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Abstract Most modern catalysts are based on precious metals and rear-earth elements, making some of organic synthesis reactions economically insolvent. Density functional theory calculations are used here to describe several differently oriented surfaces of the higher tungsten boride WB5-x, together with their catalytic activity for the CO oxidation reaction. Based on our findings, WB5-x appears to be an efficient alternative catalyst for CO oxidation. Calculated surface energies allow the use of the Wulff construction to determine the equilibrium shape of WB5-x particles. It is found that the (010) and (101) facets terminated by boron and tungsten, respectively, are the most exposed surfaces for which the adsorption of different gaseous agents (CO, CO2, H2, N2, O2, NO, NO2, H2O, NH3, SO2) is evaluated to reveal promising prospects for applications. CO oxidation on B-rich (010) and W-rich (101) surfaces is further investigated by analyzing the charge redistribution during the adsorption of CO and O2 molecules. It is found that CO oxidation has relatively low energy barriers. The implications of the present results, the effects of WB5-x on CO oxidation and potential application in the automotive, chemical, and mining industries are discussed.

Background. Free perforating flaps are the most optimal for reconstruction of both upper and lower extremities. However, along with the obvious advantages of these flaps, there are also a number of difficulties associated with their more complex vascular anatomy and, as a consequence, more time-consuming dissection. This determines the need for a more thorough preoperative planning, including the mapping of perforating vessels and development of flap design. At the same time, the problems with intraoperative assessment of perfusion of perforating flaps and their monitoring in the postoperative period have not been solved. For these purposes, several instrumental methods of examination such as MRI and CT angiography, Doppler sonography, ICG and dynamic infrared thermography are used. Aim of the study — to evaluate the capabilities of dynamic infrared thermography (DIT) for mapping of perforating vessels when planning the design of perforating flaps, as well as for assessing their intra- and postoperative perfusion. Methods. We have analyzed the results of using DIT along with CT-angiography and Doppler sonography for preliminary mapping of perforating vessels in the design of 18 perforating flaps (ALT flap — 10, SCIP flap — 8) transplanted in 15 patients from 01.01.2022 to 30.07.2022. DIT was also used in all cases for intraoperative instrumental confirmation of flap perfusion and for its monitoring in the postoperative period. Results. A total of 39 perforating vessels were detected by CT angiography at the point of origin from the main arteries. DIT was used to detect the distal portions of 37 perforating vessels in 15 patients at the marking of 18 flaps. On average, 2.5 per ALT flap and 1.4 per SCIP flap. Thermographic examination time was approximately 10 minutes. Localization of all perforating vessels detected by DIT were first confirmed by Doppler sonography and then visualized intraoperatively during flap dissection. Intraoperatively, perfusion of all transplanted flaps was clearly confirmed by DIT. In the postoperative period, perfusion problems were clinically detected in 3 (16%) flaps and confirmed by DIT: venous stasis — 2 cases, arterial insufficiency — 1 case. In two patients (13%) with a body mass index of more than 35 (corresponding to class 2–3 obesity), the location of perforating vessels could not be determined by thermography and Doppler sonography. Also, in these patients DIT was ineffective for confirmation of flap perfusion intraoperatively and in the postoperative period. Conclusion. This study confirms that CT angiography, Doppler sonography and infrared thermography are complementary methods that allow to detect and visualize perforating arteries from their origin from a main artery to the site of their passage through the deep fascia (CT-angiography), as well as to determine their more accurate projection on the skin surface (DIT and Doppler sonography). DIT is also an auxiliary method for flap monitoring in the intraoperative and postoperative periods, which allows to engage nursing staff in postoperative monitoring.

The current stage of development of international trade relations is followed by a growing protectionism. At the same time, the ideas of free trade and fair competition are still declared as key principles for the development of the world economy. One of the authors of these principles, as well as the entire modern system of international trade relations, is the USA. In this context, the possible refusal of the USA to comply with these principles is a serious challenge for the existing system of international trade. The author tries to answer the question if some measures of the US trade and industrial policy correspond to the basic principles of the international trade system. As an empirical basis there were used the works of Russian and foreign economists specializing in trade policy, international economic relations and the US economy. To answer the stated question about the compliance of the US trade and industrial policy with the principles of free trade and fair competition, the author uses methods of analysis and generalization to assess the nature of certain measures and mechanisms implemented in the US trade and industry. The author comes to conclusion about the protectionist nature of several legal acts and mechanisms of the US trade and industrial policy. Considering that not only certain legal acts, but also industrial programs are protectionist in nature, it should be assumed that retreat from the principles of free trade and fair competition is an element of the US position on the development of the national economy as well as international trade. The USA takes advantage of the imperfections of the existing system of international economic relations, demonstrating the use of protectionist measures contrary to the principles of free trade and fair competition.

The departmental personnel training system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia has significant experience in training specialists in various educational programs in the field of information security. Over the past decade, due to various factors, significant changes have taken place in this area, particularly in its state regulation based directive provisions for the Russian Information Security Doctrine. And they have also given a new impetus to the actualization and adaptation of these changes in existing educational programs. Such work is being carried out «on a broad front» by Russian universities subordinate to the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, within the framework of the Educational and Methodological Association of the same name. There is also an obvious need to solve this problem at the departmental level, in particular, within the framework of the personnel training system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. This paper presents the results of the pre-design survey, which is a part of the relevant educational programs developed on the basis of federal educational standards. Based on this survey, it is planned to further develop and implement measures to improve the quality of training in the field of managing information infrastructure security for Russian internal affairs authorities. The object of the study is to improve the quality of this process in the field of managing the security of the information for the Department of Internal Affairs. In order to achieve qualification requirements for certain categories within the internal affairs bodies, the article examines the domestic experience of leading Russian and international universities in educational training of specialists in the field of information security. The basis for the formulation of proposals for the modernization of the variable part of educational programs for the training of specialists in the protection of the information infrastructure of internal affairs authorities is the experience of designing domestic professional standards for the protection of information and individual foreign initiatives.

Providing good quality water in sufficient quantities is a major challenge in the world. The purpose of the study is to assess the quality of drinking water and the health risk of various population groups in the southern Baikal region (Siberia, Russia) under changing hydrological conditions. Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater body of water and is one of the sites protected by UNESCO. Materials and methods. An analysis of centralized and non-centralized water supply was carried out in the south-eastern part of the Irkutsk region, adjacent to Lake Baikal. The data used are from the Baikal (regional) Information Center for 2011–2022, and they include the results of monitoring the water quality of the centralized domestic and drinking water supply (CDW) with 140 thousand samples, and non-centralized domestic and drinking water supply (NDW) with 108 thousand samples. In all samples, 17 substances were determined. In addition, during the flood period, accompanied by additional water disinfection, trihalomethanes were determined in populated areas exposed to negative impacts. The quality of drinking water was assessed in comparison with the maximum permissible concentrations of substances (MPCs) approved by regulatory documents of Russia. An assessment of the characteristics of drinking water consumption by the population of the Baikal region was carried out, based on interview data from sample groups of the population. The assessment of the risk to public health, due to chronic oral intake of chemicals, was carried out using the values of the hazard coefficient (HQi), the hazard index (HI), individual carcinogenic risk (ICR), and population carcinogenic risk (PCR).Village residents more often use underground water sources (centralized and non-centralized). Residents of cities are provided with water from surface sources (Lake Baikal and the Angara River). Significant concentrations of iron, nitrates, and manganese were found in drinking water used by villagers. Average concentrations of iron - 2.25 mg/dl, manganese - 0.6 mg/dl, nitrates - 135 mg/dl were recorded in the water of underground springs in villages of the Irkutsk region. Among rural residents of the Irkutsk region, 60.8 % live in settlements with non-water supply systems, 28.4 % have mixed water supply.The non-carcinogenic risk for the adult and child population was calculated; HI > 1 was identified for the population using underground water sources. the non-carcinogenic hazard for the adult population, it was found that HI in the Irkutsk region slightly exceeded the standard value (1), amounting to 1.3, and for the child population - 1.6, the main contribution to the hazard index is represented by nitrates. For children of individual rural settlements of the Angarsk region HI = 1.38. The carcinogenic risk for water from underground sources reached in the range 1.56 × 10−5- 2.1 × 10−4 (in some settlements). Priority carcinogens were identified: arsenic (the contribution of which is 56.3–100 %), hexavalent chromium (29.9–35.8 %). A carcinogenic risk for city residents arises from increased disinfection during periods of microbiological contamination (floods, rains, high water levels), and it is associated with the formation of halogen-containing compounds. Conclusion: The need to strengthen the drinking water quality monitoring system in risk areas has been proven by increasing the number and frequency of sampling during flood periods.

Relevance. Mechanical vibrations are a common and technically important process that has a negative acoustic effect on human health and in some cases is a harmful production factor. In devices, the presence of vibration is caused by exciting influences of various physical nature: mechanical, electromagnetic, aerodynamic. The reason for their occurrence are defects in parts and assemblies, the technical principle of the ball bearing device, as well as the coincidence of the operating frequency of the device with natural frequency of the structural elements. Since it is technically impossible to completely eliminate the vibration activity of an electromechanical device, the actual topic of scientific research is the technical task of developing a damping device with determining its effectiveness to reduce the vibration activity of an electromechanical device, thereby minimizing the effects of concomitant harmful production factors on humans. To study this problem, a 3D model of the construction of a solid-state damper based on aluminum foam has been developed, according to which two layouts are made with different depths of cylindrical ducts used to install screws. The results of measuring vibration characteristics showed that the material used as a vibration dampener has damping properties and can be used to reduce the level of vibration activity of an electromechanical device. A comparison of the test results of the solid-state damper layouts showed that using layout No. 1 reduces the vibration amplitude up to 3 times compared with layout No. 2. Object. Fragment of the damping element of the vibration damper of a solid-state damper based on aluminum foam. Aim. To develop a design for a solid-state damper based on aluminum foam and determine the effectiveness of its use to reduce the level of vibration activity of an electromechanical device of the life support system of oil and gas stations. Methods. Modern approaches of vibration diagnostics, computational mathematics and measuring instruments. Results. There is a possibility of creating a solid-state damper based on aluminum foam to solve the problems of reducing the amplitude of vibration in the operating frequency range of the rotor of an electromechanical device compared with the corresponding vibration characteristics without damping elements.

Sepsis is one of the significant problems in medicine for many decades. It is characterized by high levels of morbidity, mortality and high financial costs. The review is devoted to the cellular and molecular biological mechanisms of sepsis, including immune, biochemical changes, mitochondrial transformations, coagulopathy, neuroendocrine disorders, damage to the endoplasmic reticulum and a number of other processes that ultimately lead to multiple organ fail-ure. The article presents two directions of development of cellular and molecular biological changes in generalized inflammation, ending with a favorable or unfavorable outcome. Information on changes in the transport of cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids in tissues against the background of septic processes is summarized. The mechanisms of reducing the concentration of cholesterol in tissues, the influence of hypocholesterolemia on the course of a gen-eralized inflammatory process and the development of such complications as Waterhouse – Friderichsen syndrome are discussed in detail. A concept of a chain of pathogenetic changes causing lethal outcome has been formed, and on its basis, methods for correcting metabolism in sepsis described in the literature (intravenous administration of reduced high-density lipoproteins, inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9) are considered. For the first time, the concept of treating septic conditions with cholesterol in the composition of liposomes was proposed.

BACKGROUND: Among chronic noncommunicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary heart disease (CHD), are the leading cause of death. The rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays an important role in CHD development and progression; however, its role in the regulation of immunoneuroendocrine interactions requires further analysis. OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between angiotensin II (AT II) and molecular regulators of the activity of whole blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) in patients with angina pectoris. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 65 patients with exertional angina aged 45–67 years, including 19 apparently healthy individuals. The levels of interleukins (ILs), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), prostaglandin E2 (PG E2), serotonin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and AT II in the blood serum were determined. In MNCs, the concentrations of protein kinases FAK, JNK, p38, and ERK, signal transducers, and activators of transcription (STAT 3, 5A, and 6) were determined. RESULTS: In patients with coronary artery disease, the production of TGF-β1 increased by 7.2% (p=0.00001), AT II by 136.9% (p=0.0001), serotonin by 129.0% (p=0.00001), IL-18 by 92.5% (p=0.00001), TSH by 51.7% (p=0.0012), ERK protein kinase content by 86.4% (p=0.0001), JNK by 56.8% (p=0.0001), and FAK by 55.3% (p=0.00002). The levels of IL-15 also decreased by 38.1% (p=0.0001), PG E2 by 39.5% (p=0.0001), and STAT3 by 52.5% (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: The nature of the identified relationships among the analyzed factors allows us to consider AT II as a factor that ensures adaptive coupling of immune and neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms in patients with coronary artery disease, contributing to a change in the balance between macrophages and T-helper types 1 and 2.

An analytical review of methods and modern means of countering computer attacks on distributed information infrastructure shows that one of the promising solutions to this problem is the practical implementation of the concept of "Cybersecurity Mesh" (cybersecurity networks"). It involves the application of such an approach that will eliminate specific threats associated with the actual "blurring" of the physical boundaries of the corporate information system by switching to point protection of any remote object. To provide the necessary functionality for such a reliable and secure connection of critical information infrastructure (CII) objects, it is proposed to use a single cloud platform combining several well-known and already used solutions as the technological basis of a cybersecurity network. These include: 5G standard mobile communications, Secure Access Border Service (SASE) and Advanced Detection and Response Service (XDR). This paper analyzes the features of these main elements of such a platform in relation to the implementation of the concept of a distributed CII cybersecurity network in terms of the implementation of its functionality. Further, the issues of the necessary software restructuring of the corporate segment of the Internet in the conditions of the impossibility of full control of its physical infrastructure are considered. Such a task is solved by creating an appropriate cyber level on top of the traditional Internet infrastructure, technologically implemented on the basis of its three main components: cyber control, cyber node and trust node. Functional requirements for these components are described in detail, as well as technological modular solutions for the transition to point protection of each CII object. The obtained results of the conducted research can become a methodological basis for the transition to the design stage of a specific corporate cybersecurity network after the mandatory feasibility study based on risk analysis, since the practical implementation of the analyzed proposals is a complex and expensive process, especially if the necessary restructuring of existing network security systems.

Abstract Atom-interferometric quantum sensors could revolutionize navigation, civil engineering, and Earth observation. However, operation in real-world environments is challenging due to external interference, platform noise, and constraints on size, weight, and power. Here we experimentally demonstrate that tailored light pulses designed using robust control techniques mitigate significant error sources in an atom-interferometric accelerometer. To mimic the effect of unpredictable lateral platform motion, we apply laser-intensity noise that varies up to 20% from pulse-to-pulse. Our robust control solution maintains performant sensing, while the utility of conventional pulses collapses. By measuring local gravity, we show that our robust pulses preserve interferometer scale factor and improve measurement precision by 10× in the presence of this noise. We further validate these enhancements by measuring applied accelerations over a 200 μ g range up to 21× more precisely at the highest applied noise level. Our demonstration provides a pathway to improved atom-interferometric inertial sensing in real-world settings.

In orbital and ground-based experiments, it has been demonstrated that ionizing radiation (IR) can stimulate the locomotor and exploratory activity of rodents, but the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains undisclosed. Here, we studied the effect of combined IR (0.4 Gy γ-rays and 0.14 Gy carbon-12 nuclei) on the locomotor and exploratory activity of rats, and assessed the sensorimotor cortex volume by magnetic resonance imaging-based morphometry at 1 week and 7 months post-irradiation. The sensorimotor cortex tissues were processed to determine whether the behavioral and morphologic effects were associated with changes in neurotrophin content. The irradiated rats were characterized by increased locomotor and exploratory activity, as well as novelty-seeking behavior, at 3 days post-irradiation. At the same time, only unirradiated rats experienced a significant decrease in the sensorimotor cortex volume at 7 months. While there were no significant differences at 1 week, at 7 months, the irradiated rats were characterized by higher neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 content in the sensorimotor cortex. Thus, IR prevents the age-associated decrease in the sensorimotor cortex volume, which is associated with neurotrophic and neurogenic changes. Meanwhile, IR-induced increases in locomotor activity may be the cause of the observed changes.

The article substantiates the role of cultural and educational tourism in the popularization of the cultural heritage of the Republic of Crimea, reflects the importance of cultural tourism for the formation of national consciousness of citizens, examines the main objects of cultural heritage of the region, identifies the problems and prospects of using the cultural heritage of the region in tourism. Cultural heritage is the most important resource for regional development, including cultural and educational tourism, which can be considered as an effective factor contributing to familiarization with the cultural heritage of the region, therefore, research aimed at developing methodological foundations for a balanced interaction of cultural heritage management processes and the development of tourism activities based on its use is relevant. The purpose of the study: to substantiate the importance of cultural and educational tourism in promoting the cultural heritage of the Republic of Crimea and to identify current problems of their use in tourism. The methodological basis of the research is the philosophical principles of cognition; dialectical, logical and systematic approaches to the consideration of phenomena and processes, as well as general scientific methods: analysis and synthesis to substantiate theoretical propositions, generalization, systematic approach and formal logic to deduce the content of relevant concepts. The preservation of cultural heritage and its rational use are crucial for the sustainable attraction of tourist flows and the improvement of socio-economic indicators of the region. The activation of cultural and educational tourism throughout the Crimean region can contribute to the development of other sectors of the tourism industry and, of course, will have a positive impact on the preservation of cultural heritage.

Background. As is known, the treatment of the oncological process leads either to the occurrence of cardiovascular pathology, or to an increase in the risk of death from cardiovascular diseases. Currently, the concept of ˝cardiovascular toxicity˝ has been introduced, which is associated with the treatment of cancer (CTR-CVT). Systemic drug anthracycline-containing anticancer therapy can cause a number of cardiovascular complications, such as myocardial systolic dysfunction, coronary heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias, arterial hypertension. Particular attention is paid to anthracycline drugs, because they are still included in combinations of many adjuvant therapy regimens and first-line treatment of both the most common cancers and rarer ones. Clinical Case Description. The article presents a clinical case of a patient who received adjuvant polychemotherapy for breast cancer in 2017 with AC 4 D 4 regimen, in which chronic anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy manifested years after completion of antitumor therapy. The development of anthracycline cardiomyopathy is possible even in patients with initially low cardiac risk. Conclusion. The clinical case highlights the importance of monitoring patients after the end of anthracycline antitumor therapy, in particular, they are shown to periodically perform an echocardiographic study in order to detect delayed asymptomatic myocardial dysfunction.

Relevance. Electromechanical fans are widely used in life support systems of oil and gas stations, operate in conditions of vibration, high rotational speeds and loads. Design, technological and operational reasons influence vibration activity of an electromechanical device. The greatest "contribution" to the existing vibrations, according to the frequency spectrum, is made by the imperfection of the design elements of the ball bearing. They are: separator movement, variable stiffness under the action of radial load, interaction of micro-dimensions of working surfaces, facet and waviness of working surfaces of rings and balls. In addition, the resulting vibrations negatively affect both the reliability and durability of the fan. Since it is technically impossible to completely eliminate the vibration activity of an electromechanical device, it is advisable to reduce it with the help of a technical solution by introducing a damping element into a kinematic circuit of the vibration source. In this regard, the development of a damping device is an integral technical task that helps to reduce the vibration activity of technical life support systems of oil and gas stations, as well as to improve the quality of environmental conditions of human life. To reduce vibration activity, a damper design is proposed that takes into account various types of energy dissipation. However, given the dense spectrum of vibration frequencies from ball bearings, a viscous friction element is introduced into the damper design. To determine the effectiveness of reducing vibration activity, a model of the damper in question was made based on the developed 3D model. For tests in determining the effectiveness of applying a viscous friction element, two variants of the damper design were used. In the first version of the damper design, there was no viscous friction element, and in the second version there was one. According to the test results of the damper layouts, it can be seen that the developed technical solution to reduce the vibration activity of the electromechanical device has practical confirmation. The studies underlying the developed design of the damper with a viscous friction element allows for reduction in the vibration amplitude. Object. Electromechanical device in operating mode. Aim. To describe the vibration activity in the operating mode of an electromechanical device in the entire spectrum of disturbing effects acting along the axes, taking into account the imperfect geometry of ball bearing parts; to develop a damper for reducing the vibration activity level in the electromechanical device. Methods. Vibration diagnostics, computational mathematics, measuring instruments, software "Vibration recorder-F", "Vibration Recorder-M2", "Logger"-recorder and "Bearing". Results. The paper demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed technical solution to reduce the vibration amplitude in the operating frequency range of the electromechanical device rotor up to 4 times compared with the corresponding maximum amplitude value without its use.

The analysis of modern approaches to countering computer attacks on critical information infrastructure (CII), presented in the form of distributed information resources, shows that there is an objective need for technological development of this direction. In this aspect, the most promising solution to this problem seems to be the use of the concept of "Cybersecurity Mesh" (cybersecurity networks), introduced by Gartner without precise instructions on practical implementation and possible technological solutions. This paper presents the results of a study of functional requirements for systems implemented in accordance with the above concept, on the basis of which a new architecture of CII cybersecurity will be set in the future. The features of its application proposed by the authors of the concept are considered in detail, on the basis of which the requirements for the functional structure of possible technological requirements have been developed. It consists of four basic levels that allow you to respond flexibly to emerging integration and security challenges. These levels include: intelligent information security and analytics, distributed identity structure, consolidated policy and state management, consolidated interactive dashboard. To meet the specified functional requirements, a technological model for building a cybersecurity network is proposed in the form of an organic combination of three fairly heterogeneous technologies: 5G mobile communications, Secure Access Edge (SASE - Secure Access Service Edge) and advanced detection and response (XDR) into a consolidated cloud platform. The results of the studies of the functionality of the concept of a cybersecurity network can be considered as a methodology for ensuring the security of CII, implying a transition from building a single secure digital perimeter around all its devices or nodes to point protection of each remote access point. This publication can be useful for experts in the security forces of CII facilities, as well as to employees of educational institutions in the implementation of appropriate training, retraining and advanced training programs for such specialists.

In the development of the ideas and approaches to the analysis of the force resistance of concrete of V.M. Bondarenko, the initial prerequisites for the model of the thermomechanical state of concrete under short-term sharp high-temperature exposure, characteristic of fire conditions, are formulated. The separation of force deformations into components is carried out on the basis of the connection with the accumulation of damage in the structure of the material, based on the principle of independence of the limiting structural stresses from temperature and the mode of force action, which makes it possible to establish basic thermomechanical relationships and determine the deformation parameters of concrete operating under conditions of unsteady heating in a loaded state. Based on the extension of the hypothesis of entropy damping of nonequilibrium processes to the area of action of an active destructive factor, the principle of normalization was formulated and a kinetic equation was proposed, from the solution of which exponential dependences having a single structure were obtained, which make it possible to describe the basic temperature parameters of concrete, the relationship of stresses with deformations, and other nonlinear characteristics. The application of the proposed principles creates a reliable theoretical basis for describing the mechanisms of thermal resistance of concrete and greatly simplifies the modeling of the effect of high temperature on the properties of concrete in the practical implementation of methods for the numerical calculation of reinforced concrete structures.

The purpose of this paper is an analytical pre-project study of possible technological aspects of countering external computer attacks on critical network infrastructure. This will make it possible to specify the tasks for further resolving this problem in the aspect of developing the necessary software and hardware. The practical implementation of such tasks is an urgent and rather unconventional problem due to various factors of change in the classical concept of the network perimeter as a physical boundary of the information infrastructure, which becomes virtual and, therefore, requires the use of new approaches to the development of technical solutions. Based on statistical data on the number and quality of computer incidents, the study provides a justification for the relevance of the above problem, and gives an overview of widely used technical means for protecting the classic network perimeter, such as firewalls and systems for detecting attacks and intrusions. A comparative analysis of modern technological trends in their development, referred to in publications as «Threat Detection and Response», «Extended Detection and Response», is carried out. However, despite the powerful software and hardware functionality of these solutions, their common drawback is indicated as the lack of adequate counteraction to computer attacks with a remote mode of the user work. In this regard, the latest concept of virtual network perimeter protection, referred to by the authors as «Cybersecurity Mesh» («cybersecurity network»), is detailed. It is this methodology that seems to be the most promising for the development of appropriate technological solutions to ensure the cybersecurity of the perimeter of the critical information infrastructure. The paper might be useful to specialists working on the security of critical information infrastructure facilities, as well as to employees of educational classes in the implementation of appropriate training, retraining and advanced training programs for such specialists.

In the modern literature, there are practically no data on the electrical characteristics of bituminous binders modified with carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplates, while they are necessary for the design and development of innovative asphalt pavement compositions sensitive to the super-high-frequency microwave radiation. Contemporary bituminous binders are multi-component systems that may contain polymers, rubbers, synthetic or natural resins, inorganic salts, and even fragrances. As a result of application of modifying additives, bitumen acquires high performance characteristics. A special class of modifiers are micro- and nano-sized electrically conductive fibers and particles (steel wool, carbon fibers, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplates), the use of which makes it possible to ensure the sensibility of bituminous binders to super-high-frequency microwave radiation and the implementation of the process of healing cracks in an asphalt pavement with its subsequent regeneration. As part of the study, the authors developed an original technique to produce bituminous binders modified with carbon nanotubes and multilayer graphene. Modified bituminous compositions in the concentration range from 0.2 to 6 and from 0.2 to 11 wt. % for multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and multilayer graphene nanoplates (MG), respectively were experimentally obtained. For the first time, the dependence of the specific volume electrical conductivity of bitumen-based nanocomposites on the concentration of nanostructured carbon filler (MWCNT and MG) was researched. The maximum values of electrical conductivity were 4.76×10−4 S/cm and 3.5×10−4 S/cm for nanocomposites containing 6 wt. % MWCNT and 11 wt. % MG, respectively. The study determined the filler volume fractions at the percolation threshold for nanocomposites containing MWCNT and MG. They amounted to 0.22 and 2.18, respectively. The formation of a percolation contour in nanocomposites containing MWCNT occurs at significantly lower filler concentrations compared to bituminous compositions containing MG.

Rotating detonation engines (RDEs) are considered to be promising thrusters for aerospace propulsion. Detonation initiation in RDEs can be accompanied by a destructive explosion of an excess volume of the fuel mixture in the combustor. To exclude this phenomenon, a “mild” rather than “strong” initiation of detonation is required. For the mild initiation of detonation in RDEs, it is necessary to ignite a mixture of a certain minimum volume sufficient for deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). In this study, the critical conditions for detonation initiation through DDT in a semiconfined slit combustor simulating the RDE combustor with a separate supply of ethylene and oxygen diluted with nitrogen (from 0 to 40%) were obtained experimentally. It turned out that for the mild initiation of detonation, it is necessary to ignite the mixture upon reaching the critical (minimum) height of the combustible mixture layer. Thus, for the mild initiation of detonation in the undiluted C2H4 + 3O2 mixture filling such a slit combustor, the height of the mixture layer must exceed the slit width by approximately a factor of 12. In terms of the transverse size of the detonation cell λ the minimum layer height of such mixtures in experiments is ~150λ. Compared to the experiments with the premixed composition, the critical height of the layer is 20% larger, which is explained by the finite rate of mixing. As the degree of oxygen dilution with nitrogen increases, the critical height of the layer increases, and the role of finite rate mixing decreases: the results no longer depend on the method of combustible mixture formation.

The pulsed detonation (PD) gun technology was applied for the autothermal high-temperature conversion of natural gas and atmospheric-pressure oxygen-free allothermal gasification of liquid/solid organic wastes by detonation-born ultra-superheated steam (USS) using two flow reactors of essentially different volume: 100 and 40 dm3. Liquid and solid wastes were waste machine oil and wood sawdust, with moisture ranging from 10 to 30%wt. It was expected that decrease in the reactor volume from 100 to 40 dm3, other conditions being equal, on the one hand, should not affect natural gas conversion but, on the other hand, could lead to an increase in the gasification temperature in the flow reactor and, correspondingly, to an increase in the product syngas (H2 + CO) quality. The PD gun was fed by natural gas–oxygen mixture and operated at a frequency of 1 Hz. As was expected, complete conversion of natural gas to product syngas in the PD gun was obtained with H2/CO and CO2/CO ratios equal to 1.25 and 0.25, irrespective of the reactor volume. Liquid and solid wastes were gasified to H2, CO, and CH4 in the flow reactors. The steady-state H2/CO and CO2/CO ratios in the syngas produced from waste machine oil were 0.8 and 0.5 for the 100-dm3 reactor and 0.9 and 0.2 for the 40-dm3 reactor, respectively, thus indicating the expected improvement in syngas quality. Moreover, the maximum mass flow rate of feedstock in the 40-dm3 reactor was increased by a factor of over 4 as compared to the 100-dm3 reactor. The steady-state H2/CO and CO2/CO ratios in the syngas produced from the fixed weight (2 kg) batch of wood sawdust were 0.5 and 0.8 for both reactors, and the gasification time in both reactors was about 5–7 min. The measured H2 vs. CO2 and CO vs. CO2 dependences for the syngas produced by the autothermal high-temperature conversion of natural gas and atmospheric-pressure allothermal gasification of liquid/solid organic wastes by USS at f = 1 Hz were shown to be almost independent of the feedstock and reactor volume due to high values of local instantaneous gasification temperature.

Introduction. The efficiency and normal work of electrotechnological processes and installations in their operation dynamic modes is characterized by the time of transition from initial to final state, low energy consumption, accuracy in transients and stability of the desired final state. It is proposed, from a single position on the basis of special optimal control, to combine transition and stabilization systems both in terms of determining the control algorithm with minimal energy consumption in the function of the object states and determining the parameters and conditions of movement with minimal deviation from a given trajectory providing the optimal transmission time and energy saving in a stable closed system of an object control. Materials and Methods. The principle of maximum is used as the main method for finding optimal program control, which for the study of special modes was supplemented with the apparatus of the position generality conditions for nonlinear objects with the coordinate space expansion, taking into account the occurrence of time and optimality criterion. The position generality apparatus is also used to solve energy-saving problems through using linearization in a large source object. Quasi-optimality in terms of transition time and energy consumption is achieved through minimizing energy according to the program motion parameter, which has a contradictory effect on the transition time and control amplitude. Results. To assess computational difficulties, transition time, energy saving, accuracy and stability, an example of inertial object control according to various criteria is given. The structure of a closed quasi-optimal system with stationary feedback, which is simple in technical implementation, is obtained. Discussion and Conclusion. The formalization of the approach to the construction of quasi-optimal systems based on the position generality allows it to be used in multi-criteria optimization tasks and computer-aided design systems for energy-intensive industrial, transport, and agricultural electrical installations.

The article is devoted to the design of an asynchronous traction motor intended for work as part of an electric drive of vehicles: electric vehicles, electric buses, trams, trolley buses. The object of the study is a medium-sized bus. The required traction characteristics of the electric motor are constructed, the nominal and limiting characteristics of the increased torque. The dynamic characteristics have been built for a bus with a mechanical transmission and a diesel engine, as well as for a bus with an electric motor. A method is proposed for designing an electric motor based on mathematical modelling of its operation in the software complexes ANSYS RMxprt and INFOLYTICA MAGNET. According to this technique, the main parameters of the electric motor are determined. The results of modelling are given, graphs of the criteria dependence on the electric motor parameters. Experimental studies of the electric motor have been carried out. The results of mathematical modelling are compared with experimental ones. It was found that the discrepancy between the results of experimental and theoretical studies is no more than 5 %.

Problem statement. Currently, the higher school provides students of physical and mathematical training areas with fundamental subject knowledge, forms professional competencies, develops creative abilities and creativity, teaches them to use modern computer technologies to solve applied problems. One of such academic disciplines, in which students are taught to use computer technologies in solving applied mathematical problems, is a training course called Inverse problems for differential equations. Such an academic discipline has been taught in some Russian universities in the form of elective courses since the 70s of the 20th century. The educational material of this training course includes advanced research results on inverse problems belonging to specialists from different countries, such as Germany, Italy, China, Sweden, Netherlands, Russia, Japan and other foreign countries. During the practical classes, much attention is paid to the use of computer simulation for the study of such applied problems. This circumstance implies the development of educational materials taking into account the professional training of university students, in which attention should be paid to the use of computer modeling in solving mathematical models of inverse problems. Methodology. The implementation of training of university students in physical and mathematical areas of training involves taking into account modern scientific achievements of world science in the field of inverse problems using computer simulation and implementing advanced pedagogical technologies in the classroom. Results. Students acquire scientific knowledge of computer modeling and master the wide possibilities of computer modeling in the study of inverse problems. Conclusion. The presence of scientific knowledge in the field of computer simulation and practical experience of its application for solving inverse problems gives students great advantages and opportunities to be successful specialists in the field of applied mathematics and to be in demand on the labor market in various spheres of human activity.

Genetic disorders affecting the functioning of the brain lead not only to the development of numerous hereditary diseases but also to the development of neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders. The result of this may be the disability of part of the able-bodied population. Almost all pathological states of the brain are characterized by serious defects in the intracellular and intercellular signaling of neurons and glial cells. At the same time, the mechanisms of disruption of these signaling cascades are not well understood due to the large number of molecules, including transcription factors that, when mutated, cause brain malformations. The transcription factor Satb1 is one of the least studied factors in the cerebral cortex, and the effects of its deletion in the postnatal brain are practically not studied. Hyperexcitability of neurons is observed in many genetic diseases of the nervous system (Hirschsprung’s disease, Martin–Bell syndrome, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s, etc.), as well as in ischemic brain phenomena and convulsive and epileptic conditions of the brain. In turn, all these disorders of brain physiology are associated with defects in intracellular and intercellular signaling and are often the result of genetic disorders. Using Satb1 mutant mice and calcium neuroimaging, we show that Satb1 deletion in projection neurons of the neocortex causes downregulation of protein kinases PKC, CaMKII, and AKT/PKB, while a partial deletion does not cause a dramatic disruption of kinome and Ca2+ signaling. As a result, Satb1-null neurons are characterized by increased spontaneous Ca2+ activity and hyperexcitability when modeling epileptiform activity. As a result of the deletion of Satb1, preconditioning mechanisms are disrupted in neurons during episodes of hypoxia. This occurs against the background of increased sensitivity of neurons to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen, which may indicate the vulnerability of neuronal networks and be accompanied by impaired expression of the Satb1 transcription factor. Here, we show that Satb1 deletion impaired the expression of a number of key kinases and neuronal hyperexcitation in models of epileptiform activity and hypoxia.

Problem and goal. In modern conditions, specialists in various subject areas who have an information culture and are able to solve complex professional problems using modern information and communication technologies are in demand. Currently, specialists in the field of applied mathematics are required, which plays an important role in the development of human civilization. Therefore, in the process of teaching various academic disciplines of applied mathematics at the university, including the discipline Equations of mathematical physics, attention should be paid to the development of students information culture. Methodology. When teaching students the discipline Equations of mathematical physics, it is extremely important that the teacher knows not only the content of teaching this discipline of applied mathematics, but also has practical experience in solving equations of mathematical physics by computer means. Such qualities of the teacher will allow him to successfully conduct training sessions in the conditions of informatization of teaching mentioned discipline. At the same time, it ought to be clearly understood that the use of computer technologies in teaching the discipline Equations of mathematical physics must be correct. The necessity to develop and implement in practice a variety of methodological approaches that allow students to develop an information culture in training sessions on that discipline is obvious. Results. The use of advanced pedagogical technologies in training sessions on the discipline Equations of mathematical physics, where computer technologies are used, will allow students to develop an information culture. Conclusion. Computer technologies that students use in the process of solving educational problems require them to have certain skills and abilities to identify their broad capabilities. Students are aware of the role of computer technologies in conducting applied scientific research, understand the role of computer modeling methodology and computational experiment in studying the world around them.

Problem and goal . Since the mid-50s of the 20th century, both Russian and foreign scientists began to actively conduct, and, at present, scientific research on inverse and incorrectly posed problems is being successfully carried out. Often, research on inverse and incorrect problems is carried out jointly by Russian and foreign experts. At present, the results of joint research by specialists on inverse and incorrect problems from Germany, Italy, China, Russia, Sweden, Japan and other countries are discussed at various thematic international scientific conferences and are subsequently published on the pages of scientific Russian and foreign journals. Many such publications can be found in the electronic libraries of scientific publications elibrary.ru, CyberLeninka, in the bibliographic and abstract database Scopus and other bibliographic and abstract databases. The wide availability of such bibliographic and abstract electronic databases allows the teacher who teaches students inverse and incorrect problems to keep abreast of modern scientific achievements in the scientific world and to form the content of a variety of elective courses, including modern mathematical methods and approaches to researching inverse and incorrect problems. When teaching inverse and incorrect problems, the teacher must realize the goals and objectives of not only the formation of deep scientific subject knowledge in students, but also the identification of the scientific and cognitive potential of such training. Methodology. Realization of the scientific and cognitive potential of teaching university students inverse and incorrect problems using computer technologies. Results. Understanding the scientific and cognitive potential of inverse and incorrect problems, their relationship with applied aspects, the ability to use computer technologies in the study of applied problems will allow students, after graduating from an educational institution, to prove themselves as a successful specialist in applied mathematics in general, and in inverse and incorrect problems, in particular. Conclusion. Graduates who have acquired solid knowledge of inverse and incorrect problems, possess modern scientific methods of their research developed by specialists from different countries of the world, understand the scientific and cognitive potential of inverse and incorrect problems, and possess the skills of independent selection of effective information technologies for solving applied mathematical problems will successfully work in research organizations and independently conduct applied research.

It is known that one of the main nowadays problems of subsoil use is the depletion of reserves. Every year many researchers pay attention on mining waste as a source of replenishment of the resource base. Disputes on the prospects of processing technogenic raw materials are relevant. The object of research is the technogenic neoplasms, which were the result of dredging and hydraulic processing of placer gold. The paper presents the results of assessing the prospects and places of application of information technologies, in particular, the analysis of Earth remote sensing data in the design and organization of work to involve technogenic placers in operation. It is shown that these technologies are able to increase the efficiency of work and reduce labor costs at the stage of preliminary study of potential development targets. Possibilities of detailing the infrastructure facilities of the mining and processing complex are considered. It is proposed to use the vegetation index at a non-traditional time for vegetation research in order to isolate coniferous trees on the formed secondary phytocenoses. An area assessment of the technogenic raw materials of the Kerba gold-placer cluster has been carried out. The analysis of the methodological approach based on remote sensing data is carried out. Aspects of natural vegetation restoration in the post-exploitation period are covered. Optimal combinations of raster data channel combinations for the study of the territory within the boundaries of the object under study are proposed.

Today, an important role in the development of pig breeding is given to feeding animals, especially piglets during the transition from milk to vegetable feeding. This crucial period is associated with physiological characteristics of piglet growth and development. Therefore, the problem of developing mixed fodder that gives rise to high weight gain in piglets is relevant for pig farming. The experiments were conducted on piglets aged 15-42 days in Nadezhda farm, Kursk region. The purpose of the research was to increase productivity and form the microbiocenosis in the intestines of piglets. During the study period, barley-wheat mixed fodder was used with additional ingredients: feed fat, alfalfa grass flour and probiotic. Feed fats provide an optimal level of energy for piglets growth. The active substances of alfalfa flour are involved in all metabolic processes in the body, making it effective. Probiotic increases availability and digestibility of feed nutrients. The studies proved that the new composition of SK-3 increased the average daily weight gain by 20.5 %, the gross formation per piglet increased to 21 %. At the same time, survival of animals in the period 15-42 days increased to 100 %. The greatest growth of beneficial intestinal microflora from 107 to 109 CFU/g of feces was observed after feeding experimental piglets with mixed fodder containing grass flour, feed fats and probiotic by day 42. In comparison with the control animals, experimental animals showed a decrease in E. coli - from 107 to 104. The importance of using such ingredients as alfalfa grass flour, feed fats and probiotic in mixed fodder for piglets of 15-42 days of age was revealed. The relevance of the development of new mixed fodder was justified.

Abstract Alloy nanoparticles (nanoalloys) are widely applied in heterogeneous catalysts, advanced electrodes, biomaterials, and other areas. The properties of nanoalloys can be tuned to a significant extent by their structures and compositions, which are governed by the employed synthetic procedure. Often such synthesis occurs in non‐equilibrium conditions and yields nanoalloys with structures and properties that are different from those obtained in thermodynamic equilibrium. In this work, we characterize how the non‐equilibrium conditions during the synthesis of Cu–Au alloys via physical vapor deposition (PVD) affect their morphology, composition, electronic structure, and reactivity in CO oxidation. We used molecular dynamics to simulate the PVD synthesis of Cu–Au nanoalloys through the non‐isothermal aggregation of Cu and Au atoms at a 3:1 ratio in the Ar atmosphere to obtain realistic structures of Cu–Au nanoparticles. Due to the different aggregation kinetics of Au and Cu atoms, the average Au concentration in the obtained Cu–Au particles varied between 14% and 50% depending on the nanoparticle size and the aggregation time. Density functional simulations revealed that the reactivity of the obtained Cu–Au clusters toward CO and oxygen as well as Brønsted–Evans–Polanyi relations for CO oxidation significantly depend on whether the clusters had fcc, icosahedral, or amorphous structures and do not strongly correlate with the d‐band centers of the adsorption sites. Our study highlights the importance of the non‐equilibrium character of nanoalloy structure and composition for their electronic structure and catalytic properties. The performed analysis of the reactivity of Cu–Au clusters with realistic structures in CO oxidation will help the optimization of Cu–Au catalysts for this societally important reaction.

Today in Russia the active work is going on the implementation of a relatively new mechanism of state regulation in the field of information security, which is legally defined as ensuring the security of significant objects of critical information infrastructure (CII). The subjects of this legislation have carried out a fairly large amount of organizational measures supported by scientific research of domestic and foreign specialists. The paper is devoted to the study of the issues of ensuring the safety of significant CII objects based on a critical system analysis of the regulatory framework and indicating the ambiguity of interpretation and possible options for the practical implementation of the requirements related to a specific field. The high level of tension of discussions in this area at various forums demonstrates that the formation of a new system at the level of individual subjects causes many difficulties and even sometimes leads to rejection of some aspects of regulatory requirements. As a rule, this always happens at the initial stages of the formation of any new system due to ambiguity of the wordings and the presence of significant internal contradictions in certain regulatory acts. One of the significant problems, in our opinion, is a certain misunderstanding, especially in the real sector of the economy, of the need to introduce and the role of a new security mechanism within the overall set of information security measures that have already been implemented in Russia for more than a quarter of a century. Conducting a system analysis of such a problematic situation is especially relevant for the educational community that has already started implementing new training programs of various levels of training, retraining and advanced training of specialists in the field of information security. Based on the description of the evolution of domestic legislation in the field of information security, for the need for a new mechanism of state regulation is justified. Examples of ambiguity and internal contradictions (paradoxes) of some provisions of regulatory legal acts on the safety of CII facilities are given, showing the urgent need for their improvement as well as for additional efforts to interpret the main provisions, based on the principle of a creative approach to explaining complex issues.

Problem and goal. In the system of modern education, the issue of informatization of project activities is studied only in terms of its use within individual subject areas. This significantly narrows the possible effect of using this method at the intersection of subject areas, which was the original purpose of creating and describing this method. At the same time, it is extremely rare to mention the construction of a school project management system, although management is also necessary for the implementation of the project, especially when it comes to projects at the intersection of subject areas, when entire teams of project coordinators (subject teachers), teams of project participants (students), representatives from enterprises and/or universities (project partners) are involved. The purpose of our research is to model approaches to informatization of project activities. Methodology. Project management is sufficiently described in modern literature and research, and the standards of project management are described and accepted all over the world. In our study, to model approaches to informatization of project activities, we will rely on the experience of using the method in the economy and on the standards adopted worldwide and in the Russian Federation. Results. The conducted research has shown that in education it is possible to effectively apply the approaches that have proven themselves in the economy, which makes it possible to effectively apply the project method in educational activities. Conclusion. We were able to apply universal standards of project management to model approaches to informatization of project activities, which in the future will allow us to organize the project activities of schoolchildren at a fundamentally new level.

Going “against the grain”, Carol Apollonio notices unusual and unexpected relations between characters, and by underlining the realism in Dostoevsky’s works, she relates them to real life. There is no work of Dostoevsky that could be able to stand up to criticism founded on strictly logical schemes, general rules, and writers’ “models”. Dostoevsky does everything wrong, differently from all the others. Carol Apollonio’s book marks the beginning of a new phase in research on Dostoevsky. She is like a small university whose main lesson is to teach its students systemic thinking and how to approach self-instruction systematically and without stereotypes. Carol Apollonio’s book shows once again how Dostoevsky, maybe more than any other writer in the world, does not tolerate fixed opinions nor research methods approved once and for all.

Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) pose a serious threat to astronauts’ health during deep space missions. The possible functional alterations of the central nervous system (CNS) under GCR exposure can be critical for mission success. Despite the obvious negative effects of ionizing radiation, a number of neutral or even positive effects of GCR irradiation on CNS functions were revealed in ground-based experiments with rodents and primates. This review is focused on the GCR exposure effects on emotional state and cognition, emphasizing positive effects and their potential mechanisms. We integrate these data with GCR effects on adult neurogenesis and pathological protein aggregation, forming a complete picture. We conclude that GCR exposure causes multidirectional effects on cognition, which may be associated with emotional state alterations. However, the irradiation in space-related doses either has no effect or has performance enhancing effects in solving high-level cognition tasks and tasks with a high level of motivation. We suppose the model of neurotransmission changes after irradiation, although the molecular mechanisms of this phenomenon are not fully understood.

The conditions for the mild initiation of the detonation of homogeneous stoichiometric ethylene-oxygen mixtures diluted with nitrogen up to ~40%vol. in a planar semi-confined slit-type combustor with a slit 5.0 ± 0.4 mm wide, simulating the annular combustor of a Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE), are determined experimentally using self-luminous high-speed video recording and pressure measurements. To ensure the mild detonation initiation, the fuel mixture in the RDE combustor must be ignited upon reaching a certain limiting (minimal) fill with the mixture and the arising flame must be transformed to a detonation via deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). Thus, for mild detonation initiation in a C2H4 + 3O2 mixture filling the slit, the height of the mixture layer must exceed the slit width by approximately 10 times (~50 mm), and for the C2H4 + 3(O2 + 2/5 N2) mixture, by approximately 60 times. The limiting height of the mixture layer required for DDT exhibits a sharp increase at a nitrogen-to-oxygen mole ratio above 0.25. Compared to the height of the detonation waves continuously rotating in the RDE combustor in the steady-state operation mode, for a mild start of the RDE, the fill of the combustor with the explosive mixture to a height of at least four times more is required.

Presented in the article are the design and operation principles of ion sensors intended for detecting the propagating reaction fronts, the deflagration/detonation mode, apparent subsonic/supersonic propagation velocity of the reaction front, and duration of heat release by measuring the ion current in the reactive medium. The electrical circuits for ion sensors without and with intermediate amplifiers, with short response time and high sensitivity, as well as with the very wide dynamic range of operation in the reactive media with highly variable temperature and pressure, are provided and discussed. The main advantages of ion sensors are their very short response time of about 1 ms, versatility of design, and capability of detecting and monitoring reaction fronts of different intensities directly in combustion chambers. Several examples of ion sensor applications in sensing deflagration-to-detonation transition in pulsed detonation engines and developed detonations in rotating detonation engines operating on different fuel–air and fuel–oxygen mixtures are presented and discussed.

Problem and goal. Computer technologies are now widely used in applied research aimed at obtaining new scientific knowledge. These studies used the method of computer modeling and computing experiment, from which it is possible to study the properties of remote or inaccessible objects, processes and phenomena of different nature. The above mentioned is directly related to teaching students applied mathematics in general, and, in particular, to teaching students of physical and mathematical training areas inverse and ill-posed problems, which are the scientific direction of applied mathematics. It is obvious that in the process of teaching students inverse and ill-posed problems, it is advisable to use computer technologies. However, the use of computer technology should be appropriate and correct. Methodology. The process of finding solutions to inverse and ill-posed problems is usually time-consuming, since such mathematical problems are non-linear in their formulation and may have a non-unique and unstable solution. These circumstances pose a mathematical difficulty in the proof of the theorems of existence, uniqueness and stability of solutions to inverse and ill-posed problems. Computer technologies help to overcome mathematical difficulties associated with routine transformations, analysis of information about solving such mathematical problems. Results. Using computer technologies, students gain experience in mobile research of various inverse and ill-posed problems, as well as in identifying the capabilities of computer technologies in solving various applied mathematical problems, and develop ICT competence. Conclusion. When using multimedia and computer technologies in the process of teaching students inverse and ill-posed problems, didactic principles of teaching are implemented, which allow students to acquire deep scientific knowledge on inverse and ill-posed problems, and develop their information culture.

Problem and goal. One of the important components of the educational and methodical work of a teacher who teaches computer science to younger students is the quality control of the acquired system of knowledge of schoolchildren, which involves experimental pedagogical activity. Such experimental pedagogical activities include pedagogical experiments, the results of which are processed and analyzed using mathematical methods. Pedagogical measurements allow to justify the effectiveness of the implemented teaching methodology. Methodology. Pedagogical measurements are carried out in pedagogical research aimed at improving the content, methods, forms and means of teaching computer science to younger students using didactic games. The pedagogical experiment itself includes ascertaining, searching, forming and controlling stages. The analysis of the results of pedagogical measurements aimed at identifying the quality of the obtained knowledge in computer science of younger students can be effectively carried out using mathematical and statistical methods. Results. The conducted pedagogical measurements allow to draw a conclusion about how much younger students have subject knowledge in computer science, which is taught using didactic games; to identify the level of their worldview, logical thinking. Conclusion. Experimental pedagogical activity of the teacher in the process of teaching computer science to younger students allows to identify the effectiveness of such training, the level of subject knowledge of students. Analysis of the results of pedagogical measurements allows, if necessary, to correct the methodology and content of training in computer science.

Problem and goal. Currently, to school education in Russia is given a lot of attention, both from state structures and from the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Federal State Educational Standards of secondary general education of the Russian Federation define high requirements for the level of training of schoolchildren. In modern conditions of the information society, the school education system is designed to prepare students who form a fundamental system of subject knowledge in school disciplines, develop active, creative, critical, analytical thinking, and ICT competence. Today, those students successfully study at higher educational institutions in the educational process which are widely used information and communication technologies, self-learning and shaping system of fundamental knowledge in university disciplines which are based on modern achievements of world science. Methodology. The development of ICT competence in high school students in teaching physics will depend on success rate of: improving the goals, objectives and content of teaching physics using digital laboratories together with educational Internet resources; implementing didactic principles of teaching physics using digital laboratories together with educational Internet resources, as well as forms, methods and tools for teaching physics using digital laboratories together with educational Internet resources. Results. At laboratory workshops in physics in the conditions of using digital laboratories together with educational Internet resources, high school students acquire the skills to apply modern computer technologies. High school students gain experience in analyzing the results of experiments on various physical processes and phenomena using digital laboratories together with educational Internet resources. High school students acquire in-depth knowledge not only of subject knowledge in physics, but also of the potential of digital laboratories and information technologies. Such knowledge, skills and abilities allow high school students to develop ICT competence. Conclusion. Developed in the process of teaching physics in the conditions of joint use of digital laboratories and educational Internet resources, ICT competence will allow high school students to be a successful student after graduation, entering a higher educational institution.

Problem and goal. The success of a variety of applied research based on achievements in applied mathematics presupposes the existence of highly qualified professionals with not only fundamental knowledge in applied mathematics, but applied mathematical thinking and the world of information, able to apply environmental technologies in applied research, to formulate and justify inferences about the results of the study. Such specialists in applied mathematics are able to identify and understand the new information obtained as a result of research in terms of its scientific and humanitarian value. That is why much attention is paid to the training of such highly professional specialists in the field of applied mathematics in Russia. Methodology. In the process of teaching applied mathematics to students of physics and mathematics and natural science areas of higher education, it is advisable to integrate natural science, humanities, and information technology. At the same time, it is necessary to attract specialists in the field of applied mathematics who have experience in using information technologies to solve applied mathematical problems. Results. The integration of natural science, humanities, and information technologies in the process of teaching applied mathematics allows students to develop a scientific worldview and information culture, to better understand the approaches and methods of applied mathematics as well as the scientific potential of applied mathematics. In addition, this integration allows to identify the fundamental concepts of scientific disciplines, which may not be the basic disciplines for teaching in the field of applied mathematics, but at the same time, play an important role in the methodology of applied mathematics. For example, such disciplines include computer science, philosophy, etc. Conclusion. Training classes with students in applied mathematics, which integrates natural science, humanities, information technology allows to identify the humanitarian, scientificeducational and scientific-educational potential of teaching applied mathematics to justify the positive contribution of information technology to develop students ICT competence.

The relevance of the research of exogenous processes, including deflation, is caused by both positive and negative impact of the processes on landscape components and economic activity. Besides, features of regional material migration under the action of aeolian processes, the accumulation intensity of deposits, and their material composition are poorly understood. Environmental conditions and anthropogenic impact cause the development of wind erosion and deflation in geosystems of Tomsk region. The main aim of this study is to estimate accumulation intensity of aeolian deposits and determine its material composition for the landscapes in the southeast of Tomsk region. Objects of the research are natural and anthropogenic landscapes of the Tom-Yaya interfluve within the Basandayka river basin (the right tributary of the Tom river). Methods: field measurements with sampling, laboratory analyses, analytical studies. Results of the study have revealed based on long-term observations that aeolian processes in the agricultural landscapes of the southeast of the forest zone in the West Siberia appear annually. The intensity of the processes has a variety from year to year and reaches the maximum values in dry winters. Dust prevails in the grain size distribution of aeolian deposits. Quartz and muscovite are dominant in total mineral composition. Aeolian deposits contain a significant amount of plant nutrients (humus – up to 10 %) in many cases. The authors consider that the bulk of the aeolian deposits within the key area (southeast of the Tomsk region) in the cold season has a local origin. The strong similarity of the grain size distribution, chemical and mineral compositions of deposits with soils of the area are indicative of that.

In the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension (AH), the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a key role in helping to maintain elevated blood pressure. At the same time, the state of angiotensin-II production (AT II) and the expression level of its receptors on target cells determine the formation of most of the effects underlying the pathogenesis of associated clinical conditions in such patients. Thus, the study of the pathogenesis of AH, namely the study of the role of the AT II axis, the AT II receptor, is an actual scientific and practical task. Aim. Given the important role of type 1 receptors for AT II in the formation of pathological changes in arterial hypertension, the purpose of this study was to study the peculiarities of the effect of their expression on biochemical processes in patients with arterial hypertension. Material and methods. In the course of the clinical study, 60 patients of both sexes with hypertension aged 45 to 55 years old were admitted to the clinic for planned treatment. Depending on the initial level of expression of receptors for AT II (AT1R), determined by the serum concentration of the soluble form of type 1 receptors for AT II, the patients were divided into two subgroups with conditionally low (corresponding to the concentration of the soluble form of the receptor for AT II 0.66 ng/ml) and conditionally high (1.57 ng/ml) expression. The analysis showed that high expression of AT1R is associated with elevated plasma levels of renin by 30.8% (p=0.0005), AT II by 48.1% (p=0.00001), E-selectin by 47.9% (p=0.0001), VCAM-1 by 29.1% (p=0.00001), ICAM-1 by 52.9% (p=0.00001), VE-cadherin by 50.9% (p=0.00001), endothelin-1 by 48.8% (p=0.0005), an ACE inhibitor by 13.6% (p=0.047), and CRP by 74.1% (p=0.00002 ) and endoperoxide by 29.7% (p=0.009). Against this background, there was a decrease in the level of apoA1 by 21.6% (p=0.027), ACE by 20.1% (p=0.1), the level of antioxidants by 22.3% (p=0.00001). The analysis showed that in the group with initially high expression of AT1R, there was an increased blood pressure, the level of which, on average, exceeded the values of patients with low expression of the indicated receptor by 24.5 mm Hg (p=0.011). Against the background of therapy in the group with high expression of AT1R, plasma renin activity decreased by 20.3% (p=0.013), endoperoxide by 8.4% (p=0.038), an ACE inhibitor by 14.6% (p=0.02). At the same time, the level of apoA1 increased by 8.5% (p=0.036), antioxidants by 8.6% (p=0.036), ICAM-1 by 5.3% (p=0.05), VE-cadherin by 2.5% (p=0.07). The level of the remaining factors was not statistically significant. In the subgroup with low expression of the AT II receptor, during treatment, there was a decrease in endoperoxide by 12.8% (p=0.031), an ACE inhibitor by 5.5% (p=0.044) without significant changes in other indicators. Conclusion. In hypertensive patients, higher expression of AT1R is associated with high activation of immune-inflammatory mechanisms, dyslipidemia, an imbalance of the lipid peroxidation system and antioxidant protection, as well as higher renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity and increased arterial pressure. On the background of antihypertensive therapy, partial compensation of the identified changes is achieved, including a moderate increase in the level of antioxidants, a decrease in the concentration of endoperoxide, renin activity and an increase in the level of apoA1, while maintaining an increased level of AT II, high expression of receptors to it. These changes indicate the need for further search for effective antihypertensive therapy strategies aimed at limiting the activity of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with hypertension.

Malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, resulting in over 200 million infections and 400,000 deaths every year. A critical step of malaria infection is when sporozoites, injected by mosquitoes, travel to the liver and form liver stages. Malaria vaccine candidates which induce large numbers of malaria-specific CD8 T cells in mice are able to eliminate all liver stages, preventing fulminant malaria. However, how CD8 T cells find all parasites in 48 h of the liver stage lifespan is not well understood. Using intravital microscopy of murine livers, we generated unique data on T cell search for malaria liver stages within a few hours after infection. To detect attraction of T cells to an infection site, we used the von Mises-Fisher distribution in 3D, similar to the 2D von Mises distribution previously used in ecology. Our results suggest that the vast majority (70–95%) of malaria-specific and non-specific liver-localized CD8 T cells did not display attraction towards the infection site, suggesting that the search for malaria liver stages occurs randomly. However, a small fraction (15–20%) displayed weak but detectable attraction towards parasites which already had been surrounded by several T cells. We found that speeds and turning angles correlated with attraction, suggesting that understanding mechanisms that determine the speed of T cell movement in the liver may improve the efficacy of future T cell-based vaccines. Stochastic simulations suggest that a small movement bias towards the parasite dramatically reduces the number of CD8 T cells needed to eliminate all malaria liver stages, but to detect such attraction by individual cells requires data from long imaging experiments which are not currently feasible. Importantly, as far as we know this is the first demonstration of how activated/memory CD8 T cells might search for the pathogen in nonlymphoid tissues a few hours after infection. We have also established a framework for how attraction of individual T cells towards a location in 3D can be rigorously evaluated.

The paper aims to identify the distinguishing features of transnationalization of international companies in the context of globalization. It discusses the specifics of companies operating in international markets, that carry out foreign direct investments, have representative offices, branches, subsidiaries and joint ventures abroad, as well as conduct international commercial operations. The authors interpret, clarify and verify the development trends and peculiarities of international companies in foreign markets. The methodological platform includes conceptual approaches to the study of the transnationalization of companies’ activities and theoretical provisions of international management. The research is based on UNCTAD and Orbis databases. Analysis of the largest companies reveals that there is an increase in the indicators characterizing their foreign activity. We study structural change in the largest corporations and, above all, a rise in the share of digital companies and their growing importance. Having assessed the transnationalization level of international companies’ activities and FDI lightness, we conclude that transnationalization in the current environment is not associated with companies’ investments in high-value assets. The research results show there are significant changes in the structure of cross-border transactions, such as exchange of goods, services and factors of production. There is a shift from FDI-based cross-border transactions to non-capital outflows.

Sacral chordoma is a rare tumour that represents the most common malignancy of the sacral region. Its diagnosis can be delayed because of unclear clinical manifestation. This tumour can involve surrounding anatomical structure such as the rectum, and its surgical treatment is still challenging. We report on 3 patients with sacral chordoma. Two of them were successfully treated using a laparoscopic approach and one by open surgery. We present all details of the surgical technique and patients’ outcome. Minimally invasive methods in the surgical treatment of chordoma allow to perform a radical dissection of the tumour, minimizing the operative trauma. A laparoscopic approach can be considered safe and radical for sacral chordoma treatment.

The paper estimates the impact of various factors on the oil pollution area for the purpose of solving the problems concerning forecasting during oil spills from the inland waterways vessels (on the example of the Middle Volga region). The following factors were considered: current velocity, air temperature, water temperature, volume and type of spilled oil product, wave height, river bank tortuosity, wind speed and wind direction, bank type, river width. A fractional two-level factorial plan of Box and Hunter has been developed aiming to test the significance of the studied factors. Mathematical modeling of a group of oil spill scenarios in the Middle Volga region has been carried out. It has been revealed that the volume of the spilled oil product, the wave height and the river bank tortuosity impact the oil patch area to a large extent. Based on the results obtained, the authors suggest the order for ranking factors into four groups according to the degree of impact on the oil patch area, depending on the specified effect quantity: extremely significant, especially significant, highly significant and moderately significant. The research results have been applied in the working out of more than 30 object plans for the prevention and elimination of oil spills of organizations engaged in oil transportation and handling, vessel bunkering in the Middle Volga region, as well as the plan for oil spill prevention and elimination in the Volga basin of inland waterways.

Problem and goal. Today, graduates studying in the physical and mathematical areas of training in the profile of applied mathematics have high requirements [23; 24]. Such graduates should have not only fundamental knowledge in the disciplines of applied mathematics, have a scientific outlook, skills and research of applied tasks with the help of mathematical modeling, but also strive to implement applied research through environmental technologies. The achievement of such goals in teaching students applied mathematics requires the use of various pedagogical and information technologies in the educational process, the development of learning content, new forms and methods of training, the involvement of specialists in applied mathematics in teaching. Methodology. In the process of training specialists in applied mathematics, implemented the idea of developing their mathematical creativity, strengthening the motivation for the formation of deep theoretical and practical knowledge in the disciplines of applied mathematics and the foundations of humanitarian culture. The implementation of these important ideas is carried out on the basis of extensive use of interdisciplinary scientific relations in the conditions of humanitarization of university mathematical education. The formation of students’ fundamental knowledge of applied mathematics, the foundations of humanitarian culture is achieved by developing the content of such training on the basis of modern scientific achievements of applied mathematics, the implementation of scientific and educational, scientific and educational and humanitarian potential of teaching applied mathematics. Results. The obtained fundamental knowledge in applied mathematics, formed scientific worldview and humanitarian culture will allow graduates in their future professional activities to show a humane attitude to nature and the world, to apply environmental technologies in the implementation of applied research. In addition, with such a wealth of knowledge, graduates are able to be worthy members of the modern information society with a humanitarian culture. Conclusion. In the process of teaching applied mathematics, using innovative pedagogical technologies, it is advisable for students not only to give fundamental scientific knowledge, but also to instill the foundations of humanitarian culture.

Problem and goal. The great need to apply the theory of inverse problems for differential equations (IP) in the research of applied problems is explained by the fact that it is possible to effectively study hard-to-reach or inaccessible objects and processes, to identify, for example, the location of objects, determine their shape, etc. In addition, it is possible to identify causeand-effect relationships of processes and phenomena (see, for example, [5; 6; 8; 11; 14; 17; 19]). It became possible, in many respects, thanks to modern computer technologies which allow to investigate various mathematical models of inverse problems, realize modern computational algorithms of the numerical solution of inverse problems for differential equations, carry out three-dimensional visualization of their decisions and control of accuracy of calculations. This circumstance explains the widespread introduction of modern computer technologies in the process of teaching students of IP educational institutions of physics and mathematics (see, for example, [2; 5; 6; 8; 10-14; 17; 19; 20]). In the process of teaching, goals are set to ensure that students form a system of fundamental knowledge in the field of theory and practice of inverse problems, applied and computational mathematics, acquire the skills to choose and apply computer technology to find solutions to inverse problems, develop their ICT competence. Methodology. The development of ICT competence among students of universities of physical and mathematical areas of training, as a result of learning IP, is ensured by how successfully the conditions will be implemented in practice, including: 1) involvement of specialists in the field of inverse problems for differential equations with experience in the use of computer technology in the study of inverse problems; 2) conducting lectures and practical classes using multimedia and computer technologies; 3) implementation of didactic principles of teaching inverse problems for differential equations using computer technologies; 4) attraction of students to performance of semester tasks, course and final qualifying works on inverse problems for differential equations with use of computer technologies. Results. In practical classes, students acquire the skills to apply modern computer technology in the study of IP. Students gain experience in analyzing new information about the studied physical processes and phenomena using computer technology. Students form knowledge about the role of computer technology in mobile research of mathematical models of inverse problems for differential equations, demonstrating ICT competence. Conclusion. Developed in the process of teaching inverse problems for differential equations using computer technologies, ICT competence will obviously allow students in their future professional activities to effectively apply a variety of computer technologies in the study of mathematical models of inverse problems.

The development of a new approach to state regulation in the field of information security, called “ensuring the security of critical information infrastructure (CII)” is a certain challenge for the sphere of educational services, associated with the need for advanced modernization of educational programs for the training of specialists of the relevant security forces with regulatory competencies. The aim of presented study is to develop proposals to overcome certain difficulties in the creation or modernization of educational programs for the training of employees of the security forces of significant CII facilities associated with non-compliance, at least formal, existing professional standards with the regulatory requirements of the state regulator. Leading educational institutions in the field of information security have already begun to implement the task, but given the scale and diversity in the areas of application of CII objects, it seems appropriate to extend such activities to some extent to all structures of the sphere of educational services in the field of information security. The optimal solution to this problem would be to use domestic professional standards in the field of information security as the initial regulatory framework. However, the existing open standards poorly comply with the regulatory functional requirements of the state regulator-FSTEC of Russia. As a way out of this situation, it is proposed to use foreign experience, in particular the U.S. National educational initiative in the field of cybersecurity, which has developed a kind of analogue to domestic professional standards called "the structure of labor resources in the field of cybersecurity". According to its structure and content, this document has an undoubted advantage compared to domestic professional standards and can be used for the purpose of terminological standardization of qualification requirements, at least for employees of the security forces of significant objects of CII.

Problem and goal. In 1968, an international non-governmental organization of the International Baccalaureate with consultative status with UNESCO was established in Switzerland [11; 26; 27; 29-31]. The methodological basis of the International Baccalaureate is intercultural communication, communication, self-development, conceptual thinking, learning efficiency, etc. The International Baccalaureate is an internationally recognized curriculum and is implemented worldwide, including in Russia (Vladivostok, Moscow, Moscow region, Perm, Samara, Saint Petersburg, Ulyanovsk). In addition, International Baccalaureate diplomas are recognized by many foreign educational institutions. In the process of teaching physics to students of humanitarian-oriented groups on the Middle Years Programme (MYP) (basic school) of the International Baccalaureate, some students have difficulties both in mastering the theoretical material and in solving educational text problems. In this connection, to improve the efficiency of training of such students it is advisable not only to carry out a theoretical justification of the possibility of using methods of adaptation of texts of problems in physics and to develop adapted educational tasks with their subsequent inclusion in the content of training, but also to use modern information technologies both in the presentation of theoretical material to students (multimedia teaching tools, electronic resources, etc.) and to teach students to use computer programs (“Live physics”, “Laboratory L-micro”, “1C: Tutor in physics”, “Physics course of the XXI century”, “Open physics”, “Physics in animations”, “Physics. Grades 7-11. Workshop”, etc.). Obviously, that it is necessary in the future to carry out experimental and pedagogical activities revealing the effectiveness of teaching physics. Methodology. The effectiveness of teaching physics to schoolchildren of humanitarianoriented groups under the MYP (basic school) of the International Baccalaureate will be largely provided by the developed content of training, the implementation of didactic principles of training, the implementation of a system-activity approach in teaching, the informatization of training, linguistic analysis of the content of educational tasks, the implementation of technological approach to the design of the educational process, taking into account the peculiarities of psychological laws of formation of mental actions of schoolchildren in the process of solving physical problems [1; 3; 7-9; 12-16; 19; 20; 28]. Results. Application of the method of adaptation of the text of educational tasks, the use of informatization tools, the use of various algorithms for solving physical problems, linguistic analysis of the content of educational tasks helps to improve the quality of teaching physics to students of humanitarian-oriented groups under the MYP (basic school) of the International Baccalaureate. Conclusion. The use of an adapted format for the presentation of educational problems, various algorithms for solving physical problems, the use of modern information technologies for teaching physics to students of humanitarian-oriented groups under the MYP (basic school) of the International Baccalaureate contributes to the increase in students’ interest in learning and the formation of their fundamental system of subject knowledge in physics.