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Power plants contribute substantially to fine particulate pollution which results in hazardous environmental effects. Air quality can be improved by relocation of real power output between power plants. However, this relocation should include spatial, temporal and chemical effects that contribute towards formation of particulate matter. This paper presents a novel air quality constrained optimal power flow which implicitly includes locational, temporal and chemical aspects. A quadratic response surface of an air quality model is included as an environmental constraint in a DC optimal power flow (OPF). Simulation results on an equivalent model of North Eastern Power Coordinating Council (NPCC) demonstrates the successful implementation of the model to reduce particulate matter at an arbitrary location and time period (NY state) on 14th July 2005.

For the non-linear power flow problem with PQ and reactive power limited slack and PV buses, we present two sufficient conditions under which the specified set of nonlinear algebraic equations has no solution. The first condition uses a semidefinite programming relaxation of the power flow equations along with binary variables to model the generators' reactive power capabilities. As a byproduct, this condition yields a voltage stability margin to the power flow solvability boundary. The second condition formulates the power flow equations, including generator reactive power limits, as a system of polynomials and uses real algebraic geometry and sum of squares programming to create infeasibility certificates which prove power flow insolvability.

With a growing focus on energy and environment, there is need to include emission constraints in electricity markets. Current methods to reduce emissions include the Acid Rain Program, NOx Trading Programs and Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (CSAPR). Even with these cap-and-trade programs in effect, there are substantial Nonattainment Areas in the USA with respect to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. In this paper, we present a novel approach to reduce emissions by coupling the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) atmospheric model CMAQ, and an electricity market model. We include weather, chemistry, time and locational aspects of NOx and SOx emissions to reduce specific pollutants which cap-and-trade programs do not implement. We introduce a linear emission constraint within our electricity model which implicitly involves the atmospheric effects. We present an example to successfully reduce a sulfate particulate matter (ASO4) concentration at a specific location and at a specific time period.

To increase the penetration of renewable energy into grid there has been an increase in interest to explore energy storage technologies and their participation in energy market through demand response. With Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology, earlier studies have shown that it is more profitable for Electric Vehicles (EV) to participate in regulation market. In this paper, we take a step forward to study the locational impacts that EV might have, on energy, regulation and reserve prices. We model an energy market motivated by Midwest ISO, including post regulation and post reserve transmission constraint to show locational dependent effects of EV on prices.

With a growing interest for the participation of Electric Vehicles (EV) in energy markets, there is a need to understand the effects EV might have on energy markets. In this paper we show that the co-optimization among reserves and energy in certain market structures can give counter intuitive results. Typically, markets operate such that a decrease in demand results in a decrease in prices. But because of the co-optimization of a common resource among multiple market services, this outcome need not always be true. In this paper we show that a particular “either-or” constraint on the allocation of a resource among two services can lead to an increase in prices for both services with a decrease in demand. This is intended to be analogous to certain reserve and regulation markets, an analysis of which alerted us to this peculiar property while analyzing the inclusion of EV in a regulation market.

Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology has opened up a gateway for electric vehicles (EV) to participate in an ISO operated electricity market. To consider the penetration of Electric Vehicles (EV) in the market, there is a need to evaluate their revenue and impact. In this paper, we calculate the revenue that EV might generate, while participating in a regulation market. We base our calculations using a PJM type operated market structure, accounting for energy, reserves, and regulation for all our evaluations.