designed to study the relationship between dietary fat intake, mammary gland lipid uptake and lipogenesis in rat dams fed, during pregnancy and lactation, one of two purified diets, with equal energy density, containing 2.5 (LL) or 20 g fat/100 g diet (HL). Milk lipid concentration and fatty acid composition were determined at d 14 of lactation. Mammary gland lipogenesis, lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and the uptake of [1-(14)C]triolein by the mammary gland and its transfer to the pups was measured. The intestinal absorption of oral (14)C-lipid, (14)CO(2) production and the amount of (14)C-lipid transferred to the pups (milk clot + pups carcass) were significantly higher in the HL group than in the LL group (P < 0.05). Mammary gland lipogenesis was 75% lower and LPL activity was 30% higher in the HL group (P < 0.05). Medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C14) excretion was 46% lower and that of long-chain fatty acids was 142% (P < 0.001) higher in the HL group than in the LL group. The higher milk lipid excretion in the rats fed a high-fat diet resulted from a larger uptake of dietary lipid by the mammary gland, indicated by a larger transfer of (14)C-lipid to the pups and by a higher LPL activity in the mammary gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determines the effects of breast-feeding on protecting infants from acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhea of infants under six months old. Analysis of effects of duration of breast-feeding; Association between the prevalence of ARI and the duration of breast-feeding; Relationship between introduction of solid food and diarrhea.

The milk composition of women on a typical rural Mexican diet was compared with that secreted by American women, consuming a diet typical of affluent countries. Milk concentrations of free fatty acids, cholesterol, total amino acids, and selected key minerals were analyzed at 4 or 6 months postpartum. The total milk fat concentration was lower in the Otomi (22.7 ± 6.7 mg/g milk) than in the American women (31.3 ± 5.4 mg/g milk, p = 0.001). Although the absolute concentration did not differ, cholesterol, expressed in terms of total lipid, was higher in the Otomi milk (3.9 ± 1.1 vs. 3.1 ± 0.7 mg/g fat, p = 0.005). Saturated medium-chain (C10:0–C14:0) and unsaturated intermediate-chain fatty acids (C16:1 and C18:2) were higher in the Otomi than in the American milk (p < 0.03). The concentrations of C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1 were significantly lower in Otomi than in American milk. The milk concentrations of protein and nonprotein nitrogen were comparable between the two groups. The concentrations of serine, proline, cystine, methionine, and tryptophan were higher in the Otomi than in the American milk (p < 0.05–0.001). The concentrations of valine and isoleucine were significantly lower in the Otomi milk (p = 0.05). Expressed per gram of milk protein, the cystine, methionine, lysine, and tryptophan concentrations were higher, and the glutamine/glutamate, valine, isoleucine, and arginine levels were lower in the Otomi milk. The concentrations of phosphorus and copper were lower in the Otomi than in the American milk at 4 months postpartum (p = 0.05). These differences in milk fatty acid and amino acid patterns and mineral content are unlikely to affect infant growth, but may have other biological consequences yet to be ascertained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which discussed several issues surrounding the recommendation of the World Health Organization on breast feeding. Comparison of the growth of breast-fed infants with infants fed with combination of breast milk and complementary foods; Milk of women with low adiposity; Duration of breast feeding in developing countries.

Objective. To describe the prevalence of deficiency (VDD) and insufficiency (VDI) of vitamin D (VD), by sociodemographic factors, obesity and physical activity in a probabilistic sample of Mexican women participating in Ensanut 2018-19. Materials and methods. In 1 262 women aged 20 to 49 years, the prevalence of VDD/IVD was estimated and the factors associated with it were evaluated with a multinomial regression model. Results. The prevalence of VDI was 46.1% and of VDD was 31.6%. The probability of presenting VDI and VDD was higher for residents of urban areas, in tertiles 2 and 3 of socioeconomic status, and with obesity, while was lower in women with moderate physical activity. Conclusion. The prevalence of vitamin D in Mexican women continues to be a public health problem in Mexico despite the high availability of sunlight in the country. It is necessary to promote healthy sun exposure in the population and consider fortifying foods with vitamin D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe trends in zinc deficiency (ZD) prevalence among preschool-age Mexican children, and explore differences in this trend among beneficiaries of the conditional cash transfer program Progresa/Oportunidades/Prospera (CCT-POP). Materials and methods. The serum zinc information of children aged 1-4 who participated in the ENN 1999, Ensanut 2006 and Ensanut 2018-19 was analyzed. ZD was categorized according to IZiNCG cutoff values. Logistic regression models were used to identify personal participant characteristics associated with ZD trends, and tests for interactions between survey CCT-POP beneficiaries were applied. Results. ZD decreased by 22.3 percentage points (pp) between ENN 1999 and Ensanut 2018-19; among CCT-POP beneficiaries, the decrease was 58.6 pp. Overweight was associated with higher odds of ZD (OR=2.18, p=0.023). Conclusions. In the last 19 years, ZD declined significantly among preschool-age Mexican children. Child beneficiaries of the social program CCT-POP showed the largest reduction of ZD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various reports published within the issue, including one by R. Rojas and colleagues on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, one by C. Aguilar-Salinas and colleagues on the prevalence of dyslipidemias in the Mexican adult population, and one by S. Barquera and colleagues on the prevalence of hypertension in the Mexican population.

Objective. To describe the micronutrient deficiencies in the Mexican population in the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2022 (Ensanut 2022). Materials and methods. The Ensanut 2022 is a nationally representative probabilistic survey. Venous blood samples were collected in a sub-sample of children (48%) and women (37%). Serum was separated in situ to further analyse ferritin, vitamin B12, folate, and 25[OH] D in the central laboratory. Deficiency of these micronutrients was defined according to the World Health Organization criteria. Descriptive analyses were performed in preschool (1-4 years), scholar children (5-11 years) and women (12-49 years), using the complex design of the survey. Results. The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID), low levels of vitamin B12 and vitamin D deficiency were: 30.6, 17.4 and 4.7% in children aged 1-4 years; 17.2, 20 and 37.1% in children aged 5-11 years; and 37.1, 34 and 37.7% in women aged 12-49 years, respectively. Conclusions. ID in preschool children and micronutrient deficiencies in women were highly prevalent. A call to action is needed for targeted interventions in most disadvantaged social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To compare the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency, at state level in non-pregnant women between 20 and 49 years of age from the Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición (Ensanut, in Spanish) 2006, 2012 and 2018-19. Materials and methods. The Ensanut 2006, 2012 and 2018-19 have a probabilistic design. Hb in capillary blood was measured by HemoCue Hb201 and ferritin by venous sample. Anemia was diagnosed with Hb<120g/L and iron deficiency with Ferritin<15ng/mL. Results. At the national level, anemia increased 6.1 (p<0.05) percentage points (pp) from 2006 to 2018-19. Baja California Norte, Campeche, Colima, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa and Sonora, went from low prevalence (5 to 19.9%) to moderate (20 to 39.9%); in Yucatán and Tamaulipas it went from low to severe (>40). In Guanajuato, State of Mexico and Querétaro it was reduced from 2006 to 2018-19 (p<0.05). Conclusions. Anemia continues to be a public health problem that requires actions at the state level, considering level of wellbeing index, food programs and affiliation to medical Services insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluate the effectiveness of a nation-wide program distributing milk fortified with 10 mg of iron (gluconate), 10 mg zinc (oxide), vitamin C and other micronutrients on the linear growth and body composition of 1084 Mexican toddlers 12-30 mo of age. Children were randomly assigned to receive daily either 500 mL of fortified milk for 2 years (FM2Y) or non-fortified milk for one year followed by fortified milk the second years (FM1Y), under the normal operation conditions of the program. A comparable third group that never received fortified milk was assembled the second year (C) selected from the same communities. Body height and weight at 0 and 2 years, and Fat-free mass (FFM) by impedanciometry, physical activity by accelerometry at 2 years after intervention were measured. Means from linear regression models, adjusting for basal measurements of the variables, age, sex, socioeconomic status and nesting within the communities were calculated. Prevalences were compared by X2. Means height (FM2Y=99.8±3.2 cm, FM1Y=99.3±3.3 cm vs C group=97.1± 3.1 cm, p<0,001); FFM (FM2Y=10.4±0.87 kg, FM1Y=10.3.7±0.87 kg vs 9.7±0.91 kg C, p<0.001); AF (FM2Y=288±115 kcal, FM1Y= 321±115 kcal and C=241±109 kcal, p<0.001) were higher in the FM2Y and FM1Y than in the C group. The basal prevalence of stunting lessened from 11.5 % to 6.3% FM2Y, 8.3% FM1Y and 11.9% in the C group. This program distributing milk fortified with iron and zinc to 5 million children demonstrated to be effective to improve the quantity and quality of growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Federal Government program that distributes milk fortified with 10 mg of iron (gluconate), 10 mg zinc (oxide), vitamin C and other micronutrients at subsidized prices on the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency in 1084 Mexican toddlers 12-30 mo of age. Children were randomly assigned to receive daily either 500 mL of fortified milk for 2 years (FM2Y) or non-fortified milk for one year followed by fortified milk the second years (FM1Y), under the normal operation conditions of the program. A comparable third group that never received fortified milk was assembled the second year (C) selected from the same communities. Hemoglobin, serum ferritin (F), soluble transferrin receptors (sTfR) and PCR were measured a 0 and 2 years after initiation of intervention. The basal prevalence of anemia (41.4%) and iron deficiency (44%) decreased to 3.3 and 10%, respectively in FM2 and to 2.4 and 7.4%, respectively in FM groups. Final prevalences of anemia and iron deficiency were lower than in C group (9% and 16.1%, p¡Ü0.0001, and p¡Ü0.003, respectively). After three years of the implemented this highly effective program outreaching 5 million children, 1.5 million oh them were cured from anemia and iron deficiency and the associated loss of capacities was most probably curved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe de prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) and anemia in a sample of Mexican elderly population from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut) 2012. Materials and methods. 1 920 subjects ≥60 years of age were included. Hemoglobin, serum concentrations of ferritin and CRP were measured. The risk for ID and anemia adjusted for potential confounders was assessed in logistic regression models. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia was 13.9%, 15.2% in males and 12.8% females. For ID, overall it was 4.2%, males 4.0% and females 4.3%. The greatest prevalence of ID was found in males and females over 80 years old (6.9 and 7.0%, respectively). ID was present in 1.5 of 10 Mexican elders with anemia. Conclusion. The prevalence of anemia was high in the elderly, however the prevalence of ID was low; there is a need to further investigate the causes of anemia in this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calcium intake remains inadequate in many low‐ and middle‐income countries, especially in Africa and South Asia, where average intakes can be below 400 mg/day. Given the vital role of calcium in bone health, metabolism, and cell signaling, countries with low calcium intake may want to consider food‐based approaches to improve calcium consumption and bioavailability within their population. This is especially true for those with low calcium intake who would benefit the most, including pregnant women (by reducing the risk of preeclampsia) and children (by reducing calcium‐deficiency rickets). Specifically, some animal‐source foods that are naturally high in bioavailable calcium and plant foods that can contribute to calcium intake could be promoted either through policies or educational materials. Some food processing techniques can improve the calcium content in food or increase calcium bioavailability. Staple‐food fortification with calcium can also be a cost‐effective method to increase intake with minimal behavior change required. Lastly, biofortification is currently being investigated to improve calcium content, either through genetic screening and breeding of high‐calcium varieties or through the application of calcium‐rich fertilizers. These mechanisms can be used alone or in combination based on the local context to improve calcium intake within a population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the short-term (14 months) impact of anemia on mortality among Mexican older adults (OAs). Method: Longitudinal analyses using data from a quasi-experimental study in a non-contributory pension program in Mexico with a sample of 3,621 OAs aged 65 to 74 years. Data on health, nutrition, life conditions, and mortality were gathered at both baseline and follow-up. Logistic regression model was used to estimate the impact of anemia and hemoglobin quintiles on mortality. Results: Overall mortality rate was 2.1%. Both mild anemia and moderate/severe anemia increased mortality risk at 14 months (odds ratio [OR] = 2.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.1, 4.1]; and OR = 6, 95% CI = [2.1, 16.9], respectively). Discussion: In the short term, degree of severity of anemia is an independent predictor of mortality risk. Because anemia is a modifiable factor, further research is required to better understand this condition in terms of main causes, prevention, treatment, and impact on OAs’ survival. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Objective. To determine the exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in southern Mexico and the presence of the aflatoxin signature mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue from patients from a cancer referral center. Materials and methods. We estimated the prevalence and distribution of AFB1 in a representative sample of 100 women and men from Chiapas using the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. We also examined the presence of the aflatoxin signature mutation in codon 249 (R249S), and other relevant mutations of the TP53 gene in HCC tissue blocks from 24 women and 26 men treated in a national cancer referral center. Results. The prevalence of AFB1 in serum samples was 85.5% (95%CI 72.1-93.1) and the median AFB1 was 0.117 pg/μL (IQR, 0.050-0.350). We detected TP53 R249S in three of the 50 HCCs (6.0%) and observed four other G>T transversions potentially induced by AFB1. Conclusion. Our analysis provides evidence that AFB1 may have a relevant role on HCC etiology in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the prevalence of diabetes (diagnosed and undiagnosed), glycemic control in Mexico, and its associated factors. Materials and methods. We used data from Ensanut 2018 (n=12 648) and 2020 (n=2 309). We defined diabetes as fasting glucose =126 mg/dl or HbA1c=6.5% or previously diagnosed; glycemic control was defined as HbA1c<7%. We fitted Poisson regression models to assess the association between diabetes, glycemic control, and potential associated factors. Results. The total prevalence of diabetes was 16.8% in 2018 and 15.7% in 2020. In 2018, 38% of adults with diabetes were unaware of their disease, while in 2020 this figure was 29%. Glycemic control was observed in 42% of participants in 2018 and 39% in 2020. Longer disease duration was associated with lower glycemic control, while older age, having a diet, and being affiliated to IMSS, Pemex, Sedena, or private healthcare were associated with better control. Conclusion. Mexico is among the countries with the highest diabetes prevalence. A high proportion of adults with diabetes did not have a previous diagnosis, and the proportion with glycemic control is low. Strengthening screening to achieve a timely diagnosis, and improving glycemic control, should be key actions in the management of diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To describe the prevalence of serum iron and zinc deficiencies and low serum concentrations (LSC) of copper and magnesium in Mexican adults. Materials and methods. Blood samples from subjects (≥20 years, both genders) participating in the 2006 National Health and Nutrition Survey were used to measure the serum concentrations of s-ferritin, soluble-transferrin-receptor (s-TfR), zinc, copper, and magnesium. Results. The prevalence of s-ferritin≤12ug/L was 18.1 and 3.6% while s-TfR>6mg/L was 9.5 and 4.4%, for females and males, respectively. The prevalence of zinc deficiency was 33.8% females and 42.6% males; LSC of copper were 16.8 and 18.2%, and 36.3 and 31.0% for magnesium, for females and males, respectively. Conclusions. The prevalence of deficiencies in iron (in females), and zinc are still high in the adult population. LSC of copper and magnesium are published for the first time and show significant prevalence of deficiencies. Corrective actions are necessary in order to diminish these nutritional deficits in the Mexican population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objetive. To describe the frequency of anemia and iron, zinc, copper and magnesium deficiencies among Mexican adolescents in the probabilistic survey ENSANUT 2006. Materials and methods. The sample included 2 447 adolescents aged 12 to 19 y. Capillary hemoglobin and venous blood samples were collected to measure the concentrations of ferritin, sTFR, CRP, zinc, iron, copper and magnesium. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess the risk for mineral deficiencies. Results. The overall prevalence of anemia was 11.8 and 4.6%, body iron deficiency 18.2 and 7.9% for females and males, respectively. Overall prevalence of tissue iron deficiency was 6.9%, low serum copper were14.4 and 12.25%; zinc 28.4 and 24.5%, magnesium 40 and 35.3%; for females and males, respectively. Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mineral deficiency in Mexican adolescents; females were more prone to have more mineral deficiencies. Nutritional interventions are necessaries in order to reduce and control them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n-3) PUFA, including DHA, are essential for neural development and accumulate extensively in the fetal and infant brain. (n-3) PUFA concentrations in breast milk, which are largely dependent on maternal diet and tissue stores, are correlated with infant PUFA status. We investigated the effect of prenatal DHA supplementation on PUFA concentrations in breast milk at 1 mo postpartum. In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial conducted in Mexico, pregnant women were supplemented daily with 400 mg DHA or placebo from 18-22 wk gestation to parturition. Fatty acid concentrations in breast milk obtained from 174 women at 1 mo postpartum were determined using GLC and were expressed as % by weight of total detected fatty acids. Breast milk DHA concentrations in the DHA and placebo groups were (mean ± SD) 0.20 ± 0.06 and 0.17 ± 0.07 (P < 0.01), respectively, and those of a-linolenic acid (ALA) were 1.38 ± 0.47 and 1.24 ± 0.46 (P = 0.01), respectively. Concentrations of EPA and arachidonic acid did not differ between groups (P > 0.05). Maternal plasma DHA concentrations at 1 mo postpartum correlated positively with breast milk DHA at 1 mo postpartum in both the placebo and DHA groups (r = 0.4; P < 0.01 for both treatment groups). Prenatal DHA supplementation from 18-22 wk gestation to parturition increased concentrations of DHA and ALA in breast milk at 1 mo postpartum, providing a mechanism through which breast-fed infants could benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To estimate the percentage of Mexican adults that may require lipid-lowering treatment according to National Cholesterol Education Program-III guidelines, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT2006). Material and Methods. Information was obtained from 4 040 subjects aged 20 to 69 years, studied after a 9 to 12 hours fast. Results. A cardiovascular risk equivalent was found in 13.8% and ≥2 risk factors were present in 31.5% of the population. LDL-C concentrations were above the treatment goal in 70% of the high-risk group and in 38.6% of subjects with ≥2 risk factors. Nearly 12 million Mexicans should be taught how to change their lifestyles and close to 8 million individuals require drug therapy to decrease their cardiovascular risk. Conclusions. Thirty percent of Mexican adults require some form of lipid-lowering treatment (lifestyle modifications in 36.25%, drug therapy in 24.19%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]