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Pycnodysostosis is a rare autosomal recessive condition caused by the mutation of CTSK gene. CTSK regulates the activity of Cathepsin K which is responsible for osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. This mutation causes the bones to become dense, sclerotic, brittle, and thus, prone to fracture. Affected individuals have normal cognitive development and life expectancy, however, the quality of life depends on the early diagnosis of the condition. The patient presents with striking clinical (short stature, brachydactyly) and radiological (frontal and parieto-occipital bossing, open sutures, and fontanelles, acro-osteolysis of terminal phalanges) features making the diagnosis clinico-radiographic. In atypical or mild cases with overlapping features, gene mapping is advocated. A plethora of dental anomalies and characteristic craniofacial dysmorphia puts the dentist in a position to diagnose such a case.

Mc Cune Albright Syndrome (MAS) is a rare, sporadic disorder characterized by a triad of symptoms: fibrous dysplasia, cafe-au-lait spots, and endocrinopathy. It is thought to be caused by the mutation of the GNAS1 gene and is predominantly a disease of females. We hereby report a case of a 40-year-old man who presented with suppuration and mobility of teeth in the maxillary left posterior region. The patient also had a history of recurrent fractures of limbs since childhood. Clinical examination revealed asymmetry of the face, brownish-tan macules on the nape of the neck, back, and bilateral buccal mucosa as well as lower labial mucosa. The radiological investigation confirmed the presence of polyostotic fibro-osseous lesion while the biochemical investigations revealed endocrinopathy (hyperparathyroidism). This case report emphasizes the role of an oral physician in arriving at the diagnosis of a complex disorder like MAS.

Background Parafunctional oral habits are known to cause deleterious effects on maxillofacial structures. One such effect is traumatic injuries secondary to chewing inanimate objects like pencils. Following trauma, the lead of the pencil has been reported to embed in the soft tissue of the oral cavity, appearing as a grayish pigmentation (graphite tattoo). However, such pigmentation has never been reported in the hard tissue (teeth). Case presentation We hereby report an interesting, first of its kind case in a four-year-old female child. She had been misdiagnosed and referred for the management of a carious tooth; which was, in reality, an exogenous deposit. Conclusions The authors highlight the impact of comprehensive history taking on arriving at the diagnosis. Counselling of the child and the parents goes a long way in flouting such deleterious habits.

Congenital midline labial sinus is a rare condition known to affect both the upper and the lower lip. This anomaly has been reported in both genders, but with a slightly increased predilection in females. It can occur either in isolation or in association with a wide array of congenital malformations such as cleft lip, cleft palate, Van der Woude syndrome, median lip pit, and brachydactylia. Usually, the patient presents with swelling of the upper lip with or without associated discharge. A history of recurrent cellulitis of the lip is almost always present. In this manuscript, a review of the literature (spanning across almost six decades) has been attempted for this rare condition. Search engines such as PubMed, Medscape, and Google Scholar were searched for keywords such as “recurrent cellulitis of the upper lip,” “sinus of the upper lip,” “fistula of the upper lip,” and “congenital midline labial sinus.” All the available full text in the English language was compiled and thoroughly scrutinized. The observations such as age, sex, clinical feature, associated anomaly, and other relevant information were noted and tabulated in the chronological order.

To evaluate the knowledge and practice regarding safety standards of oral radiology among dental practitioners in Mumbai, India. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 dental practitioners. Data related to methods of radiation protection were collected by a predesigned, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. The data were analyzed and the results expressed in percentages. The bisecting angle technique was preferred by 69.2 % of the practitioners. Most of the X-ray machines had a pointed cone (60.6 %) type of position-indicating device. Both conventional films and digital sensors were used as image receptors with slight preference for the latter (44.8 vs. 55.1 %, respectively). Approximately three-fourths of the dental practitioners (75.4 %) used E-speed films, and in 48.0 % of cases, either dentists or assistants held the X-ray film with their fingers while taking radiographs. Most of the practitioners used a lead apron for patient protection either regularly (23.6 %) or occasionally (48.0 %). A total of 40.9 % of the dentists stood near the patient without wearing a lead apron during exposure. Only 14.7 % were aware of the position-and-distance rule, which is used when no protective barrier is present. Nearly half of the dentists changed the exposure time according to the patient and region to be radiographed. The results of this study indicate that more work must be done to increase the knowledge of radiation protection among practicing dentists.

Herpes Zoster (HZ) is an acute vesiculobullous condition affecting dermatomes supplied by cranial or extracranial nerves. It is caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) in a patient with a history of chickenpox. Usually, a single dermatome is affected and the patient presents with erythema, burning pain, and vesicular eruptions in the affected segment. Antivirals like acyclovir are the mainstay of treatment. This manuscript discusses three cases affecting the three branches of the trigeminal nerve. The first (a 36-year-old male), second (a 59-year-old male), and the third case (a 50-year-old male) are affected by HZ involving the maxillary, mandibular and ophthalmic-maxillary dermatomes, respectively.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant neoplasm of plasma cell origin. It usually has a multicentric origin within the bone. It contributes to about 1% of all malignancies and 15% of all hematologic malignancies. There is a monoclonal proliferation of abnormal plasma cells in this disease that results from a single malignant precursor that has undergone an uncontrolled mitotic division. Later, these cells produce one type of immunoglobulin light chain, either kappa or lambda. We present a case of a 46‑year‑old male patient who presented with a swelling of the mandible. The punched-out radiolucencies in the skull radiograph and the immunohistochemistry confirmed the case as MM.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), calcium hydroxide [Ca (OH) 2 ], and 2% chlorhexidine in various combinations on Candida albicans in root canals for 48 h and 10 days. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 95 extracted teeth were instrumented. MTCC 183 strain of C. albicans was introduced into the root canals and after 7 days, the average value of colony forming units (CFUs)/ml was determined in all the roots. Then the teeth were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (n = 15) was the control group and only saline was added to it. In group II (n = 40), 3% NaOCl was used as the irrigant and in group III (n = 40), 3% NaOCl and 17% EDTA were used as irrigants. Groups II and III were further divided into two subgroups (A and B) having 20 teeth each. After irrigation, Ca (OH) 2 was placed in subgroup A and 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) solution in subgroup B of both groups as intracanal medicament. After 48 h, the CFUs/ml was determined in 45 teeth (5 from the control group and 10 from each subgroup). After 10 days, the CFUs/ml was determined in the remaining 50 teeth (10 from the control group and 10 from each subgroup). For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 15, Chicago IL, USA) was used. Results: A decrease in CFUs/ml of C. albicans was noted in all subgroups at 48 h, but the combination of NaOCl, EDTA, and CHX (group IIIB) was the most effective showing value of 0.095 × 10 5 CFUs/ml. On the 10 th day, the CFUs/ml of C. albicans was further decreased in all subgroups; but again, subgroup IIIB was the most effective showing a value of 0.025 × 10 5 CFUs/ml. There was statistically significant difference in CFUs/ml of C. albicans at 48 h and on 10 th day in all study groups. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of irrigant and intracanal medicament has a positive role in controlling the growth of C. albicans.

Talon cusp (TC) and dens invaginatus (DI) are relatively rare developmental anomalies which affect the shape of teeth. TC is an additional cusp that projects predominately from the lingual surface of anterior teeth. DI is a deep surface invagination of the crown or root which is commonly detected on routine radiographic examination. Both of these anomalies are observed more frequently in permanent maxillary lateral incisor. Isolated cases of single TC and DI are extensively reported in dental literature. Occasionally two talon cusps (TCs) in the same tooth as well as double and triple invaginations in one tooth are reported separately. Coexistence of these two anomalies in a single tooth is considered extremely rare, but still there are few reported cases. However, coexistence of two TCs and double DI in a single tooth is not reported till date. We hereby report the first case of coexistence of two TCs and double DI in a single tooth of a 23 year old female and use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the management of associated radicular cyst. Also, literature on coexistence of these two anomalies in a single tooth is reviewed. Key words:Coexistence, dens invaginatus, radicular cyst, talon cusp.

Xerostomia refers to a subjective sensation of dry mouth. A variety of factors can cause xerostomia including radiotherapy (RT) given for the treatment of oral carcinoma. Depending on the cause, treatment is provided to a patient suffering from xerostomia. In severe xerostomia salivary substitutes can be used and if the xerostomic patient is edentulous, then reservoir space for artificial salivary substitute can be created in partial as well as complete upper or lower dentures. The methods advocated so far for incorporating reservoir space in mandibular complete denture are costly, time consuming and require extra.laboratory steps. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to report a simpler method for fabrication of mandibular reservoir denture in a 67-year-old edentulous male patient suffering from xerostomia due to RT for oral carcinoma.Keywords: Oral carcinoma, Radiotherapy, Reservoir denture, Salivary substitute, Xerostomia

Benign fibrous histiocytoma (BFH) is a mesenchymal tumor which commonly affects the skin of extremities. Histologically, BFH of soft tissues and bone shows similar features, but BFH of the bone is rare with less than 100 cases reported worldwide and usually it involves tibia, femur, and pelvic bone. As far as the oral cavity is concerned, majority of the BFHs are found in the soft tissues of the buccal mucosa, gingiva, lower and upper lips, soft palate, and floor of the mouth. Occurrence of this tumor in the jaw bones is extremely rare as only one case of the maxilla and six cases of the mandible have been reported so far . Hence, the purpose of this article is to report the second case of BFH of the maxilla in a 23-year-old female patient and to review the literature of this entity affecting the jaws.

Ameloblastoma is categorized into four types; conventional solid (multicystic), unicystic, desmoplastic and peripheral varieties. Unicystic ameloblastoma (UA) may originate de novo as a neoplasm or from the epithelium lining of an odontogenic cyst. When UA arising from cystic epithelium reveals a plexiform pattern of epithelial proliferation without early ameloblastic changes, it is called as "plexiform unicystic ameloblastoma" (PUA). The purpose of this article is to report a case of PUA in 22-year-old male and to discuss its pathogenesis, clinical features and management. Also, an effort is made to review early literature on this entity.

Smoking is a prevalent behaviour in the population. The aim of this review is to bring to light the effects of smoking on dental implants. These facts will assist dental professionals when implants are planned in tobacco users. A search of "PubMed" was made with the key words "dental implant," "nicotine," "smoking," "tobacco," and "osseointegration." Also, publications on tobacco control by the Government of India were considered. For review, only those articles published from 1988 onward in English language were selected. Smoking has its influence on general as well as oral health of an individual. Tobacco negatively affects the outcome of almost all therapeutic procedures performed in the oral cavity. The failure rate of implant osseointegration is considerably higher among smokers, and maintenance of oral hygiene around the implants and the risk of peri-implantitis are adversely affected by smoking. To increase implant survival in smokers, various protocols have been recommended. Although osseointegrated dental implants have become the state of the art for tooth replacement, they are not without limitations or complications. In this litigious era, it is extremely important that the practitioner clearly understands and is able and willing to convey the spectrum of possible complications and their frequency to the patients.

Dentigerous cysts are the most common type of developmental odontogenic cysts arising from the crowns of impacted, embedded, or unerupted teeth. They constitute about 20% of all epithelium-lined cysts of the jaws. The teeth involved most often are mandibular third molar and maxillary canines. About 70% of dentigerous cysts occur in the mandible and 30% in the maxilla. Dentigerous cysts associated with ectopic teeth within the maxillary sinus are fairly rare, and only 20 cases had been reported in Medline since 1980. In the present paper, we report an additional case of dentigerous cysts associated with ectopic third molar in the right maxillary sinus. Also, pathogenesis of ectopic tooth, role of advanced imaging, differential diagnosis, and management are discussed.

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma occurring in adults. This entity was first described by O'Brian and Stout in 1964. Apart from the soft-tissues, this tumor has been reported to occur in all other parts of the body including bone. It has male predilection and is usually noticed in the fifth to seventh decades of life. It commonly affects extremities and retroperitoneum, whereas involvement of the head and neck region is comparatively rare. However, when the head and neck region is affected, the most common sites are the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity, in which case, later involvement of the maxillary alveolar bone can happen. The oral cavity is a relatively less common site for MFH. This article describes clinical, computed tomographic and microscopic features of a MFH of the maxillary alveolar ridge extending to the hard palate in a 46-year-old female patient. Histogenesis, advanced imaging features, differential diagnosis, and management of MFH are also discussed.

Radiotherapy is the art of using ionizing radiation to destroy malignant cells while minimizing damage to normal tissue. Radiotherapy has become a standard treatment option for a wide range of malignancies. Several new imaging techniques, both anatomical and functional are currently being evaluated as well as practiced for treatment planning of cancer. These recent developments have allowed radiation oncologists to escalate the dose of radiation delivered to tumors while minimizing the dose delivered to surrounding normal tissue. In this update, we attempt to pen down important aspects of radiotherapy.

India has the second largest number of people living with diabetes worldwide, after China. As periodontal disease is the sixth major complication of diabetes, these patients are at increased risk for teeth loss. Dental implants have been recognized as an acceptable treatment method for the replacement of missing teeth, but diabetes mellitus is considered a relative contraindication for dental implant therapy. Due to this, these patients may be denied the benefit of dental implants. Hence, this review was done with the aim of reporting findings of various implant studies conducted in diabetic humans so as to improve the understanding of the possibilities for implant therapy in patients with diabetes.

Background: India has the third largest number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and thus, dental practitioners are more likely to encounter such patients for dental management. Aim: The aim of the following study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding post‑exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV among dental interns and post graduate (PG) students of a dental institution in India. Subjects and Methods: A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 128 dental students (64 interns and 64 PG students). Data related to HIV PEP was collected by pre‑designed, pre‑tested, self‑administered questionnaire and difference in responses by education level was assessed by Chi‑square test and Z‑test (significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05). For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16, Chicago IL, USA) was used. Results: Difference in responses between dental interns and PG students was not statistically significant for majority of questions. All participants had positive attitude toward HIV patients (98.4% [63/64] interns vs. 100% [64/64] PG students). Interns (68.8%, 44/64) and PG students (68.8%, 44/64) were equally aware of the concept of HIV PEP. PG students had better knowledge than dental interns on few questions but overall both of them lacked knowledge about the best timing for commencement of HIV PEP (20.4% [13/64] interns vs. 42.2% [27/64] PG students) (P < 0.01), the antiretroviral drug regimen (48.4% [31/64] interns vs. 43.7% [28/64] PG students) and its duration (23.4% [15/64] interns vs. 25.0% [16/64] PG students), timing of antibody testing to rule out infection to health care worker (23.4% [15/64] interns vs. 35.9% [23/64] PG students) (P = 0.04). Conclusion: As knowledge regarding HIV PEP is found to be inadequate, well‑designed educational programs need to be conducted to increase the understanding of dental professionals on this issue. Keywords: Attitude, Dental interns, Human immunodeficiency virus post‑exposure prophylaxis, Knowledge, post graduate students, Practice

Schwannoma (neurilemmoma) is a benign nerve sheath tumor that is composed entirely of well-differentiated Schwann cells. It is important to highlight that schwannoma is usually found in the head and neck and rarely in the oral cavity. Schwannoma is a benign tumor that originates from the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves. They are usually asymptomatic, do not recur, and malignant transformation is rare. Here, we report a case of neurilemmoma that was located at an unusual location, i.e., floor of the mouth.

The impaction of permanent teeth is not uncommon, but few permanent teeth are rarely impacted like mandibular first and second molars. Though third molars are commonly impacted, inversely impacted mandibular third molars are very rare. Here, we report three unusual cases of impacted mandibular molars accidentally diagnosed on conventional radiographs.

Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is a non-pharmacological method which is widely used by medical and paramedical professionals for the management of acute and chronic pain in a variety of conditions. Similarly, it can be utilized for the management of pain during various dental procedures as well as pain due to various conditions affecting maxillofacial region. This review aims to provide an insight into clinical research evidence available for the analgesic and non analgesic uses of TENS in pediatric as well as adult patients related to the field of dentistry. Also, an attempt is made to briefly discuss history of therapeutic electricity, mechanism of action of TENS, components of TENs equipment, types, techniques of administration, advantages and contradictions of TENS. With this we hope to raise awareness among dental fraternity regarding its dental applications thereby increasing its use in dentistry. Key words:Dentistry, pain, TENS.

Background: A number of techniques are being practiced for the evaluation of VDO, but none of them is scientifically more accurate than other. Each method advocated has its own limitations. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to find correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and interpupillary distance (IPD). Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 dentate subjects comprising of 200 males and 200 females. Anthropometric measurement of VDO was recorded clinically using modified digital vernier caliper. Also, a standardized digital photograph of face was generated from the frontal aspect using a digital camera for the measurement of IPD in millimeters. Correlation between VDO and IPD was studied using Spearman’s coefficient. For the execution of regression command and preparation of prediction equations to estimate VDO, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Software Version 11.5 was used. Results: VDO and IPD was more in males compared to females. VDO was significantly and positively correlated with IPD only in males whereas females showed a weak correlation. Hence, regression equation was derived only for males. VDO estimation using regression equation for IPD had a standard error of ± 3.94 in males. Conclusions: Since the variations between VDO and IPD are within the range of 2-4 mm, VDO prediction through this method is reliable and reproducible for male patients. Also, the method is simple, economic, and non invasive; hence it could be recommended for everyday practice to determine vertical dimension of occlusion in case of male patients. Key words:Anthropometry, interpupillary distance, jaw relation, vertical dimension of occlusion.

Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a worldwide problem today. They are among the leading causes of death and cause significant morbidity among patients who receive health care. Prevention of nosocomial infections is the responsibility of all individuals and services providing health care. Objective: To assess the current knowledge regarding HAIs among nursing staff of Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2012 among 100 nursing staff of Pravara Rural Hospital, Loni, Maharashtra. A predesigned questionnaire that assessed knowledge about HAIs was the tool of data collection. Results were analyzed in the form of percentage and proportions whenever appropriate. Result: In this study, all 100 nurses had heard about HAIs. Majority (73%) of nurses knew that respiratory and urinary tract infections were the two most common HAIs. Nearly 38% nurses did not know about the barrier nursing plays a role in preventing HAIs or not. Conclusion: In this study, the level of knowledge regarding HAIs among nursing staff was inadequate. Considering the important role of nurses in HAIs, there is an imperative need for health education to improve the knowledge of the nurses toward HAIs.

Leukemia is the most common malignancy in children which constitutes approximately 30% of all childhood cancers. Leukemia is the malignancy of white blood cells precursors in which the normal marrow elements are replaced by the poorly formed blast cells. Bone marrow transplantation along with a high dose of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is the most accepted treatment for acute leukemias. Leukemic patients suffer from acute complications in the oral cavity and long-term complications in dental and craniofacial development secondary to antineoplastic therapy. This review aims to provide an insight into clinical research evidence available for the management of leukemic patients in the dental office. For review, a search of PubMed and Google Scholar was made with the keywords acute leukemia AND dental management, oral health considerations AND leukemic children, chemotherapy AND acute leukemia, radiotherapy AND acute leukemia. It was supplemented with hand search to identify related published articles in the dental journals.

Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) or Franceschetti syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of craniofacial development with variable expressivity. It is named after E Treacher Collins who described the essential components of the condition in 1900. Incidence of this syndrome is approximately 1 in 50,000 live births and it affects both genders equally. It affects structures which are derivatives of the first and second brachial arches. The most common manifestations of TCS are the antimongloid slanting of the palpebral fissures, colobomas of the lower eyelid, hypoplasia of zygoma and mandible; and a variety of ear abnormalities. This article describes clinical and radiographic features of TCS in an 18 yr old female who had reported to the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with the complaint of forwardly placed upper anterior teeth. Also pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management and preventive aspects are discussed

Background: As India has third largest number of people affected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), dental practitioners are more likely to encounter such patients for dental management. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV among dental practitioners in Pune, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 218 dental practitioners who attended Maharashtra State Zonal Conference organized by Indian Dental Association, Pimpri Chinchwad Branch in July 2013. Data related to HIV PEP was collected by predesigned, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 and results were expressed in percentage. Results: Majority of the participants (69.7%) were found to be in the private practice for Conclusion: The results of this survey showed that though dental practitioners had adequate knowledge of HIV PEP, but an elaboration of this topic is required in BDS curriculum.

Sialolithiasis is the most common salivary gland disease which has predilection for males and is often seen in adults. Majority of sialolith occur in the submandibular gland and its duct. Giant salivary calculi measure >1.5 cm in size and are uncommon in the salivary ducts. The purpose of this article is to report a case of asymptomatic giant sialolith in the Wharton's duct of a 55-year-old female, which was detected when patient had gone for an Ear Nose Throat examination. Furthermore, literature in English language on giant sialolith in Wharton's duct is reviewed since 1990.

Crouzon syndrome (CS) was first described by Octave Crouzon in 1912. It is a rare genetic disorder accounting for approximately 4.5% of all cases of craniofacial dysostosis. Craniofacial dysostosis is a comprehensive term applied to a variety of deformities of the skull which arise because of a defect in the development of the primitive mesoderm, so that there is a premature synostosis of the suture lines in the base of the skull and the vault. Although CS is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, many cases are sporadic and present as de novo mutations arising from unaffected parents. Incidence of this syndrome is approximately 15-16 per one million newborns. This article describes a case of CS in a13-year-old girl. Also, pathogenesis, clinical features, differential diagnosis, prenatal diagnosis, management, and preventive aspects are discussed.

Ectodermal dysplasias are rare hereditary disorders characterized by abnormal development of certain tissues and structures of ectodermal origin. The condition is important for dentists as it affects teeth resulting in hypodontia or anodontia and dentist plays an important role in rehabilitation of the patient. Affected young children with anodontia not only have difficulties in eating and speaking but can also feel that they look different from their contemporaries. Well-fitting and functioning prosthesis could be a great help during their schooling years as it will improve appearance and thus boost their self confidence. We report a case of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in an 8-year-old boy who exhibited anodontia and was successfully rehabilitated with conventional complete dentures in both maxillary and mandibular arches. The aim of the treatment was to improve psychological development apart from promoting better functioning of the stomatognathic system.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to find the correlation between vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) and length of fingers. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 dentate subjects comprising of 200 males and 200 females. Anthropometric measurements of VDO, length of index finger, length of little finger, and distance from tip of thumb to tip of index finger of right hand were recorded clinically using modified digital vernier caliper. Correlation between VDO and length of fingers was studied using Spearman′s coefficient. For the execution of regression command and preparation of prediction equations to estimate VDO, Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software Version 11.5 was used. Results: VDO was significantly and positively correlated with all the parameters studied. In males, correlation of VDO was strongest for length of index finger (r-0.406) whereas in females, it was strongest for length of little finger (r-0.385). VDO estimation using regression equation had a standard error of ± 3.76 in males and ± 2.86 in females for length of index finger, ±3.81 and ± 2.74 in males and females respectively for length of little finger, ±3.99 and ± 2.89 in males and females respectively for distance from tip of thumb to tip of index finger. Conclusions: Since the variations between VDO and finger lengths are within the range of 2-4 mm, VDO prediction through this method is reliable, and reproducible. Also the method is simple, economic, and non-invasive; hence, it could be recommended for everyday practice.

Multiple supernumerary teeth are very rare, accounting for less than 1% of cases. They are commonly associated with syndromes like Gardner′s syndrome and cleidocranial dysostosis and cleft lip and palate. Non-syndromic multiple supernumerary teeth have a predilection to occur in the mandibular premolar region. Orthokeratinized odontogenic cyst (OOC) is a relatively uncommon developmental cyst comprising about 10% of the cases that had been previously implied as odontogenic keratocysts. More than half of the cases of OOC are associated with impacted tooth; but not a single case of OOC associated with supernumerary teeth is reported. Hence, the purpose of this article is to report the first case of multiple supernumerary mandibular premolars associated with OOC in a 35-year-old male and to review the literature associated with multiple bilateral supernumerary mandibular premolars.

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that tobacco deaths in India may exceed 1.5 million annually by 2020. Objectives: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use, its influences, triggers, and associated oral lesions among the patients of Rural Dental College and Hospital of Loni, Maharashtra. Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from June - December 2010. All the patients from the outpatient department and with tobacco habits were included in the study. Patients were interviewed through a pre-tested structured questionnaire in relation to their tobacco habits, its influences and triggers. Also clinical examination was carried out to check for any tobacco related oral lesions. For the data analysis, Microsoft Excel and chi-square test was used. Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 16.38%. Smokeless form of tobacco was more prevalent in both males (81.84%) and females (100%). Majority of the patients (males - 68.22%, females- 90.62%) were light tobacco users. About 76.09% males and 31.25% females admitted that they developed the habit due to initial influence of friends. The most common oral mucosal lesion in both the males (42.20%) and females (11.07%) was tobacco hyperkeratosis. Most common trigger for tobacco use was “work related” (69.14%) in males and “after meals” (53.13%) in females. Conclusion: Since the number of tobacco users visiting the dental hospital is reasonably high; dentists can contribute to restrain the hazard through community educational activities such as de-addiction counseling of tobacco users to quit the habit.