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Rohanová, Markéta, Vilímová, Jitka (2019): Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae. Zootaxa 4564 (2): 367-390, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4

Chorosoma schillingii 1 Mesonotal and metanotal wing pads not developed. Metanotum or metanotum and mesonotum with dark pigmented and strongly sclerotized spot each side laterally (Figs. 24, 25). Average body length up to 3.88............................ 2 - Mesonotal and metanotal wing pads developed (Figs. 26���28, 43). Mesonotum and metanotum uniformly pigmented and sclerotized, spots of different color and sclerotization not present. Average body length greater than 3.88................... 3 2 Labium reaching beyond posterior margin of hind coxae up to anterior abdominal sterna. Prothorax and abdomen flattened ventrally, mesothorax and metathorax convex ventrally. Posterior margin of mesonotum straight. Metanotum, with dark pigmented and strongly sclerotized spot each side laterally (Fig. 24). Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: average 0.19 (0.12���0.24), 0.40 (0.36���0.44), 0.44 (0.37���0.49), 0.49 (0.46���0.51), average body length = 1.66 (range, 1.34���2.79).............. 1 st instar - Labium reaching posterior margin of hind coxae. Entire thorax and abdomen flattened ventrally. Posterior margin of mesonotum slightly sinuate. Mesonotum and metanotum with dark pigmented and strongly sclerotized spot each side laterally (Fig. 25). Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.34 (0.31���0.41), 0.61 (0.56���0.65), 0.61 (0.56���0.68), 0.65 (0.60���0.70), average body length = 3.88 (range, 2.70���4.70)................................................................... 2 nd instar 3 Pair of spots with different microsculpture than surrounding cuticle not developed on pronotum anteriorly. Posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads straight, beginning of scutellum not developed. Mesonotal wing pads short, rounded, not surpassing metanotum (Fig. 26). Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.48 (0.33���0.54), 0.87 (0.79���0.99), 0.85 (0.73���0.95), 0.81 (0.66��� 0.92), average body length = 5.94 (range, 4.85���6.96)................................................... 3 rd instar - Pair of spots with different microsculpture than surrounding cuticle on pronotum anteriorly (Figs. 27, 28). Posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads convex, with rounded or triangular beginning of scutellum developed. Mesonotal wing pads long, reaching beyond abdominal tergum 1 (Figs. 27, 28). Average body length greater than 5.94...................... 4 4 Posterior margin of pronotum straight. Pair of spots with different microsculpture on pronotum anteriorly not sharply delimited. Beginning of scutellum on posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads, rounded, not separated from wing pads by mesonotal groove each side. Mesonotal wing pads reaching abdominal tergum 2 (Fig. 27). Hind tibiae brownish. Developing external genitalia not present. Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.77 (0.69���0.83), 1.30 (1.16���1.45), 1.20 (1.12���1.39), 1.11 (1.02��� 1.19), average body length = 8.34 (range, 6.17���9.90)................................................... 4 th instar - Posterior margin of pronotum concave. Pair of spots with different microsculpture on pronotum anteriorly, delimited laterally and posteriorly by shallow furrows. Beginning of scutellum on posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads more evident, triangular, separated from wing pads by mesonotal groove either side. Mesonotal wing pads reaching to at least abdominal tergum 3 (Fig. 28). Hind tibiae dark brown. Developing external genitalia present (male���s abdominal sternum 9 compact, female���s abdominal sternum 9 divided by longitudinal groove medially). Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 1.14 (0.99���1.22), 1.94 (1.55���2.08), 1.76 (1.62���1.88), 1.47 (1.39���1.62), average body length = 11.23 (range, 9.31���13.52)................ 5 th instar, Published as part of Rohanov��, Mark��ta & Vil��mov��, Jitka, 2019, Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae, pp. 367-390 in Zootaxa 4564 (2) on pages 385-386, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2589193

Rhopalus maculatus 1 Abdominal terga 2���7 without thorn-shaped robust processes each side, terga 5���7 with long, flattened, medially swollen, apically pointed setae on dark pigmented tubercles laterally (Figs. 1, 19, 34, 37); setae on dorsal abdominal surface arise from almost flat alveoles. Six distinct dark brown flattened setae on head between eyes. Wing pads not developed (Figs. 1, 4, 34). Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: average 0.14 (min. 0.12��� max. 0.17), 0.26 (0.19���0.31), 0.27 (0.20���0.32), 0.39 (0.32���0.44), average body length =1.40 (range, 0.99���1.86). Body weakly elongated, general body color green................ 1 st instar - Abdominal terga 2���7 sublaterally with distinct thorn-shaped robust process each side, process composed from anterior dark part bearing two distinct setae and posterior pale part, terga 5���7 without long, flattened, medially swollen, apically pointed setae (Figs. 2, 3, 20���23, 35, 38, 39); setae on dorsal abdominal surface arise from distinct protuberant alveoles. Flattened setae on head not developed. Wing pads not developed (2 nd instar) or developed. Average body length 1.67 or greater. Body oval or ovoid, general body color pink with red spots around bases of setae.............................................. 2 2 Mesothorax and metathorax slightly convex dorsally. Mesonotal wing pads not developed, posterior margin of mesonotum arcuate (Figs. 2, 5). Metanotum subrectangular. Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.19 (0.17���0.20), 0.37 (0.34���0.41), 0.35 (0.31��� 0.39), 0.51 (0.48���0.54), average body length = 2.15 (range, 1.67���2.60)..................................... 2 nd instar - Mesothorax and metathorax flattened. Mesonotal wing pads developed, posterolateral angles of mesonotum elongated at least into short, rounded wing pads (Figs. 3, 6���8, 35). Metanotum narrowly transverse or medially only as narrow strip. Average body length 2.15 or greater.............................................................................. 3 3 Transverse furrow on pronotum not developed, posterior margin of pronotum weakly arcuate. Beginning of scutellum not evident, posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads almost straight medially. Mesonotal wing pads short, rounded, reaching abdominal tergum 1 (Figs. 3, 6, 35). Metanotal wing pads not developed. Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.26 (0.24���0.31), 0.52 (0.46���0.56), 0.47 (0.43���0.51), 0.69 (0.65���0.75), average body length = 2.83 (range, 2.11���3.23).............. 3 rd instar - Transverse furrow on pronotum shallow to distinctly developed, posterior margin of pronotum weakly to distinctly sinuate. Beginning of scutellum evident, posterior margin of mesonotum between wing pads convex, rounded or pointed. Mesonotal wing pads elongate, reaching beyond abdominal tergum 1 (Figs. 7, 8). Metanotal wing pads developed, short, almost completely overlapped by mesonotal wing pads (Figs. 7, 8). Average body length 3.38 or greater.......................... 4 4 Beginning of scutellum evident on posterior margin of mesonotum, rounded, short, not covering metanotum, not detached from wing pad by mesonotal groove each side. Mesonotal wing pads reaching abdominal tergum 2 (Fig. 7). Metanotum medially only as narrow strip. Developing external genitalia not present. Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.36 (0.34���0.43), 0.74 (0.66���0.82), 0.64 (0.56���0.70), 0.96 (0.88���1.09), average body length = 4.10 (range, 3.38���4.95).................. 4 th instar - Beginning of scutellum on posterior margin of mesonotum, triangular, large, covering metanotum, detached from wing pad by distinct mesonotal groove each side. Mesonotal wing pads long, reaching at least abdominal tergum 3 (Fig. 8). Metanotum medially covered by beginning of scutellum. Developing external genitalia present (male���s abdominal sternum 9 compact, female���s abdominal sternum 9 divided by longitudinal groove medially). Lengths of 1���4 antennomeres: 0.45 (0.40���0.50), 0.95 (0.86���1.06), 0.86 (0.79���0.97), 1.29 (1.09���1.45), average body length = 5.88 (range, 4.90���6.86).................. 5 th instar, Published as part of Rohanov��, Mark��ta & Vil��mov��, Jitka, 2019, Nymphal development of Rhopalus maculatus and Chorosoma schillingii (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Rhopalidae: Rhopalinae) and development of trichobothrial pattern in Rhopalidae, pp. 367-390 in Zootaxa 4564 (2) on page 385, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4564.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/2589193

Chileana penai Janšta & Křížková, sp. nov. Figs 26–32 Material examined: Holotype female labeled CHILE, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, Arauco, 23.– 31.I. 1959. L. Peña. Holotype deposited in CNC. Etymology: The species is named in honor of L. E. Peña, collector of all the newly described species of Chileana; penai (Latinized, noun) = genitive singular, masculine. Diagnosis and identification: Scrobes smooth and shiny. Antennae low on head, nearly reaching imaginary line drawn between ventral margins of eyes; scape nearly reaching anterior ocellus; pedicel and all funicle segments, including anellus elongate. Frenum finely alutaceous. Propodeum with one complete median carina diverging posteriorly; sides of propodeum, hind coxa dorsally and gaster basolaterally with patches of dense white long hairs. Fore wing with speculum developed and basal cell entirely covered with setae. Hind femur only angulate rather than with distinct tooth in apical quarter; hind tibial spurs long, 0.65 × as long as basitarsus, slightly curved and inserted slightly before apex of hind tibia. Ovipositor 0.8 × as long as the body. Description: FEMALE. Holotype. Body length excluding ovipositor 3.15 mm; length of ovipositor 2.5 mm. Head including scape, outer surfaces of coxae, fore femur, lateral panels of pronotum, tegulae, prepectus and mesepisternum with blue-green reflections. Part of vertex, mesepimeron and metapleuron with coppery-green tint. Rest of body very dark bronze-green, at most with occasional blue-green tint (Fig. 26). Gaster mostly brown with some blue-green or coppery reflections dorsally and laterally. Pedicel, flagellum, inner surfaces of coxae and femora, outer surface of mid and hind femora, tibiae, tarsal segments and ovipositor brown. Wings hyaline, wing venation and all setae dark brown. Head. 1.21 × as broad as high; 2 × as broad as long; 1.22 × as broad as mesonotum at its widest part in dorsal view; HTE:LTE 1.47; msp long, HTE:msp 1.83. Temples relatively long, 0.4 × LTE. Head alutaceous except scrobes smooth and shiny, and with thin, short, pale setae. Clypeus with anterior margin straight, ventral part of clypeus smooth (Figs 27-29). Mouth 1.5 × msp; malar sulcus well developed. Antenna with scape 5.33 × as long as broad at its widest part, nearly reaching ventral margin of anterior ocellus; toruli inserted on line connecting ventral margins of eyes; relative measurements of segments = 48: 19: 7: 16: 15: 14: 14: 14: 14: 14: 27 (Fig. 30), pedicel 2.71 ×, anellus 1.4 ×, F 1 2.29 ×, F 2 1.88 ×, F 3 1.75 ×, F 4 1.75 ×, F 5 1.75 ×, F 6 1.75 ×, F 7 1.56 × and clava 3.38 × as long as broad; F 1 –F 5 with two rows of MPS. POL 1.8 × OOL, OOL 1.43 × OD. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.92 × as long as broad. Pronotum in dorsal view 1.5 × as broad as long, mesoscutum 1.13 × as broad as long. Pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum except for frenal area coarsely alutaceous, and with numerous thin, short, erect brown setae (Fig. 31). Scutellum 1.31 × as broad as long; frenal area nearly smooth but delimited by alutaceous sculpture, and 0.33 × as long as entire scutellum. Propodeum with one complete median carina diverging posteriorly into two branches; area between spiracles and median carina almost smooth with only a few shallow foveae anteriorly (Fig. 32); sides of propodeum with numerous long, erect, white setae. Upper and lower mesepimeron nearly completely smooth and shiny; transepimeral sulcus nearly complete, linear, and delimiting upper and lower mesepimeron. Metapleuron alutaceous, almost bare, with only a few setae distally. Hind leg with coxa relatively long, 2.67 × as long as broad and 0.68 × as long as femur; dorsal surface of coxa with numerous rows of erect dense white setae; femur 4.27 × as long as broad with single very short tooth in distal quarter; tibia 6.71 × as long as broad; spurs long and curved, longer spur 1.88 × as long as shorter one and 0.65 × as long as basitarsus; basitarsus long, 0.49 × as long as tibia. Fore wing 3.29 × as long as wide, transparent, with dense brown setae; speculum developed; basal cell nearly completely covered with setae dorsally; marginal vein 1.71 × as long as postmarginal vein and 4.83 × as long as stigmal vein; stigmal vein 2 × as long as broad at its broadest part; stigmal uncus very long, longer than breadth of stigma and reaching mid-length of stigmal vein; venation dark brown. Metasoma. About the same length as mesosoma; in lateral view oval; in dorsal view 0.72 × as wide as mesosoma. Petiole short, dorsally transverse. Gaster smooth and shiny dorsally or at most very slightly alutaceous, the sculpture more conspicuous laterally; Gt 1 medially slightly emarginate, rest of tergites with straight margins; Gt 1 with patch of long dense white setae basolaterally and Gt 3–5 with few brown setae laterally. Ovipositor 2.38 × as long as metasoma, ovipositor index 3.3. MALE. Unknown. Biology. Unknown.

Chileana Jan��ta & Kř��žkov��, gen. nov. Figs 1���32 Type species. Chileana cyanea Jan��ta & Kř��žkov��, by present designation Etymology. The genus name is derived from the country of origin, Chile. Diagnosis. Chileana is readily distinguished from other torymid genera based on several characters, as follows: antenna with one anellus and clava without micropilosity; occipital carina well developed, with ventrolateral edges extending below an imaginary line drawn across dorsum of hypostoma, not touching hypostomal carina, and with dorsum of carina midway between posterior ocelli and occipital foramen (Fig. 5); scutellum with well developed frenum usually well delimited by frenal line and shiny or at most alutaceous; propodeum about 0.3���0.4 �� as long as broad, with mostly complete medial carina and at most two submedial carinae; metasternum with interior coxal carinae joining medial edge of propodeal foramen and continuing to anterior margin of plate; metasternal area narrowly longitudinal, subequal in length to diameter of propodeal foramen; anterior edge of propodeal foramen nearer posterior edge of hind coxal foramen than anterior edge; fore wing venation consisting of long marginal vein, relatively long postmarginal, and short stigmal vein; marginal vein 2���3 �� as long as postmarginal vein and 4���6 �� as long as stigmal vein; stigma with relatively long uncus; hind femur usually with long distinct tooth in distal quarter; Gt 1 ���Gt 3 usually emarginate medially; and ovipositor 0.6���1.2 �� as long as body excluding sheaths. Description. FEMALE. Body length excluding ovipositor 1.9���6 mm; length of ovipositor 1.9���6.5 mm. Scape, pedicel, head, mesosoma including propodeum, coxae, femora and metasoma blue-green to green-coppery with blue-violet or coppery metallic tints (Figs 1, 10, 19, 26). Flagellum, tibiae and ovipositor sheaths mostly brown, but sometimes tibiae with metallic tint. Tarsal segments pale brown to brown; tibial spurs yellow to pale brown. Wing venation and setae brown. Head and mesosoma dorsally generally alutaceous. Head. Broader than high and broader than mesosoma. Antennae situated relatively low on head, with ventral margins of toruli touching or slightly higher than hypothetical line drawn between ventral margins of eyes; scape longer than broad, rarely reaching ventral margin of anterior ocellus; single anellus present; funicle with all segments longer than wide, with two or three rows of MPS. Clypeus slightly protruding with straight or nearly straight clypeal margin (Figs 3, 12). Malar sulcus conspicuous. Occipital carina well developed, with ventrolateral edges extending below an imaginary line drawn across dorsum of hypostoma, not touching hypostomal carina, and dorsum of carina midway between posterior ocelli and occipital foramen (Fig. 5). Mesosoma. Pronotum 1.3���2 �� as broad as long. Collar well developed but not delimited by pronotal carina, wider than greatest breadth of middle lobe of mesonotum, but narrower than breadth of mesonotum. Notauli and axillae well developed (Figs 6, 15). Scutellum with frenum developed and usually smooth and shiny, sometimes with slight alutaceous sculpture; scutellum distally surrounded by foveate strip (Figs 6, 7, 32). Upper mesepimeron entirely smooth and shiny with foveate or elongated transepimeral sulcus. Dorsal surface of mesosoma with dense pilosity, the setae short and brown. Propodeum 0.3���0.4 �� as long as broad, shiny, with 1���3 median carinae; sides of propodeum with thin, long, erect setae. Metasternum with interior coxal carina joining medial edge of propodeal foramen and continuing to anterior margin of plate; metasternal area narrowly longitudinal, subequal in length to diameter of propodeal foramen. Anterior edge of propodeal foramen closer to posterior edge of hind coxal foramen than to anterior edge. Fore wing and hind wing hyaline or sometimes fore wing slightly infumate or with brown maculae on disc, but wing venation and setae brown; marginal vein 2���3 �� as long as postmarginal vein and 4���6 �� as long as stigmal vein; stigmal vein usually 0.4���0.65 �� length of postmarginal vein; stigma with relatively long uncus. Hind leg with coxa relatively long, 0.64���0.88 �� as long as femur; length of tibial spur variable, but at most 0.7 �� as long as basitarsus, and inserted at or slightly before apex of tibia. Metasoma. About 0.7���1.2 �� as long as mesosoma, in lateral view oval and in dorsal view narrower than mesosoma; at most with Gt 1 ���Gt 3 deeply emarginate medially. Petiole short, dorsally transverse. Hypopygium reaching at least 0.8 �� length of metasoma (Figs 10, 19). Ovipositor at least 1.3 �� as long as metasoma, ovipositor index not less than 2.19. MALE. Only males of C. cyanea and C. maculata are known. They are similar to females and differ by the scape being at most 2.2 �� as long as broad, the metasoma is nearly as long as the mesosoma, and Gt 1 ���Gt 3 are at most slightly emarginate. The single known male of C. maculata has a shallow hollow on each side of the upper part of the upper face, below the posterior ocelli (Fig. 17)., Published as part of Jan��ta, Petr, K������kov��, Barbora, Vil��mov��, Jitka & Rasplus, Jean-Yves, 2013, Description of a new genus, Chileana (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae), with four new species, pp. 49-63 in Zootaxa 3745 (1) on pages 50-52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285277

Chileana tricarinata Jan��ta & Kř��žkov��, sp. nov. Figs 19���25 Material examined. Holotype female labeled CHILE, Malleco, Cabreria, 1100m, Cord. Nahuelb., Jan. 1977, L. Pe��a. Paratype (1 female). CHILE, Alto de Caicupil, Cord. Nahuelbuta, 12���1300m, 1.I. 1954, L. E. Pe��a. Type material deposited in CNC. Etymology. The species name refers to the three carinae on the propodeum; tricarinata (Latinized, adjective) = genitive plural, feminine. Diagnosis and identification: Scrobes smooth and shiny. Antennae low on head, nearly reaching imaginary line between ventral margins of eyes; scape reaching anterior ocellus; funicle with all segments elongate, longer than broad. Frenum finely alutaceous. Metapleuron completely covered with setae. Propodeum with three carinae, one medial and two submedian; area between spiracle and submedian carina with some irregular wrinkles. Fore wing slightly infumate, with speculum. Hind femur with one distinct long tooth in apical quarter. Ovipositor 0.6��� 0.62 �� as long as the body. Description: FEMALE. Holotype. Body length excluding ovipositor 4.6 mm; length of ovipositor 2.8 mm. Head, excluding vertex, scape, fore and mid coxae, part of hind coxae, femora, lateral panels of pronotum, tegulae, proximal part of lateral lobe of mesoscutum, mesepisternum, upper mesepimeron, ventral part of mesosoma and propodeum mostly blue-green. Vertex, pedicel, dorsal part of mesosoma, lower mesepimeron, metapleuron, upper part of hind coxae and metasoma with coppery reflections (Fig. 19). Flagellum, tibiae medially, last tarsal segments and ovipositor brown. Tarsal segments (except last ones), tibiae except medially, and femora distally dark yellow. Fore wing slightly infumate, hind wing hyaline, wing venation and setae brown. Head. 1.27 �� as broad as high; 2.07 �� as broad as long; as broad as mesonotum at its widest part in dorsal view; HTE:LTE 1.39; HTE:msp 1.89. Temples relatively long, 0.42 �� LTE. Head alutaceous except scrobes smooth and shiny, and with thin, short, pale setae. Clypeus with anterior margin slightly protruding and straight, ventral part of clypeus smooth (Figs 20, 21). Mouth 1.79 �� msp. Antenna with scape 4.17 �� as long as broad at its widest part, reaching ventral margin of anterior ocellus; toruli inserted on line connecting ventral margins of eyes; relative measurements of segments = 50: 14: 7: 18: 20: 22: 19: 17: 16: 13: 27; pedicel 1.56 ��, anellus 0.78 ��, F 1 1.64 ��, F 2 1.82 ��, F 3 2 ��, F 4 1.73 ��, F 5 1.55 ��, F 6 1.45 ��, F 7 1.18 �� and clava 2.25 �� as long as broad; F 1 with one and F 2 ���F 7 with two or three rows of MPS. POL 1.71 �� OOL, OOL 1.56 �� OD. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.73 �� as long as broad. Pronotum in dorsal view 1.8 �� as broad as long, mesoscutum 1.28 �� as broad as long. Pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum except for frenal area coarsely alutaceous, and with thin, short, erect pale setae (Fig. 24). Scutellum 1.3 �� as broad as long with well delimited frenal area; frenal area very finely alutaceous, nearly smooth, and 0.36 �� as long as entire scutellum. Propodeum with one complete median carina and two submedian carinae that diverge posteriorly to form inverted V; area between spiracle and submedian carina with some irregular wrinkles (Fig. 25). Upper mesepimeron completely smooth and shiny. Transepimeral sulcus complete, linear and delimit upper and lower mesepimeron. Metapleuron alutaceous and sparsely but completely covered with pale long setae. Hind leg with coxa relatively long, 2.25 �� as long as broad and 0.69 �� as long as femur; disc of hind coxa reticulate with rows of erect setae dorsally and ventrally; femur 4.06 �� as long as broad with single long tooth in distal quarter; tibia 7.78 �� as long as broad; longer spur of hind tibia 1.8 �� as long as shorter one and 0.36 �� as long as basitarsus; basitarsus 0.36 �� as long as tibia. Fore wing 2.75 �� as long as wide, transparent, but slightly infumate, with dense brown setae except basal cell and costal cell with only a few setae dorsally; speculum developed; marginal vein 3 �� as long as postmarginal vein and 5.63 �� as long as stigmal vein; stigmal vein 2 �� as long as broad at its broadest part; stigmal uncus long, as long as breadth of stigma and reaching mid-length of stigmal vein; venation pale brown (Fig. 22). Metasoma. About 1.19 �� as long as mesosoma; in lateral view oval, 1.66 �� as long as high; in dorsal view 0.76 �� as wide as mesosoma. Petiole short, dorsally transverse. Gaster smooth or at most with very shallow alutaceous sculpture; lateral panels of gastral segments with several long white setae; Gt 1 deeply emarginate in the middle, Gt 2 only slightly emarginate; hypopygium reaching to 0.93 �� of length of gaster. Ovipositor 1.33 �� as long as metasoma, ovipositor index 2.14. MALE. Unknown. Variation. The single paratype female coloration is nearly the same as the holotype except the scape is dark and coppery and the metasoma is brown laterally with some blue reflections proximally on each tergite. The length of the body is 4.2 mm and the length of the ovipositor is 2.6 mm (OI = 2.19). The paratype also varies in the following measurements: scape 4.78 ��, pedicel 1.67 ��, anellus 0.63 ��, F 1 1.3 ��, F 2 1.5 ��, F 3 1.5 ��, F 4 1.4 ��, F 5 1.4 ��, F 6 1.3 ��, F 7 1.3 �� and clava 2.36 �� as long as broad; POL 1.91 �� OOL, OOL 1.29 �� OD; hind coxa longer, 2.79 �� as long as broad; hind femur 4.7 �� as long as broad; hind tibiae 8.14 �� as long as broad; longer spur of hind tibia 2 �� as long as shorter one. Biology. Unknown., Published as part of Jan��ta, Petr, K������kov��, Barbora, Vil��mov��, Jitka & Rasplus, Jean-Yves, 2013, Description of a new genus, Chileana (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae), with four new species, pp. 49-63 in Zootaxa 3745 (1) on pages 58-60, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285277

Chileana cyanea Janšta & Křížková, sp. nov. Figs 1–9 Material examined. Holotype female labeled CHILE, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, Arauco, 20.- 28.i. 1959, L. Peña. 11-1400m (CNC). Paratypes (28 females, 15 males). CHILE, Altes del Lircay NP, 29.XI. 2006, streamside YPT, S. A. Marshall (1 ♀, PJ). CHILE, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, Arauco, 20.– 28.i. 1959, L. Peña. 11–1400m (1 ♀, CNC). CHILE, Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, Arauco, 10.– 20.i. 1959, L. Peña (1 ♀, CNC). CHILE, Magallanes, Seno Otway, Rio E. Ganso, 31.XII. 1962, T. Cekalovic (3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, CNC). CHILE, Magallanes, Seno Otway, Rio El Ganso, 1.I. 1962, T. Cekalovic (6 ♀♀, 9 ♂♂, USNM). CHILE, Magallanes, Seno Slayring, Las Coles, 31.I. 1976, T. Cekalovic (1 ♀, CNC). CHILE, Termas Tolhuaca, Malleco, 15.– 20.I. 1959, L.E. Peña (2 ♀, CNC). CHILE, Malleco, Cabreria, 1100m, Cord. Nahuelb., Jan. 77, L. Peña (1 ♀, CNC). CHILE, Las Trancas, Cord- Chillan, Nov. 21 –30.1964, L.E.Peña (1 ♀, CNC). CHILE, Punta Arenas, Mar. 15, 1963, galls on leaves Nothofagus antarctica, T. Cekalovic (4 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂, USNM). CHILE, Osorno: P.N. Puyehue, Anticura Rd., 250m, 15.II. 1988, ex weevil gall on Nothofagus, L. Masner (1 ♀, USNM). CHILE, Punta Arenas, Feb. 1963, galls on leaves Nothofagus antarctica, T. Cekalovic (3 ♀♀, USNM). CHILE, 8km down from Termas Chillan, 16.I. 1985, I. Gauld (1 ♀, USNM). CHILE, 5km beyond Termas Hui Fe, 25.I. 1985, I. Gauld (1 ♀, USNM). CHILE, Los Trancas, Andes Range, 20.– 25.II. 1980 (1 ♀, USNM). Etymology. The species name refers to the mostly blue color of the body; cyanea (Greek adjective, latinized, noun) = genitive singular, feminine. Diagnosis and identification. Anterior margin of clypeus slightly protruding and straight. Scrobes smooth and shiny. Antenna with scape not reaching anterior ocellus; funicle with all segments longer than broad. Frenum smooth and shiny. Propodeum with one carina diverging anteriorly. Fore wing without speculum, covered by brown setae; marginal vein 2.14–2.67 × as long as postmarginal vein and 4–5.71 × as long as stigmal vein. Hind femur with one long tooth in apical quarter; hind tibial spurs relatively long, the longer spur 0.6–0.7 × length of basitarsus. Ovipositor 0.9–1.2 × as long as the body. Description: FEMALE. Holotype. Body length excluding ovipositor 3.6 mm; length of ovipositor 3.2 mm. Head, mesosoma including tegulae, coxae, femora and metasoma blue-violet. Scape and pedicel dark blue with blue-green reflections. Vertex, temples, occiput, fore and mid coxae, fore femur, lateral panels of pronotum, dorsal surface of mesosoma and metasoma with frequent blue-green reflections. Flagellum, tibiae and ovipositor brown. Tarsi and tibial spurs dark yellow. Wings hyaline, wing venation and setae brown (Fig. 1). Head. 1.28 × as broad as high; 1.86 × as broad as long; 0.98 × as broad as mesonotum at its widest part in dorsal view; HTE:LTE 1.47; HTE:msp 2.75. Temples relatively long, 0.43 × LTE. Head alutaceous except scrobes smooth and shiny, and with thin, short, white setae on face, vertex and temples. Clypeus with anterior margin nearly straight, ventral part of clypeus smooth (Figs 2, 3). Mouth 2.25 × msp. Antenna with scape 2.82 × as long as broad at its widest part, not reaching ventral margin of anterior ocellus; toruli inserted below center of face; relative measurements of segments = 31: 13: 2.5: 12: 13: 12: 12: 11: 11.5: 11: 25; pedicel 1.53 ×, anellus 0.42 ×, F 1 1.09 ×, F 2 1.08 ×, F 3 1.09 ×, F 4 1.14 ×, F 5 1.05 ×, F 6 1.05 ×, F 7 0.92 × and clava 2 × as long as broad; F 1 with one and F 2 –F 7 with two rows of MPS. POL 1.78 × OOL, OOL 1.13 × OD. Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.69 × as long as broad. Pronotum in dorsal view 1.55 × as broad as long; mesoscutum 1.5 × as broad as long. Pronotum, mesonotum and scutellum except for frenal area alutaceous, and covered with thin, short, white setae (Fig. 6). Scutellum 1.22 × as broad as long with well delimited frenal area; frenal area smooth and 0.39 × as long as entire scutellum. Propodeum mostly smooth and shiny, with one complete median carina diverging anteriorly; surrounded by a row of foveae proximally (Fig. 7). Upper mesepimeron completely smooth and shiny with small fovea centrally. Metapleuron smooth proximally and with long setae distally. Hind leg with coxa relatively long, 2.41 × as long as broad and 0.84 × as long as femur; femur 4.45 × as long as broad with single, distinct, long tooth in distal quarter; tibia 5.75 × as long as broad with two relatively long, curved spurs nearly at the apex; the longer spur 1.71 × as long as shorter one and 0.63 × as long as basitarsus; basitarsus 0.41 × as long as tibia. Fore wing 2.5 × as long as wide, hyaline, with dense brown setae except basal cell and costal cell with only few setae dorsally; marginal vein 2.33 × as long as postmarginal vein and 4.12 × as long as stigmal vein; stigmal vein elongate, 3.4 × as long as broad at its broadest part; stigmal uncus long, reaching mid-length of stigmal vein; venation pale brown (Fig. 4). Metasoma. About as long as mesosoma; in lateral view oval, 1.5 × as long as high; in dorsal view 0.79 × as wide as mesosoma. Petiole short, dorsally transverse. Gaster smooth or at most with very shallow alutaceous sculpture on sides; lateral panels of gastral segments with several white long setae; Gt 1 –Gt 3 medially emarginate; hypopygium reaching to 0.87 length of gaster. Ovipositor 2 × as long as metasoma; ovipositor index 3.26. MALE. Length of body 2.4–3 mm. Similar to female except as follows: head including scape and pedicel, mesosoma including tegulae, coxae, femora and metasoma blue-green but upper face, vertex, temples, occiput, lateral panels of pronotum, dorsal surface of mesosoma and metasoma with occasional green-coppery or coppery reflections. Tarsi brown, tibial spurs dark yellow. Antenna with scape short and very transverse, broadest at middle, 2–2.11 × as long as broad (Figs 8, 9); rest of antennal segments in ratio similar to female. Hind coxa shorter, only 2– 2.13 × and hind femur only 4–4.18 × as long as broad. Metasoma 1–1.08 × as long as mesosoma; Gt 1 –Gt 3 only with shallow emargination. Variation. Some paratypes have slight green-coppery reflections on the vertex and occiput as well as on the lateral and dorsal surfaces of the mesosoma and dorsal surface of the metasoma. All femora and tibiae vary from blue-green to brown and the tarsal segments vary from pale brown to brown. All tibial spurs are at most brownyellow. The length of the body varies from 1.9–4.2 mm and length of the ovipositor from 1.9–4 mm (i.e. OI = 3.26– 3.67). Paratypes vary mostly in the following measurements: head 1.81–2.05 × as long as broad, HTE:LTE 1.42– 1.65 ×, HTE:msp 2.71–3.5 ×, temples 0.38–0.45 × LTE, mouth 2–2.5 × msp, scape 2.78–3.20 ×, pedicel 1–1.63 ×, F 1 1–1.31 ×, F 2 1–1.31 ×, F 3 1–1.23 ×, F 4 1–1.23 ×, F 5 0.9–1.23 ×, F 6 0.9–1.23 ×, F 7 0.92–1.10 × and clava 1.71–2.36 × as long as broad; POL 1.78–2.25 × OOL, OOL 1–1.43 × OD; scutellum 1.11–1.47 × as long as broad; hind coxa 2.17–2.91 ×, hind femur 4.35–5.11 ×, hind tibia 5.44–6.31 × as long as broad; longer spur of hind tibia 1.56–2 × as long as shorter one; fore wing 2.44–2.92 × as long as wide; marginal vein 2.14–2.67 × as long as postmarginal vein and 4–5.71 × as long as stigmal vein; hypopygium 0.82–0.92 ×; ovipositor 2–2.67 × as long as metasoma. Some paratypes have Gt 1 –Gt 3 only slightly emarginate medially. Biology. The label data of some paratypes stated that the specimens were reared from galls on leaves of Nothofagus antarctica (Nothofagaceae) or weevil gall on Nothofagus, respectively. One specimen was collected by yellow pan trap on a streamside.

Boucekinus Jan��ta & Hanson, gen. nov. Figs 1���17 Type species. Boucekinus tatianae Jan��ta & Hanson, by present designation. Etymology. The genus is named in honour Dr. Zdeněk Bouċek, promoter of modern chalcidology. Diagnosis. Boucekinus is readily distinguished from other torymid genera based on several characters. The antennae are situated very high on the head and have a long scape; the male funicular segments are inconspicuously pedicellate. The eye is relatively large in lateral view. The occipital carina is closer to the posterior ocelli than to the occipital foramen and nearly reaches the hypostomal carina. The pronotum is nearly as long as broad, without a delimited pronotal collar, the scutellum has coarser sculpture in its posterior half than its anterior half, and the propodeum is nearly half as long as broad, with at most two submedian carinae. The wing venation consists of a very long marginal vein, relatively short postmarginal, and very short stigmal vein (as in Figs 9, 15). At least Gt 2 ��� Gt 4 of the gaster are deeply emarginate, the entire gaster is flattened laterally, the petiole is transverse but well developed, and the ovipositor is extremely long, longer than the whole body. In the key of Grissell (1995) Boucekinus goes to couplet 35 (the beginning of the tribe Torymoidini) but differs from Pseudotorymus Masi by the position of antennae, wing venation, and posteromedial emargination of Gt 2 ���Gt 4, and from the other genera of the tribe by having only one distinct anellus. Description. FEMALE. Length of body without ovipositor 1.9���2.5 mm. Head and mesosoma dark with bluegreen metallic tints. Head and thorax generally smooth with some alutaceous to reticulate areas; pronotum dorsally with some irregular serration. Head. Slightly broader than high, broader than thorax. Antennae placed very high up on head, above centre of frons, and with scape as long or longer than HTE with more than half length projecting above vertex (Figs 8, 14). Funicular segments longer than wide or at most with F 6 transverse. Claval segments two and three with narrow stripe of micropilosity. Frons and vertex with sparsely scattered thin, short, white, decumbent setae in area between clypeus and toruli, setae above toruli at least twice as long as shorter ones, brown and protruding (Figs 4, 8, 14). Ventral margin of clypeus slightly protruding. Occipital carina present, with ventrolateral edges nearly touching hypostomal carina, upper part much closer to posterior ocelli than to occipital foramen (Fig. 10). Mesosoma. Pronotum slightly broader than long, not wider than greatest width of midlobe of mesoscutum. Pronotal collar not delimited by transverse carina. Notauli and axillae well developed, mesoscutum separated from scutellum by alveolate scutoscutellar suture. Propodeum nearly twice as wide as long, shiny, with at most two submedian carinae. Thorax dorsally sparsely covered with long brown setae. Wings hyaline or sometimes slightly infumate, covered with sparse brown setae. Marginal vein 4.7 X���8.0X as long as postmarginal vein, postmarginal vein 2.0X��� 3.5 X as long as stigmal vein. Legs slender, femora without any teeth or serration. Metasoma. About as long as mesosoma or a little longer; in lateral view oval, 1.3 X��� 1.5 X as long as high; dorsally nearly as wide as mesosoma. Petiole short, dorsally transverse; Gt 2 ���Gt 4, and sometimes Gt 1, deeply emarginate posteromedially, entire gaster laterally flattened. Hypopygium reaching at least 0.7 X length of gaster. Ovipositor at least 2.6 X as long as gaster. MALE. Known only from B. tatianae. Similar to female except as follows: funicular segments inconspicuously pedicellate, flagellar segments more transverse, eye 1.5 X as high as long. Legs with femora stouter. Tergites of gaster without emargination on posterior margin., Published as part of Jan��ta, Petr, Vil��mov��, Jitka & Hanson, Paul, 2011, Description of a new genus, Boucekinus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae), with two new species and a discussion of its placement, pp. 49-55 in Zootaxa 2762 on page 50, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.276815, {"references":["Grissell, E. E. (1995) Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae): a redefinition, generic classification and annotated world catalogue of species. Memoirs on Entomology International, 2, 1 - 474."]}

Boucekinus masneri Janšta & Hanson, sp. nov. Figs 1, 4– 9 Material examined. Holotype female labeled “ ECUADOR: NAPO: Res. Ethnica Waorani, 1km S Onkone Gare Camp, 220m, Trans. Ent. 6 Oct. 1995, 00° 39´10 ´´S, 076° 26´W, T.L. Erwin, et al., collectors; Insecticidal fogging of mostly bare green leaves some with covering of lichens or bryophytic plants in terra firme forest. At Trans. 5, Project MAXUS Lot 1213 ”. Holotype deposited in USNM. Etymology. masneri (Latinized, noun) = genitive singular, masculine, species named in honor of Lubomír Masner, very good friend and teacher of the first author. Diagnosis and identification. Ventral margin of clypeus nearly straight (Fig. 5), only minutely produced, all funicular segments longer than broad (Fig. 4), midlobe of mesoscutum and frenum smooth, propodeum with two submedian carinae (Fig. 6), postmarginal vein very short, only twice as long as stigmal vein (Fig. 9), Gt 1 –Gt 4 with posteromedian emargination (Fig. 7), ovipositor only slightly longer than rest of body (Fig. 1). Description. FEMALE. Holotype. Length of body 1.9 mm, length of ovipositor 2.1 mm. Head, scape, pedicel, mesosoma, and all coxae dark with blue-green metallic tint, but in dorsal view thorax with violet reflections on sides. Flagellum, tegula, femora, tibiae and gaster, including ovipositor sheaths, brown. Tarsomeres 1 and 5 pale brown, 2, 3 and 4 pale yellow. Wings hyaline, slightly infumate, wing venation and setae from pale brown to dark brown. Head. 1.2 X as broad as high; 1.9 X as broad as long; 1.2 X broader than mesoscutum in its widest part in dorsal view; HTE:LTE = 1.3; HTE:MSP = 2.7. Temples extremely short, 0.1 X LTE. Ventral margin of clypeus nearly straight (Fig. 5). Mouth 1.7 X length of MSP. Scape 6 X as long as width of basal part, curved along whole length (Fig. 8). Antennal segments with relative measurements = 18: 5: 0.5: 7: 6.5: 6: 6: 5: 5: 5: 13; pedicel 1.3 X, anellus 0.3 X, F 1 2.8 X, F 2 2.2 X, F 3 1.5 X, F 4 1.5 X, F 5 1.3 X, F 6 1.1 X, F 7 1.0X, and clava 2.4 X as long as broad. Ocelli relatively large, POL 2 X OOL, the latter 1.2 X OD. Mesosoma. Mesonotum twice as long as broad. Dorsal part of pronotum 1.5 X as broad as long; with irregularly serrate sculpture, lateral panels of pronotum alutaceous and distal third of pronotum more or less smooth. Mesoscutum 1.6 X as broad as long, with anterior half of midlobe conspicuously reticulate and posterior part smooth, but sidelobes alutaceous. Axillae alutaceous. Scutellum nearly as broad as long, flattened; strongly reticulate in anterior two-thirds, frenal area smooth (Figs 6, 7). Propodeum smooth and mostly shiny, with two complete submedian carinae and row of foveae anteriorly and posteriorly. Mid tibia with spur relatively long, 1.9 X width of tibia. Hind tibia with longer spur 1.4 X as long as shorter spur. Forewing 2.8 X as long as wide; relative measurements, marginal:postmarginal:stigmal vein = 25: 3: 1.5; stigmal vein short and dark brown (Fig. 9). Metasoma. About as long as mesosoma; gaster 1.3 X as long as high. Gt 1 –Gt 4 deeply emarginated. Ovipositor 2.5 X as long as metasoma, ovipositor index 3.9 (Fig. 1). MALE. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. The label data only states that the specimen was collected by insecticidal fogging of mostly bare green leaves, some with a covering of lichens or bryophytic plants in terra firme forest. Distribution. Known from only one specimen from Ecuador.

Rhopalus (Aeschyntelus) maculatus (Fieber, 1837) (Figs.17–22, Table 3) Egg is oblong, bean-shaped. Dorsal side is slightly convex, relatively wide, without attachment stalk. Lateral sides are slightly sunken longitudinally. Ventral side is narrower than dorsal, narrowing towards middle, with two dark longitudinal, strongly sclerotized ribs at narrowest part stiffening egg surface. In hatching, the larva forces off the oval pseudoperculum at anterior egg pole. Pseudoperculum is imperceptible without any border with surrounding chorion. Chorion is glossy, smooth, including pseudoperculum. Two micropylar processes are in longitudinal axis, one is located on pseudoperculum close to the anterior pole of egg, the other on dorsal side close to pseudoperculum and anterior pole. Micropyle is shaped as simple bent conical channel slightly narrowing toward its apex, with single apical opening directed dorsoposteriad or ventroposteriad. Entire micropylar process is bent posteriorly and pressed to chorion, thus appearing as a small rounded tubercle. Egg is goldish after oviposition, becoming yellow-brown to brown, due to embryo showing through. Measurements (in mm): length 1.01 (0.97–1.07), width 0.50 (0.48–0.53)., Published as part of Vilímová, Jitka & Rohanová, Markéta, 2010, The external morphology of eggs of three Rhopalidae species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with a review of the eggs of this family, pp. 75-95 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1) on page 81, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5324086

Chorosoma schillingi (Schilling, 1829) (Figs. 1–10, Table 3) Egg is oval, roughly bean-shaped. Dorsal side is convex, differing from all other species studied, with attachment stalk situated medially, in longitudinal axis almost centrally, only slightly closer to posterior egg pole than to anterior pole. Lateral sides are only slightly sunken/concave longitudinally, each slanting toward ventral side. Ventral side is narrower than dorsal, merging gradually into lateral sides, without any conspicuous structures, as e.g. longitudinal ribs in Rhopalus maculatus. In hatching, the larva forces off the pseudoperculum at anterior egg pole. Pseudoperculum is rounded, almost circular, flattened and distinctly separated by paler ring with slightly indicated ridge of different structure from surrounding chorion. Convex chorionic elevations in shape of elongated rhomboids form structure of this ridge. Chorion is dull, with tetragonal, approximately rhomboidal convex elevations emarginated by low ridges, and with small convex central plate in each tetragon. Structure of pseudoperculum is slightly different from that of surrounding chorion; ridges demarcating elevations are less distinct. Two micropylar processes are in longitudinal egg axis, one is on pseudoperculum close to the anterior pole of egg, the other on dorsal side close to pseudoperculum and anterior egg pole. Micropyle is distinct, larger than in Rhopalini, protruding from egg outline. It has a more complicated, S shape in lateral view, with short stem and broaden apex with single opening directed roughly anteriad. Attachment stalk is developed as distinct chorionic structure roughly in center of dorsal egg side. It is about the same size as micropyle, cylindrical with slightly broadened apex, and surface smooth. Egg is brown after oviposition, darkening to brown to blackish. Measurements (in mm): length 1.23 (1.14–1.33), width 0.56 (0.51–0.60)., Published as part of Vilímová, Jitka & Rohanová, Markéta, 2010, The external morphology of eggs of three Rhopalidae species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with a review of the eggs of this family, pp. 75-95 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1) on pages 78-79, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5324086

Brachycarenus tigrinus (Schilling, 1829) (Figs. 11–16) Egg is elongated, rounded, more slender than eggs of Ch. schillingi and R. maculatus. Dorsal side is slightly convex, wide, without attachment stalk. Lateral sides are only slightly sunken longitudinally. Ventral side is narrower than dorsal, merging continuously into lateral sides without any special structures, such as longitudinal ribs. In hatching, the larva forces off the pseudoperculum at anterior egg pole. Pseudoperculum is almost circular, slightly flattened and separated from surrounding chorion by pale low ridge of different structure. Chorion of this ridge with only fine tubercles to almost smooth. Chorion is dull, with distinct low rounded tubercles in regular arrangement, surface between tubercles smooth. Structure of pseudoperculum identical with egg body. Two micropylar processes are in longitudinal egg axis, one is on pseudoperculum close to the anterior egg pole, the other on dorsal side close to pseudoperculum and anterior egg pole. Micropyle is shaped as simple bent conical channel with single apical opening, directed dorsoposteriad or ventroposteriad. Entire micropylar process is bent posteriorly and pressed to chorion, thus appearing as a small rounded tubercle. Egg is green after oviposition, becoming dark green-brown. Measurements (in mm): length 1.11 (1.10–1.14), width 0.37 (0.35–0.39)., Published as part of Vilímová, Jitka & Rohanová, Markéta, 2010, The external morphology of eggs of three Rhopalidae species (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) with a review of the eggs of this family, pp. 75-95 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 50 (1) on pages 79-81, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5324086

The present thesis deals with the phenomenon of additional sex chromosomes in Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cimicidae) using genome size analysis combined with the classical cytogenetic approach. Also, five other cimicid species and 12 species from the family Nabidae were analysed identically for comparative purposes. The thesis also pursues a description of methodical approaches of cytogenetics and flow cytometry in the study of C. lectularius. Recently analysed European specimens of C. lectularius from human host exhibited 12 distinct cytotypes, with a variable number of chromosomes X from two to 20 (2n♂ = 26+X1X2Y to 26+X1-20+Y). The fragmentation hypothesis of C. lectularius additional chromosomes X origin was established in the second half of the 20th century. However, the present genome size measurements suggest that various chromosomal rearrangements as duplication or deletion besides the fragmentation could occur. Males with basic cytotype 2n = 26+X1X2Y had average genome size of 2C = 1.94 pg, in contrast male with 2n = 26+X1-7+Y yielded 2C = 2.26 pg and also specimens with genome size decrease 2C = 1.69 pg appeared. The most informative turned up to be the relative genome size of sperm cells n = 13+X1X2 and n = 13+Y, where specimens with higher chromosome number showed...

Chemical communication is considered to be very common type of communication within the insects. Taxon true bugs, the suborder Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) is well known concerning this type of communication. It is based on a secretion of glands from which the most important are dorsoabdominal scent glands (DAGs) of nymphs and metathoracic scent glands (MTGs) of adults. The present study includes a summary of the knowledge about heteropteran scent glands, including the glands in micropterous bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cimicidae). Also information about chemical composition and function of the secretion is included. Key words: Heteroptera, DAGs, MTGs, scent glands, bed bug Cimex lectularius, composition of secretion

Dorso-abdominal scent glands (= DAGs) of larvae represent one of apomorphic characters of insects order Heteroptera. These glands can persist until adults in different taxa. The persistence of DAGs were proved in the members of the family Acanthosomatidae. The ontogenetic development of DAGs cuticular structures were studied in all stadia, from 1st larval instar to adults of acanthosomatid Elasmucha ferrugata (Fabricius, 1787). The study concerned external structures and sculptures associated with DAG ostiole and areas of their surfaces, as well as internal structures, shape of gland reservoir and number of conducting ductules of proper glandular units. The light microscope and stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope were used for this comprehensive study.

The thesis is focused on phylogeny of the family Torymidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) and evolution of their life-strategies. The study consists of general introduction to the phylogeny and classification of the family Torymidae chapter, four published papers in international journals and one manuscript prepared for submission. Firstly, our aim was to figure out the phylogenetic position of Torymidae as well as the position of other chalcidoid families inside superfamily Chalcidoidea (paper I and II). The supermatrix of sequencies of two ribosomal genes (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were developed for 649 species of chalcidoid taxa. However, family Torymidae was considered as polyphyletic group with the subfamily Megastigminae unrelated to the subfamily Toryminae (paper I). Monophyly of Torymidae was corroborated in another study (paper II) focused on molecular and morphological characters. We used a web-based, systematics workbench mx database for scoring 233 characters of 300 members of all chalcidoid families. Contrary to our previous only DNA-based study, we revealed also potential sister relationships of Torymidae with Ormyridae+Colotrechninae or Cerocephalinae+Diparinae respectively. Other paper (paper V) was focused on detailed study of Torymidae phylogeny. A total of 5 genes (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA,...