Search

The main objective of this study is to analyze the effect of inclusive language on the cognitive processing of reading comprehension (in terms of consolidation and retrieval of cognitive material during text reading). The memory trace has been operationalized as the consolidation of information in the long-term memory (after being processed in the working memory) to be able to be retrieved later. An experimental design was used to analyze the response times and the number of errors in the retrieval of this memory trace on different experimental conditions for its consolidation (inclusive language conditions included). The results show that the inclusive language conditions increase the number of errors compared to the language condition written in the so-called “neutral format” (grammatically correct). The data is in line with previous literature that shows that—in order to answer questions after reading a text—an efficient memory trace elaborated in long-term memory is required. In this sense, the effect produced by the inclusive language implies an inefficient consolidation and, therefore, an ineffective retrieval of the information consolidated during reading comprehension (in terms of number of errors)

The Society is taking a number of precepts for granted without the proper and adequate previous analysis. These precepts illegitimately assume that it is correct to favor a certain social sector over another social population. The so-called positive discrimination has as the benefit the non-conscious social acceptance of what it really means. In this work, we carry out an analysis of the Philosophy of Law and the constitutionality of countries (based on "The Rights of Man and of the Citizen") as opposed to organic laws that contradict or even violate philosophical and logical precepts. All this analysis is worked in the test taking into account with Plato's concept of an excellent-man, Locke's honest-man and Ortega y Gasset´s noble-man. Only human beings with a cosmological and historical intellectual vision are able of drafting laws which respect the essence of the humans and which result in really fair typifications, rules and regulations.

Aim: The main aim of the present study is to identify which mental footnotes (related to Marx’s and Engels’ Socialism) have more weight in the current cognitive processing of citizens. Background: We used the “Manifesto of the communist party” as the main source of the thoughts from these authors. Method: An experimental design (based on a previous qualitative research) was carried out to test the influence of mental footnotes on the citizens’ decision on the validity of the concepts. Results: The findings point out that there are strong, current, mental footnotes related to the Marx’s and Engels’ concept of bourgeoisie. Conclusions: The Marx’s and Engels’ Philosophy is currently alive, at least, some concepts related to bourgeoisie. People mostly think that the current means of production of modern bourgeoisie were developed in the feudal age, proletariat struggles with bourgeoisie from the beginning, Communism and Socialism are the only political movement that recognized this bourgeoisie-proletariat antagonism and the means of production are nowadays extended to other social classes. The present methodology (from an Experimental Psychology perspective) means a reliable technique to extract the essence of a text and to test the influence of its concepts on human cognitive processing.

The present study investigates the differential evaluation, motivational preference and ideomotor action (decision making) of Psychology students over pieces of graphical art. Material and methods: Abstract and figurative art pictures were presented in two different visual hemifields in a decision task to 31 Psychology students. There were 90 trials in which participants had to make this decision/ preference. Results: The findings indicate that there is no laterality effect in the two dependent variables used: count of preferences and response times (RTs). This statement is based on the fact that there is no interaction effect of more preferences or longer RTs depending on the side where the decision task was presented. On the other hand, there is a preference effect in the sense that the participants chose significantly more times the figurative art than the abstract one. In this sense, when preferring abstract art, participants spend significantly longer RTs than when they preferred figurative art. Conclusions: The results suggest that, for high level cognitive processes (such as paying attention and making decisions with art; in comparison to the plain perception and evaluation of it), there is no laterality effect. This conclusion is based on the lack of interaction effect depending on the side/hemifield where the decision task was presented. Moreover, Psychology students make a more analytical analysis of art since they prefer figurative art over abstract art. Finally, we can quantify the time that participants spent in extracting abstract art meaning, since they spent (as a mean) 231.78 ms longer when preferring abstract art than when they preferred figurative art.

The effect of traffic signs in the driving behavior is not fully understood yet. The knowledge of humans’ cognitive processing of the meaning of traffic signs will improve response time to those signs and the decision making carried out by drivers. Literature shows that signs–that are not-well designed–produce counterproductive effects on movement. This study sounds out which are precisely the Ecuadorian, informative traffic signs more cognitive ergonomic for participants and classify them by using the criteria of representativity, univocity and numbers of errors provoked by them. Doing so, it can be detected which traffic signs need to be redesigned. The economic, social and psychological consequences of car accidents are enough important to carry out this study, which aims to increase road safety

Elsevier Ltd The effect of traffic signs in the motor behavior of drivers is not fully understood yet. Knowing about how humans process the meaning of signs will improve response time to those signs and the decision making carried out when driving. Literature shows that the signs that are not-well designed produce counterproductive effect on movement. This study sounds out which are precisely the warning, Ecuadorian-traffic signs more ergonomic for participants, from a cognitive point of view, and classifies them by using the criteria of representativity, univocity and numbers of errors provoked by them. With this, it can be detected which traffic signs need to be redesigned. The economic, social and psychological consequences of car accidents are well-known. Every single effort orientated to the solution of this social problem is welcome.

In spite of the measures that governments implement, 1.24 million people still die in vehicle accidents (World Health Organization (WHO) 2013). The overload of attention has been pointed out as one of the main factors in provoking crashes (Young and Stanton 2002). Some theoretical models have explained the relationship between attention and movement (see Vilchez 2013, for a review). The particular meaning that attentional cues had in a context is the cornerstone of the attractive/repulsive positional effect on movement found in the literature (e.g. Vilchez and Tornay 2012; Vilchez 2015, 2017a). The present study means a comparison between citizens of two different Latin-American countries–Chile (Vilchez 2017b) and Ecuador—in their representation of warning traffic signs.

All rights reserved. Self-injury behaviors have been related to different syndromes of anxiety, depression, attempted suicide and consummate suicide, bullying, and physical and/or sexual abuse. Similarly, this symptomatology has also been linked to syndromes that do not necessarily lead to an attempted suicide such as substance use and abuse, autism or schizophrenia. In this sense, these self-injury behaviors have been related to affective or attention need. The present study validates a questionnaire for the diagnosis, and subsequent treatment, of these self-injuries without suicidal intent. The results show that there are two sub-dimensions of self-injury: Self-injury above the skin and Self-injury below the skin. There are also gender differences between men and women in both the type of self-harm and in the level of it.

The Irlen Reading Perceptual Scale (IRPS) has been used as an assessment instrument to determine the presence of Irlen Syndrome (IS; Physical Discomfort [PD] and Visual Perceptual Distortions [VPD]) worldwide. However, there are questionings about the Validity and Reliability of the instrument. The main objective of the present study was to test the psychometrics of section 1 of the IRPS for Ecuadorian children populations. Participants were 409 schoolchildren from 7 to 11 years old from the urban area of ​​Cuenca, Ecuador. A factorial analysis was carried out on the 32 items of section 1 of the IRSP. Alfa of Cronbach was used to evaluate the reliability of the dimensions that the factor analysis drew. As a result, five empirical dimensions instead of the two theoretical dimensions were found. Nevertheless, these five dimensions fit properly in the two theoretical dimensions. This instrument can be used both for evaluation of the IS and for the intervention with the Irlen Method (IM).

Learned helplessness occurs when one is unable to escape from a painful or aversive experience is unable to be escaped from (Hiroto & Seligman, 1975). The organism learns that it is helpless in and accepts its loss of control in those situations. This point is taken into account to explain the behavioural constellation of deprivation (BCD), in which one finds it difficult to escape from poverty. A new philosophy of economy is gradually emerging in the form of the so-called Economía Popular y Solidaria (popular and solidarity economy [PSE]). In this economical perspective, all members of companies are equally stockholders and investors so that these initiatives carry the implication that the democratisation process now moves from the political dimension to the economic arena. The democracy practiced in those businesses enables individuals to develop high levels of self-esteem and fosters a sense of belonging to the group.