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Submission received: 8 February 2024 / Revised: 28 February 2024 / Accepted: 16 March 2024 / Published: 21 March 2024 (This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Myopia and Other Visual Disorders), Background: In recent decades, myopia has turned into a public health issue across the world. Between 1993 and 2016, the percentage of myopes increased from 10.4% to 34.2%. This study aims to analyze the myopia prevalence in Spanish children from five to seven years old over the last five years and to predict the rate of myopia in Spain by 2030. Methods: The sample consisted of children aged between 5 and 7, who underwent an optometric examination consisting of the measurement of visual acuity (VA) and determination of objective and subjective refraction. The cut-off points to define refractive error are established by the spherical equivalent (SE) value: hyperopia for an SE over or equal to +0.50 D; myopia for an SE under or equal to −0.50 D; and emmetropia when the SE is between −0.50 D and +0.50 D. Results: The myopia rate in Spanish children aged between five and seven was 19%. Myopia prevalence progressively increased as children grew up (p ≤ 0.001). It is estimated that, in the year 2030, the rate of myopia will be 30.2% [CI: 25.3–35.0], of which 81.9% [CI: 78.3–85.3] will have low myopia, 10.0% [CI: 7.2–12.8] moderate myopia, and 7.3% [CI: 4.9–9.7] high myopia. Conclusions: Nineteen percent of Spanish children between five and seven are myopes. In 2030, is expected that 30.2% of Spanish children between 5 and 7 years of age will be myopes. These estimations will support eye care professionals in recommending that children spend more time outdoors to prevent the onset of myopia and the use of methods to control myopia to avoid reaching these figures of high myopia., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Myopia is a public health problem, with estimations that 50% of the world population will be myopic by 2050. Some environmental factors, such as time spent outdoors, doing near work, and using digital devices, influence the development of myopia in children. Home confinement in Spain has increased these risk factors, so this study aims to investigate the impact of home confinement during the COVID-19 outbreak in the vision of school-aged children; Methods: A cross-sectional study in children between 5 and 7 years old that completed a visual screening and a questionnaire about their lifestyles at opticians in Spain in September and October of 2019 and 2020. Statistical analysis to compare lifestyles pre and post confinement, and vision in 2020 versus a similar cohort examined at the same opticians in 2019, was conducted; Results: Spanish children spent less time outdoors and more time doing near work in 2020 than in 2019 (p ≤ 0.001). There was a significant decrease of the spherical equivalent (mean ± standard deviation; 0.66 ± 2.03 D in 2019 vs. 0.48 ± 1.81 D in 2020; p ≤ 0.001); Conclusions: Lifestyles of Spanish children changed during the home confinement at the beginning of 2020. Together with changes in their lifestyles, spherical equivalents have decreased, which implies higher figures of myopia for children aged between 5 and 7., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

BACKGROUND: Myopia prevalence has been increasing in the last decades, and its pathological consequences, including myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy, are now one of the most common causes of visual impairment. It is estimated that by 2050, more than 50% of Europeans and Americans will be myopes, which is alarming due to the high morbidity of myopes over - 6.00D. Once myopia has appeared, there are different options with scientific evidence to try to slow the axial length growth. Ophthalmic lenses are the less invasive treatment to control myopia, and there is evidence about the efficacy of different designs, mainly in the Asiatic population. However, new designs have been launched, and it is not known if efficacy is the same between Asiatic and European subjects. Thus, we have set up a randomized, controlled, double-blind, and multicenter trial to investigate the efficacy of a new design of ophthalmic lenses for myopia control in European children. METHODS: A 2-year prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled, and double-blind clinical trial is used to investigate the efficacy of a new design of ophthalmic lenses to slow the progression of myopia. Three hundred children aged from 6 to 13 years old will be recruited and randomly assigned to a study or control group. The study group will be composed of 150 children wearing MyoCare while the control group will be composed of 150 children wearing Clearview. The inclusion criteria will be myopia with a spherical equivalent between - 0.75D and - 5.00D, astigmatism < 1.50D, and anisometropia < 1.00D and having a historical evolution of at least - 0.50 The primary outcome is to compare the mean annual progression of the spherical equivalent between both groups. The secondary outcomes are axial length, choroidal thickness, phorias, and accommodative status of both groups. DISCUSSION: This study will be the first randomized and controlled clinical trial in European children with spectacle len, Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

Submission received: 11 May 2023 / Revised: 23 May 2023 / Accepted: 30 May 2023 / Published: 1 June 2023 2023 Descuento MDPI, Background: The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between publications and authors. In turn, the different areas of research on the ocular complications of myopia are also identified, and the most cited publication by citation networks is determined. Methods: The search for publications is carried out in the Web of Science database using the term “myopia OR nearsightedness AND retin* OR degenerat* OR detachment OR patholog* OR glaucoma OR cataract OR machulopathy OR “choroidal neovascularization” for the period between 1978 and December 2022. Publication analysis was performed using the Citation Network Explorer, VOSviewer and CiteSpace software. Results: A total of 9357 publications and 78,400 citation networks were found across the network, with 2021 being the year with the highest number of publications, 712. The most cited publication was “Myopia”, published in The Lancet journal in 2012 by Morgan et al. with a citation index of 1006. By using the clustering function, seven groups covering the different research areas in this field were found: axial growth of the eye; myopic maculopathy; ocular complications in patients with myopia after a surgery; glaucoma; retinal detachment; cataracts and retinopathy of prematurity. Conclusions: The citation network offers a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the main papers on ocular complications of myopia. The research on this field is multidisciplinary; however, the main topic studied is the axial growth of the eye., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub, Descuento UCM

Introducción: Las células caliciformes secretan mucinas, citocinas y antígenos específicos para la respuesta immunitaria de la superficie ocular. Las alteraciones en la densidad de células caliciformes y de su secreción provocan inestabilidad de la película lagrimal y, por ello, ojo seco. Objetivo: Se estudiaron las conexiones entre las publicaciones, las citaciones y las revistas sobre célula caliciforme y ojo seco, con el objetivo de analizar el tamaño de sus grupos y núcleo, y cuantificar el volumen de literatura existente para dirigir futuras investigaciones sobre el tema. Método: La búsqueda de “goblet cell and dry eye” se realizó en Web of Science y luego se analizó con CitNetExplorer® para obtener las publicaciones más citadas e identificar los grupos y núcleo de publicaciones. Resultados: 555 publicaciones y 3066 citaciones fueron generadas por WoS. Los años 2016 y 2017 son los que tienen mayor número de publicaciones. La más citada fue The definition and classification of dry eye disease: report of the definition and classification subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Worshop, de Lemp et al., publicada en 2007. Empleando la función Cluster resultaron tres grupos con diferentes áreas de investigación en este campo: ojo seco, mucinas y tratamientos. Conclusiones: El estudio de la célula caliciforme y del ojo seco es relevante para los investigadores, mostrándose además conexiones entre ellos. Aumentar el conocimiento de la célula caliciforme producirá mejoras en los tratamientos del ojo seco., Background: Goblet cells (GC) secrete mucins, cytokines, and specific antigens for the immune response of the ocular surface. Alteration in goblet cell density and its secretion leads to an unstable tear film and, eventually, dry eye. This study analyzed the connections between the most cited publications and their citations and journals on GC and dry eye to analyze data like the size of their clusters and core, and quantify the volume of literature available to guide future research. Methods: "Goblet cell and dry eye" terms were searched through Web of Science and analyzed with CitNetExplorer® to obtain top-cited publications and identify clusters and core publications. Results: Five hundred and fifty-five publications with 3066 citations generated on the web have been found. We should mention that 2016 and 2017 were the years with the highest number of publications. The most quoted ones were "the definition and classification of dry eye disease like a report on the definition and classification subcommittee of the International Dry Eye Worshop" by Lemp et al., 2007. Three groups on different research areas on this same field were found using the clustering function: Dry eye, mucins, and treatment. Conclusion: Goblet cell and dry eye are relevant topics for researchers with connections between the two. Further knowledge on goblet cell will improve dry eye treatments. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

ARTICLE HISTORY: Received 11 September 2020 Revised 5 January 2021 Accepted 8 January 2021, Purpose: To investigate whether cessation of MiSight contact lens (CLs) wear for myopia control produces rebound effect. Material and Methods: This study recruited participants who had just completed the MASS Study, a two-year randomized clinical trial designed to assess the efficacy of MiSight® CLs versus distance single vision (SV) spectacles in myopic children. To assess the rebound effect, axial length progression was taken into account in those children that continued one more year of follow-up. At this visit, children were divided into three groups: MiSight-C group, in which children from the original study group continued MiSight CLs wear for the duration of the study; MiSight-D group, in which children from the original study group discontinued MiSight CLs wear in the last year; and SV-C group, in which children from the original control group continued wearing single-vision spectacles for the duration of the study. The last group was considered as the control group. Results: Of the 74 children who completed the MASS study, 55 children completed the 1-year follow-up and were included in the analysis. Thirteen children were included in the MiSight-C group, 18 in the MiSight-D group, and 24 in the Single Vision-C group. Axial length and myopia progression in the last year were 0.15± 0.11 mm, 0.22± 0.11 mm, 0.21± 0.10 mm and −0.37±0.44D, −0.46±0.39D and −0.55±0.45D for the three groups, respectively. No significant differences in axial elongation and myopia progression were found among the three groups of participants. Conclusions: Over a one-year period, neither myopia progression nor eye growth was faster for the subjects who discontinued MiSight contact lens wear compared to those who continued to wear MiSight contact lenses or those who continued to wear single-vision spectacles, indicating no rebound effect with MiSight contact lenses for 2 years., Depto. de Optometría y Visión, Fac. de Óptica y Optometría, TRUE, pub

BACKGROUND: Myopia prevalence has been increasing in the last decades, and its pathological consequences, including myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy, are now one of the most common causes of visual impairment. It is estimated that by 2050, more than 50% of Europeans and Americans will be myopes, which is alarming due to the high morbidity of myopes over - 6.00D. Once myopia has appeared, there are different options with scientific evidence to try to slow the axial length growth. Ophthalmic lenses are the less invasive treatment to control myopia, and there is evidence about the efficacy of different designs, mainly in the Asiatic population. However, new designs have been launched, and it is not known if efficacy is the same between Asiatic and European subjects. Thus, we have set up a randomized, controlled, double-blind, and multicenter trial to investigate the efficacy of a new design of ophthalmic lenses for myopia control in European children. METHODS: A 2-year prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled, and double-blind clinical trial is used to investigate the efficacy of a new design of ophthalmic lenses to slow the progression of myopia. Three hundred children aged from 6 to 13 years old will be recruited and randomly assigned to a study or control group. The study group will be composed of 150 children wearing MyoCare while the control group will be composed of 150 children wearing Clearview. The inclusion criteria will be myopia with a spherical equivalent between - 0.75D and - 5.00D, astigmatism < 1.50D, and anisometropia < 1.00D and having a historical evolution of at least - 0.50 The primary outcome is to compare the mean annual progression of the spherical equivalent between both groups. The secondary outcomes are axial length, choroidal thickness, phorias, and accommodative status of both groups. DISCUSSION: This study will be the first randomized and controlled clinical trial in European children with spectacle len