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The green approach is a simple and efficient method for generating metal oxide nanoparticles. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles gained prominence due to their unique biodegradation, microbe growth inhibition, and non-toxicity properties. The seed extract of Eucalyptus tereticornis was used to make magnesium oxide nanoparticles in this research. Using X-ray diffraction data, the average crystallite size of nanoparticles is estimated to be about 10 nm. Face-centered cubic structured magnesium oxide nanoparticles have a spherical surface morphology, as seen in transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images. Fourier transform infra-red spectra are used to identify functional groups involved in the stabilization and reduction of precursor salt. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles are employed for a variety of applications including temperature dehydrating agents, high-grade ceramic materials, optoelectronic fields, and bio-medical studies such as antibacterial and antimicrobial.

Background: Currently, the environmental and biological samples, such as water, soil, vegetables, etc., are highly contaminated with metal ions, anions and pesticides. For analysis of these toxic substances from the environmental and biological samples, sophisticated and expensive instruments are being used. The present work deals with the development of a simple, faster, sensitive and economical method for the analysis of toxic substances present in different samples. Methods: The general methods for synthesis and characterization of metallic (Ag, Au, Cu and graphene) nanoparticles and conductive polymer for the development of conductive nano-ink and fabrication of paper substrate by direct deposition and laser, wax, or inkjet printing techniques, have been reported. Results: Paper-based sensors fabricated with different nanomaterials used as colorimetric, electrochemical and fluorescence-based chemical sensors for the quantitative determination of pesticides and toxic metal ions in various biological and clinical samples have been comprehensively discussed in this review. Conclusion: The low-cost, rapid, eco-friendly, flexible, portable, and paper-based sensors using nanoparticles (NPs) are in demand for on-site detection of different chemical constituents present in various environmental, biological and clinical samples.

Delivering drugs through various delivery systems into the body for successful treatment of diseases is most entrancing deeds for the pharmaceutical analyst. Conventional drug delivery systems have various hindrances like loss of medication and poor bioavailability of drugs. Polymer-based nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles upgrade bioavailability of drug, delivery of drug to specific site and improve solubility of drugs. They are widely explored as controlled, precise, sustained and continuous release systems for drug delivery and are easily incorporated and appropriate for practically all parts of nanomedicines and bring new trust in field of drug conveyance by redesigning drug viability and diminishing drug toxicity. This chapter mainly focuses on polymers and techniques engaged with advancement of polymer-based nanoparticles and their applications in therapeutic intervention.

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRS) using a dry-state method was established for the ultra-sensitive detection of glutathione using citrate functionalized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in human biological blood and serum samples. The signal intensity of glutathione was enhanced due to the hot-spots created by the aggregation of AgNPs causing the effective absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the IR region for molecular vibrations. The study revealed that the possibility of the interaction of silver with glutathione might rule out structural orientation, energy and affinity as the reason for the detection. The selective determination of glutathione was experimentally confirmed by performing controlled testing with other amino acids. The absorption peak at 3257.84 cm−1 (NH3+) was used for the quantitative analysis of glutathione when AgNPs were used as a chemical sensor in dry state SEIRS. A pre-treatment process was employed for human biological samples such as blood and serum in order to determine glutathione using AgNPs coupled with dry-state SEIRS analysis. A linear range was obtained for the quantitative determination of glutathione in human biological samples from 10 to 100 μg mL−1 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.993. The limit of detection was 1.74 μg mL−1 and the limit of quantification was 5.30 μg mL−1. The advantages of using the presented dry-state SEIRS are its simplicity, selectivity and sensitivity towards the analysis of glutathione using AgNPs in human biological blood and serum samples.

Aging is an inevitable part of life and brings its own set of problems and challenges which may not be unique to the senior citizens but affect their life the most. In the Indian society, the family members used to be responsible for taking care of the senior citizens of the family and to help them get over the wide range of problems that they may face, ranging from psychological to physical ailments. But today’s changing family structure and the prevalence of nuclear families have exposed the elderly members of the family to physical, psychological and financial insecurity. Subsequently many laws have also been enacted and rights have been provided in order to protect the senior citizens from any possible harm that may be inflicted on them by their family members or otherwise. This study paper provides insights into the problems faced by senior citizens and their rights.

The emergence of nanoscience and nanotechnology has explored various protocols to identify many hidden dimensions of matter, modified existing laws, and principles of nature. Synthesis of nanodimen...

Herein, we report a KBr-impregnated paper substrate as a sample probe to enhance the attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) signal strength of anionic surfactants (AS) and non-ionic surfactants (NS) in an aqueous solution. The mechanism for the sensing of AS and NS is based on the strong interaction of surfactants with the silicate groups (SiO44−) of the KBr-impregnated paper substrate. The role of SiO44− on the surface of the paper is to enhance the adsorption of AS and NS, resulting in improved IR signal intensities for the target analytes. The improved signal intensity at 1253 cm−1 (SO42−, symmetric stretching) for AS and 1114 cm−1 (C–O–C, stretching vibration) for NS were selected for quantification. SEM-EDX was employed to determine the elemental compositions of pre- and post-adsorbed AS and NS on glass fibre filter paper (GFF). The linear range for the determination of AS and NS was 10–100 μg L−1 with a method detection limit (MDL) of 4 μg L−1 and method quantification limit (MQL) of 12 μg L−1. The good relative recovery of 71.4–109.7% and the interference studies showed the selectivity of the method for the determination of AS and NS in environmental water and commodity samples. The advantages of this method include its cost-effectiveness, enhanced sensitivity, disposability and accessibility of the paper substrate.

This chapter describes the unique electronic and optical characteristics of AgNPs, which are employed as a chemical sensor for selective and sensitive determination of toxic chemical substances present in the environmental samples. Several toxic metal ions (mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and chromium) and pesticides (chlorinated, phosphorus, and nitrogen-containing) present in several environmental samples affect the public health of human beings. Thus, different methods are used for the synthesis of AgNPs, which is stabilized by different capping agents for the detection of a variety of target substances from real samples. Moreover, the principle involved for chemical sensing such as calorimetrically, fluorescence, electrochemical, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is discussed for selective determination of metal ions and pesticides using AgNPs as a chemical sensor. The advantages of using AgNPs as a chemical sensor are simple, rapid, economic, and sensitive for monitoring of metal ions and pesticides from the soil, water, air, etc.

In South Asia, combustion of solid fuel for residential heating and cooking is a major emission source of particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs), a potent carcinogen for human health. The emission factors (EFs) and source diagnostic ratios of PAHs currently used in regional inventory models have been estimated from controlled laboratory tests, which do not accurately reflect real-world combustion scenarios observed in rural Indian households. Consequently, the health effects associated with p-PAH levels in indoor and ambient air could be severely underestimated and undervalued. We performed a nationwide study across ten different states in the Indian subcontinent to evaluate the EFs and source diagnostic ratios of sixteen U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identified high priority p-PAHs emitted from residential solid biomass combustion. Our estimated average annual EFs were 2.4–18.3 fold higher than those reported from previous laboratory-based investigations. Carcinogenic toxicity analysis shows that combustion of dung cake and coal ball, both widely used residential solid fuels, posed the most risk (80% and 59% respectively) in comparison to other PAHs owing to predominant emission of benzo[a]pyrene. Our findings underscore the importance of improved laboratory testing and field validations as crucial steps toward more accurate emission inventories and better assessment of public health impacts.

The use of L-cysteine modified silver nanoparticles (Cys-capped AgNPs) as a colorimetric probe for determination of vitamin B1 (thiamine) is described in the present work. This method is based on the measurement of red shift of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of Cys-capped AgNPs in the region of 200–800 nm. The color of Cys-capped AgNPs was changed from yellow to colorless by the addition of vitamin B1. The mechanism for detection of vitamin B1 is based on the electrostatic interaction between positively charged vitamin B1, which causes the red shift of LSPR band from 390 nm to 580 nm. The interaction between Cys-capped AgNPs and vitamin B1 was theoretically explored by density function theory (DFT) using LANL2DZ basis sets with help of Gaussian 09 (C.01) program. The morphology, size distribution and optical properties of Cys-capped AgNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), UV-Visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. The method is linear in the range of 25–500 μg mL−1 with correlation coefficient (R2) 0.992 and limit of detection of 7.0 μg mL−1. The advantages of using Cys-capped AgNPs as a chemical sensor in colorimetry assay are being simple, low cost and selective for detection of vitamin B1 from food (peas, grapes and tomato) and environmental (river, sewage and pond) water samples., Food science; Environmental science, Materials chemistry, Cys-capped silver nanoparticles; Electrostatic interaction; Aggregation, Colorimetric probe; Vitamin B1; Food and environmental water samples

Carbon dots have drawn prodigious attention in biomedical and biological fields by virtue of its unique optical properties, but their effect on structure and behaviour of essential proteins have rarely been explored. In this study boron doped carbon dots (BCDs) which was synthesized by microwave treatment of citric acid, boric acid and urea, with maximum emission wavelength of 444 nm when excited upon long wavelength ultra-violet light. Synthesized BCDs were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, HRTEM and Fluorescence spectroscopy. Interaction between BCDs and human serum albumin (HSA) is carried out in physiological conditions. Stoichiometry of BCDs-HSA was found to be 1:1 and various thermodynamic parameters have also been calculated. The negative value of ΔG suggested that interaction between HSA and BCDs was spontaneous in nature.

Cerium oxide synthesis (CeO2) nanoparticles were studied using a new and simple, eco-friendly process. The cerium oxide nanoparticles are synthesized with precursors of ammonium cerium nitrate and sodium hydroxide. Their chemical and physical properties are characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution electron transmission microscopy (HRTEM). XRD analysis indicated the cubic structure of the nanoparticles containing cerium oxide. The standard particle size of CeO2 was determined at 30 nm using HR-TEM and XRD. SEM determine the surface morphology of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles. A Ce-O stretching mode was defined by the strong peaks in the FTIR range, and the peak of UV-Vis range absorbance revealed the 3.26 eV band energy difference.

Quantum Dots are fluorescence type semiconductor nano sized particles. They are made up of either heavy metal or inorganic material with size range from 2 to 10 nm. The word quantum dots itself indicates its quantum confinement and optical properties. They contain same number of electrons and atoms, hence are called as artificial atom. Quantum dots consist of two free functional groups for binding with drug molecule. Surface modification of quantum dots through covalent and/or non-covalent binding affects and alters the properties of drug molecule. Their cellular delivery is mediated by passive transport, facilitated delivery and active transport. The outer shell of quantum dots is made of semiconductor material which provides the surface for bio-conjugation leading to improvement in aqueous solubility. This provides effective surface area for binding of drug with the targeting molecule. The unique feature being that the material of shell reduces the toxicity of core of quantum dots. Various functionalization and surface modification makes them suitable for application in pharmaceutical field such as biomedical imaging, drug delivery, drug release study and diagnosis. Toxicity of quantum dots depends upon the size, material used, dose, route of administration and capping material. The regulatory status of quantum dots is not yet clear; still they are regarded as safe to use. The first clinical trial of quantum-dot technology in humans was approved by USFDA in 2011. With the advances in technology; most of the chemotherapeutics and cytotoxic drugs are delivered as quantum dots for improved/enhanced pharmacological action.

Over the last decade, nanotechnology has been one of the fastest-growing areas of science and technology. The unique physico-chemical properties of various nanomaterials make it possible to create new structures, systems or devices with potential applications in a wide variety of disciplines. Presently, because of nanodimension of functional components of living cells, the application of nanotechnologies in biomedical purposes is inevitable. Zinc oxide (ZnO) possesses unique semiconducting, optical, and piezoelectric properties, so it has been investigated for a wide variety of applications. One of the most important features of ZnO nanomaterials is low toxicity and biodegradability. One of the most promising directions is to use zinc nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics, target delivery of drugs, developing new pharmaceutical preparations. The paper reports the synthesis, characterization of ZnO nanoparticles. Their location in the organism and role in important biological processes, which show the ways of possible practical applications of zinc nanoparticles in biomedicine are also discussed.

The chapter reports synthesis and characterization of europium-doped Y4Al2O9 phosphor for display and dosimetric applications. The europium-activated Y4Al2O9 (YAM) phosphor is synthesized via solid state reaction method. Synthesized phosphors were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. Particle size calculated from TEM analysis and crystallite size was calculated by Scherer's formula. All synthesized phosphor for different concentration of europium ion were studied by photo, thermo, and mechanoluminescence study. It is found that for photoluminescence analysis of Eu3+ doped phosphor has prominent spectra in red region and electric dipole transition (5D0 → 7F2) dominant over the magnetic dipole transition (5D0 → 7F1) due to non-centro symmetry between rare earth ions. Broad excitation spectra found for photoluminescence study.

To control the rate of growth of the cancer cell is the objective of this paper. In cancer, the rate of the growth of the cancer cell is indefinite. This paper proposes a method to transform into definite rate of growth of the cancer cell from indefinite. This indefiniteness lies with the set of unknown elements. This paper finds these unknown elements by matrix method.

Cancer is the disease which exists when the cell is uncontrolled. This paper presents a controller for the same. The cancer cell is reviewed via algebraic structures.

The medicine of cancer is directed in this paper. The pie theory is applied for the proposed medicine. The improbability and un-constancy are the major theories, which are used to design this anti-cancer medicine.

Background: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a cluster of major chronic diseases. Smoking habit, alcoholism, low quality diet intakes, physical inactivity are some of the established risk factors of the NCDs. In developing country like India the problem of lifestyle and its consequent diseases needs to be addressed vigorously by all public health care personnel. Objective of the study was to assess prevalence of modifiable risk factors using the WHO STEPS approach in urban slum.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in the field practice area of urban health training centre of the department of community medicine of PCMS and RC, Bhopal using questionnaire.Results: Highest prevalence of modifiable risk factor was inadequate diet (85.2%), followed by smokeless tobacco consumption (59.1%) and low physical activity (46.1%). Tobacco smoking (31.9%) and alcohol (22.6%) were next, followed by high blood pressure (20.1%). Prevalence of least risk factors was overweight (13.9%).Conclusions: It can be concluded from our study that the burden of risk factors for NCDs is quite high. Its prevalence even in the younger age groups is a pointer to the fact that the burden of NCDs is going to rise in near future.

Cancer is the disease which exists when the cell is uncontrolled. This paper presents a controller for the same. The cancer cell is reviewed via algebraic structures.

Cancer is the disease which exists when the cell is uncontrolled. This paper presents a controller for the same. The cancer cell is reviewed via algebraic structures.

The vaccine of the cancer can be prepared. This paper presents a direction for preparing the vaccine of cancer by algebraic and geometric study of the cancer cell.

The data of student's academic performance is studied as the application of fuzzy-genetic(FG) approach. Discrete and continuous data interpretation are overviewed by the linguistic classes and then its representation over the fuzzy-genetic algorithm in this chapter. This dual method has the advantages are noticed as class-variable transformation, language-number generalisation and characteristic-operation simulation. Fuzzy-genetic algorithm is a tool to study the data over the representation of randomness to weight. Hence the data represents as the discrete classes by itself as the self-organized operator under the fuzzy-genetic technique