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Background/aim This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways, and synaptic plasticity proteins in trained rats. Materials and methods Wistar rats were distributed into four groups: 1) control, 2) L/Zi: rats received L/Zi at the dose of 100 mg/kg by oral gavage, 3) exercise, 4) exercise+L/Zi: rats exercised and received L/Zi (100 mg/kg) by oral gavage. The duration of the study was eight weeks. Results Exercise combined with L/Zi reduced lipid peroxidation and improved antioxidant enzyme activities of muscle and cerebral cortex in rats (p < 0.001). In the Exercise + L/Zi group, muscle and cerebral cortex Nrf2 and HO-1 levels increased, while NF-κB levels decreased (p

Background/aim Mango ginger (MG: curcuma amada) has antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities. The aim was to evaluate the antiarthritic potential efficacy of MG on collagen-induced arthritis. Materials and methods Twenty-one female Wistar-albino rats were divided into three groups. Arthritis was induced by intradermal injections of type II collagen and Freund’s adjuvant. MG extract was orally administered starting from the first collagen injection. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, obestatin, sclerostin, and DKK-1 serum levels were determined, and perisynovial inflammation and cartilage-bone destruction in the paws were histologically evaluated. Moreover, joint tissue TNF-α, IL-17, NF-κB, and COX-2 levels were analyzed. Results TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and DKK-1 serum levels were increased, and obestatin and sclerostin serum levels were decreased in the arthritis group compared to the control group. However, MG supplements decreased TNF-α, IL-17, IL-6, and DKK-1 serum levels and increased obestatin and sclerostin serum levels. Similarly, while collagen injection increased tissue TNF-α, IL-17, NF-κB, and COX-2 levels, MG decreased TNF-α, IL-17, and NF-κB levels. Moreover, MG ameliorated perisynovial inflammation and cartilage-bone destruction in the paws. Conclusion MG ameliorates arthritis via actions on inflammatory ways and wingless (Wnt) signaling pathway. These results suggest that MG may have a considerable potential efficacy for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disabling inflammatory disorder. Ginger is used for food and medicine to treat arthralgia, sprains, and muscle aches. Anti-inflammatory effects of ginger have been observed. The aim of our study was to detect the effects of ginger on experimentally induced inflammatory arthritis.Female Wistar albino rats (n = 21) were randomly separated into three groups (control, arthritis, and arthritis + ginger). Arthritis was generated by an appropriate method using type 2 collagen and Freund's adjuvant (collagen-induced arthritis model). The ginger group was treated starting at the first collagen injection with ginger root extract for 32 days by oral gavage (50 mg/kg/daily). Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), sclerostin, dickkopf-related protein-1 (DKK-1), and obestatin serum levels were studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Tissue TNF-α, IL-17, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) levels were detected using the Western blot method.Mean arthritis score and serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 were significantly decreased in ginger group than in the arthritis group. Increased sclerostin serum level and decreased DKK-1 serum levels were detected in ginger group compared with arthritis group. The decreases of IL-17, TNF-α, COX-2, and NF-κB tissue levels were statistically significant in the ginger group compared with arthritis group. Histopathological evaluation of the ginger group showed a decrease in the inflammation score compared to arthritis group.It can be concluded that ginger has protective properties in the development of inflammatory arthritis. The antiarthritic acts of ginger are related to NF-κB activity and Wnt pathway. Thus, it may be suggested that ginger is a candidate to research in human RA treatment.

BackgroundUC-II® is a unique joint health ingredient derived from chicken sternum. In a previous study, UC-II® improved knee extension range of motion and extend exercise time before the onset of knee pain in healthy participants. MethodsThe current exploratory post hoc analyses sought to assess items from the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) in healthy participants aged ≥50 years who previously participated in a randomized controlled trial. All participants reported knee pain following a standardized stepmill test and were randomized to receive placebo or 40 mg UC-II® supplementation containing ≥ 3% (≥ 1.2 mg) undenatured type II collagen for 120 days. For the current post hoc analyses, 17 participants (UC-II® = 9, placebo = 8) met the acceptance criteria (age ≥ 50 years). Analysis was carried out for the KOOS survey results with modified intent-to-treat analysis (mITT). P-values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsAfter 120 days of supplementation, participants in the UC-II® supplementation group exhibited statistically significant improvements versus the placebo in select KOOS items including reduced pain during standing upright and going up or down stairs, decreased discomfort in climbing ascending stairs or bending to floor to pick an object, or squatting during physical activity (pConclusionUC-II® supplementation has the potential to improve knee joint function, mobility, flexibility, free movements and performance of daily activities in healthy participants ≥ 50 years old with exercise-induced knee pain.

Sodium chloride intake far exceeds the guidelines from health and regulatory agencies. Acknowledging the positive relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure, interest in substances that assist in sodium reduction, while contributing a savory taste such as umami, are highly investigated.The objective of this scoping review was to identify and characterize studies investigating umami tastants on sodium reduction in food, with the goal of informing future research.A literature search was conducted in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCO PsycInfo, PROSPERO, National Institutes of Health RePORTER, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and completed in March 2022 to identify peer-reviewed publications among adults (18 years and older) with interventions focusing on umami tastants to reduce sodium content.The literature search identified 52 studies, among which monosodium glutamate was the most studied umami tastant or food. Furthermore, most of the research on umami was represented through cross-sectional sensory studies to determine acceptability of foods with part of the original sodium chloride replaced with umami tastants. Only 1 study investigated the use of an umami tastant on overall daily sodium intake.To assist individuals in adhering to sodium reduction intake goals set forth by regulatory agencies and their guiding policies, these findings indicated that additional research on umami tastants, including systematic reviews and prospective trials, is warranted. In these prospective studies, both intermediate outcomes (ie, dietary pattern changes, daily dietary intake of sodium, and blood pressure) and hard outcomes (ie, incidence of hypertension or stroke, as well as cardiovascular composite outcomes) should be considered.

Zeaxanthin protects the macula from ocular damage due to light or radiation by scavenging harmful reactive oxygen species. In the present study, zeaxanthin product (OmniXan®; OMX), derived from paprika pods (Capsicum annum; Family-Solanaceae), was tested for its efficacy in the rat retina against photooxidation.Forty-two male 8-week-old Wistar rats exposed to 12L/12D, 16L/8D and 24L/0D hours of intense light conditions were orally administrated either 0 or 100 mg/kg BW of zeaxanthin concentration. Retinal morphology was analyzed by histopathology, and target gene expressions were detected with real-time polymerase chain reaction methods.OMX treatment significantly increased the serum zeaxanthin concentration (p 0.001) and ameliorated oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities in the retina induced by light (p 0.001). OMX administration significantly upregulated the expression of genes, including Rhodopsin (Rho), Rod arrestin (SAG), Gα Transducin 1 (GNAT-1), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), nuclear factor-(erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO-1) and decreased the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF- κB) and GFAP by OMX treatment rats. The histologic findings confirmed the antioxidant and gene expression data.This study suggests that OMX is a potent substance that can be used to protect photoreceptor cell degeneration in the retina exposed to intense light.

OBJECTIVES: According to a new report in 2020, the global functional food market size is projected to reach USD 275.77 billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 7.9%. One of the major growth drivers for this includes increasing demand for nutritional and fortifying food additives. Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II(®)) is a dietary ingredient derived from chicken sternum and has been shown to improve joint health. The development of undenatured type II collagen in different food and beverage (F&B) products is gaining momentum. The objective of this study was to assess the compatibility and recovery of undenatured type II collagen from different prototypes of F&B. METHODS: A specific ELISA test that detects the presence of native type II collagen was used to measure undenatured type II collagen content. RESULTS: Results showed the recovery of undenatured type II collagen from the F&B matrices varied depending on the pH, pressure, humidity and processing temperature. Highest recovery was seen from F&B prototype of nutritional bars (∼100%), chews (98%), gummies (96%), and dairy beverage (81%). CONCLUSIONS: In summary, the results from this study shows that UC-II(®) is able to withstand the processing conditions used for manufacturing F&B products. The applicability of this findings will allow UC-II(®) to be incorporated into different functional foods thereby helping the consumers to improve their joint mobility, flexibility and comfort. FUNDING SOURCES: Lonza Consumer Health Ingredients Inc.

This study aimed to investigate the properties of Salacia chinensis (Celastraceae, SC) and its molecular mechanism in the type 2 diabetic rats. Forty-two Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n = 7): control, SC (100 mg/kg, per os), high-fat diet (HFD), HFD + SC (100 mg/kg), HFD + streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg, i.p.), and HFD + STZ+SC. SC decreased serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acid, and malondialdehyde levels, but increased serum total antioxidant capacity (0.33 ± 0.02 versus. 0.79 ± 0.03), compared with the untreated group (p < .001). Additionally, SC elevated the expression of glucose-regulated proteins GLUT2, PPAR-ɣ, p-IRS, and Nrf2, but downregulated NF-κB in the liver and kidney (p < .001). In conclusion, SC could improve insulin resistance by modulation of glucose-regulated proteins and transcription factors in diabetic rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Present data has contributed to the current ethnomedicinal benefits of SC, through which the SC intake regulated the carbohydrate metabolism and increased the antioxidant capacity. The balance of transcription factors can mediate these efficacies partially and various key proteins involved in energy metabolism, along with oxidative stress and insulin sensitivity.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate marine phytoplankton supplementation (Microalgae Tetraselmis chuii, Oceanix™, OCX) that is rich in antioxidant enzymes, essential fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids and minerals on Explosive Strength (ES), and Immune Function during short term intensive training. METHODS: Trained male and female subjects were randomly divided into a microcrystalline cellulose based placebo (PLA, ) or Oceanix™ (OCX) (25 mg per day) condition for 14 days. Subjects were tested at baseline and then placed on an intensified based resistance training protocol using multiple sets to volitional failure over the course of 5 days and retested 24 and 48 hours following. Explosive strength, measured as rate of force development during an isometric mid thigh pull was assessed. Immune function was determined using salivary immunoglobulin-A (IgA). Repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc analysis were used to assess differences. RESULTS: Explosive Strength was significantly lower at 24 (-62%) and 48 (-78%) hours in the PLA but not OCX compared to pre levels (P

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of walnut oil (WO) on metabolic profile and transcription factors in rats fed high carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat diet (HFD). Forty-two male rats were divided in to six groups: (a) Control, (b) WO (20 mg/kg BW), (c) HCD (20% of sucrose), (d) HCD + WO (e) HFD (42% of calories as fat), and (f) HFD + WO. HFD and HCD intake increased final body weights by 19% and 23% and visceral fat weights by 3- and 5-fold, respectively (p < .05 for all). In addition, serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and free fatty acids (FFA) insulin, leptin, and MDA levels increased in rats fed with HFD and HCD. WO supplementation improved these metabolic parameters (p < .05 for all). HFD + WO and HCD + WO treated groups had a significant reduction in serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 12% or 15% (p < .05 for both). In addition, WO supplementation lowered the levels of hepatic nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox , whereas increased the endothelial-NO synthase (e-NOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2, and sirtuin-1 levels. In conclusion, WO supplementation could alleviate the adverse impacts of both HCD and HFD in the rats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study suggests that WO intake can modulate carbohydrate metabolism and increase antioxidant capacity. These properties might be partially mediated through the regulation of the transcription factors and some proteins involved in energy metabolism, as well as a balance of oxidative stress, and insulin sensitivity.

Background Capsaicinoids (CAPs) found in chili peppers and pepper extracts, are responsible for enhanced metabolism. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of CAPs on body fat and fat mass while considering interactions with body habitus, diet and metabolic propensity. Methods Seventy-five (N = 75) volunteer (male and female, age: 18 and 56 years) healthy subjects were recruited. This is a parallel group, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled exploratory study. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo, 2 mg CAPs or 4 mg CAPs dosing for 12 weeks. After initial screening, subjects were evaluated with respect to fat mass and percent body fat at baseline and immediately following a 12-week treatment period. The current study evaluates two measures of fat loss while considering six baseline variables related to fat loss. Baseline measurements of importance in this paper are those used to evaluate body habitus, diet, and metabolic propensity. Lean mass and fat mass (body habitus); protein intake, fat intake and carbohydrate intake; and total serum cholesterol level (metabolic propensity) were assessed. Body fat and fat mass were respectively re-expressed as percent change in body fat and change in fat mass by application of formula outcome = (12-week value – baseline value) / baseline value) × 100. Thus, percent change in body fat and change in fat mass served as dependent variables in the evaluation of CAPs. Inferential statistical tests were derived from the model to compare low dose CAPs to placebo and high dose CAPs to placebo. Results Percent change in body fat after 12 weeks of treatment was 5.91 percentage units lower in CAPs 4 mg subjects than placebo subjects after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.0402). Percent change in fat mass after 12 weeks of treatment was 6.68 percentage units lower in Caps 4 mg subjects than placebo subjects after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.0487). Conclusion These results suggest potential benefits of Capsaicinoids (CAPs) on body fat and fat mass in post hoc analysis. Further studies are required to explore pharmacological, physiological, and metabolic benefits of both chronic and acute Capsaicinoids consumption. Trial registration ISRCTN10458693 ‘retrospectively registered’.

Kazim Sahin,1 Cemal Orhan,1 Mehmet Tuzcu,2 Nurhan Sahin,1 Oguzhan Ozdemir,2 Vijaya Juturu3 1Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 3Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Research and Development, OmniActive Health Technologies, Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA Objective: Capsaicinoids (CAPs), most commonly found in chili peppers, have a multitude of pharmacological and physiological effects, such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. In the present study, we set out to investigate the hypothesis that CAPs mitigate obesity in rats and the possible mechanisms thereof.Materials and methods: Rats were divided into six groups, including control (±10 mg CAPs/kg body weight [BW]), low-fat–high-sucrose diet (±10 mg CAPs/kg BW), and high-fat diet (±10 mg CAPs/kg BW). Blood samples and liver and aortic tissues were taken at the end of the study.Results: CAPs supplementation significantly reduced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia (P

OBJECTIVES: Curcumin, extracted from the rhizome Curcuma longa, has been shown to be beneficial for neuroprotection in previous studies. In a recent study, a novel formulation of curcumin resulted in an increased relative absorption by 46 times (CurcuWIN®) of the total curcuminoids over the unformulated standard curcumin form. However, the exact mechanisms by which curcumin demonstrates its neuroprotective effects are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin supplementation on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a main component of the glial scar, and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a signaling molecule in traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: Brain injury was induced using a cold trauma model in male mice that were treated with curcumin (50 mg/kg) or vehicle via intraperitoneal administration just after TBI. Mice were divided into two groups: TBI + vehicle group and TBI + curcumin (CurcuWIN) group. RESULTS: The results show that curcumin treatment reduced the infarct volume in the brain. TBI induction increased inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and GFAP, and reduced BDNF, GAP-43, neural cell adhesion molecule (ICAM) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels in the brain. Interestingly, curcumin decreased the levels of NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and GFAP, and increased BDNF, GAP-43, ICAM and Nrf2 levels in the brain. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, these results showed that curcumin could increase the levels of BDNF, GAP-43, ICAM, and Nrf2 and attenuate brain injury in the model of TBI. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by OmniActive Health Technologies Inc. (NJ, USA). This work was also supported in part by the Turkish Academy of Sciences. SUPPORTING TABLES, IMAGES AND/OR GRAPHS

Background Retina photoreceptor cells are specially adapted for functioning over comprehensive ambient light conditions. Lutein and Zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi) can protect photoreceptor cells against excessive light degeneration. Efficacy of L/Zi has been assessed on some G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), transcription and neurotrophic factors in the retina of rats exposed to incremental intense light emitting diode (LED) illumination conditions. Methods Forty-two male rats (age: 8 weeks) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups, 7 rats each. The rats with a 3x2 factorial design were kept under 3 intense light conditions (12hL/12hD, 16hL/8hD, 24hL/0hD) and received two levels of L/Zi (0 or 100 mg/kg BW) for two months. Increased nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), and decreased Rhodopsin (Rho), Rod arrestin (Sag), G Protein Subunit Alpha Transducin1 (Gnat1), neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), growth-associated protein-43 (GAP43), nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) were observed in 24 h light intensity adaptation followed by 16 h IL and 8 h D. Results L/Zi administration significantly improved antioxidant capacity and retinal Rho, Rod-arrestin (Sag), Gnat1, NCAM, GAP43, BDNF, NGF, IGF1, Nrf2, and HO-1 levels. However, the levels of NF-κB and GFAP levels were decreased by administration of L/Zi. Conclusions According to these results, L/Zi may be assumed as an adjunct therapy to prevent early photoreceptor cell degeneration and neutralize free radicals derived from oxidative stress.

Ginger (Zingiberaceae family) containing gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and volatile oils active compounds, exerts anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, fat loss, prevention of cardiovascul...

WOS: 000462022300026 PubMed ID: 30406889 Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young adults and children in the industrialized countries; however, there are presently no FDA approved therapies. TBI results in oxidative stress due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and overwhelming of the endogenous antioxidant mechanisms. Recently, it has been reported that antioxidants including phytochemicals have a protective role against oxidative damage and inflammation after TBI. To analyze the effects of a naturally occurring antioxidant molecule, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathways in TBI, a cryogenic injury model was induced in mice. Here, we showed that AITC administered immediately after the injury significantly decreased infarct volume and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta) and interleukin-6 (IL6), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and NF-kappa B were decreased, while Nrf2, growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) and neural cell adhesion molecule levels were increased with AITC when compared with vehicle control. Our results demonstrated that the antioxidant molecule AITC, when applied immediately after TBI, provided beneficial effects on inflammatory processes while improving infarct volume and BBB permeability. Increased levels of plasticity markers, as well as an antioxidant gene regulator, Nrf2, by AITC, suggest that future studies are warranted to assess the protective activities of dietary or medicinal AITC in clinical studies. OmniActive Health Technologies Inc.; Turkish Academy of Sciences This study was supported by OmniActive Health Technologies Inc. (NJ, USA). This work was also supported in part by the Turkish Academy of Sciences.

Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa, exerts antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and immunomodulatory properties. This study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary water-soluble curcumin (0, 200 or 400 mg kg−1) on growth performance and antioxidant status in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) rearing under normal (20 kg m−3) or high (100 kg m−3) stocking density conditions. A significant increase in body weight (FBW), feed intake (FI) and weight gain (BWG) was observed in fish fed with curcumin-supplemented diet at 200 mg kg−1 of diet levels of high stocking density conditions (P

Purpose Carotenoids, especially lutein and zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi), filter blue light and protect skin from environmental factors including high-energy sources. These carotenoids may be able to block the formation of melanin pathways, decrease cytokines, and increase antioxidants. Subjects and methods This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial over a 12-week supplementation period. Fifty healthy people (50 healthy subjects were recruited and 46 subjects completed the study) (males and females, age: 18–45 years) with mild-to-moderate dry skin were included in this study. Skin type of the subjects was classified as Fitzpatrick skin type II–IV scale. Subjects were administered with either an oral dietary supplement containing 10 mg lutein (L) and 2 mg zeaxanthin isomers (Zi) (L/Zi: RR-zeaxanthin and RS (meso)-zeaxanthin) or a placebo daily for 12 weeks. The minimal erythemal dose and skin lightening (L*) were measured via the Chromameter®. The individual typological angle was calculated. Subjective assessments were also recorded. Results Overall skin tone was significantly improved in the L/Zi group compared to placebo (P

Kazim Sahin,1Ragip Pala,2Mehmet Tuzcu,3 Oguzhan Ozdemir,3 Cemal Orhan,1 Nurhan Sahin,1 Vijaya Juturu4 1Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2Department of Movement and Training Science, 3Department of Biology, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey; 4OmniActive Health Technologies Inc., Morristown, NJ, USA Purpose: Exercise (Ex) increases reactive oxygen species and impairs antioxidant defense systems. Recent data suggest that curcumin (CW) possesses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of CW supplementation on Ex performance, endurance, and changes in serum and muscle proteins in rats after exhaustive Ex.Materials and methods: Twenty-eight (28) male Wistar rats (age: 8weeks and body weight: 180±20g) were divided into four treatment groups: 1) control (C; no Ex), 2) C + CW (no Ex + CW), 3) C + Ex, and 4) C + Ex + CW (Ex + CW). CW was administered as 100mg/kg CurcuWin®, providing 20mg of curcuminoids daily for 6weeks. A motor-driven rodent treadmill was used to carry out the Ex protocols. During a 5-day period, animals in chronic Ex groups were put through different regimens: day 1, 10m/min for 10minutes; day 2, 20m/min for 10minutes; day 3, 25m/min for 10minutes; day 4, 25m/min for 20minutes; and day 5, 25m/min for 30minutes. Animals were exercised at 25m/min for 45min/d for 5d/wk for 6weeks. Blood and muscle samples were analyzed for muscle markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant markers.Results: Lactate and muscle malondialdehyde levels decreased in the CW-treated groups (P

Thirty-five healthy subjects were randomly assigned to different doses ofSalacia chinensisextract (200 mg, 300 mg, and 500 mg SCE) capsules and compared with placebo. It is a placebo controlled randomized crossover design study. Subjects were given oral sucrose solution along with capsules and plasma glucose and insulin responses were analyzed. Blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes after administration. AUC insulin significantly lowered after ingestion of SCE. No significant adverse events were observed. Reducing glucose and insulin is very important in reducing postprandial hyperglycemia.

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of exercise training alone and or in combination with marine phytoplankton (Oceanix, OCX) and undenatured type II collagen (UCII) supplementation on the endurance capacity, pro-inflammatory markers, and antioxidant defense markers in rats. METHODS: A total of 28 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7) (i) No exercise and no OCX (Control), (ii) Exercise, (iii) Exercise +OCX-I (2.55 mg d/rat) + UC-II (4 mg), iv) Exercise + OCX-2 (5.1 mg d/rat)+UC-II (4 mg). Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COMP, CRP), lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels activities of antioxidant enzymes were determined in all the groups. RESULTS: Run to exhaustion (minutes) improved in the OCX + UC-II treated groups. Levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COMP, CRP) decreased by OCX + UC-II supplementation. A significant decrease in lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and an increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the combination of exercise and OCX + UC-II groups. Exercise + OCX + UC-II treated had lower TNF-α and IL-1β levels in muscle than exercise and control rats (P

Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a dietary phytochemical found in some cruciferous vegetables, is commonly used as an antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant agent. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AITC on insulin resistance and transcription factors in a diabetic rat model. A total of 42 Wistar rats were divided into six groups and orally treated for 12 weeks as follows: (i) control; (ii) AITC (100 mg/kg body weight [BW]); (iii) high fat diet (HFD); (iv) HFD + AITC (100 mg/kg BW); (v) HFD + streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg BW); and (vi) HFD + STZ + AITC. Administration of AITC reduced blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and creatinine levels, but increased (P < 0.001) total antioxidant capacity. In AITC-treated rats, the glucose transporter-2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, p-insulin receptor substrate-1, and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2 in the liver and kidney were increased while nuclear factor-kappa B was downregulated (P < 0.05). In conclusion, AITC possesses antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities in HFD/STZ-induced T2DM in rats. These findings may further justify the importance of AITC in phytomedicine.

Mucuna pruriens, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus terrestris are known as the enhancers for sexual health, functional activities, vitality, and longevity. These herbs had been widely used in the Ayurveda medicine as aphrodisiacs through the ages, and their efficacy was also verified separately in our previous publication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of Mucuna, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus complexes on sexual function in rats. Twenty-eight male rats allocated to four groups as follows: (i) negative control (C); (ii) positive control or sildenafil citrate treated group (5 mg/kg) (S); (iii) MAT1 (combination of 10 mg Mucuna (M) + 10 mg Ashwagandha (A) + 10 mg Tribulus (T)/kg BW); (iv) MAT 2 (20 mg Mucuna + 20 mg Ashwagandha + 20 mg Tribulus/kg BW). There was no significant difference found between the MAT1 and MAT2 groups while they showed significantly increased testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when compared to the negative control. Significant increases in Nrf2/HO1 levels and decreases in NF-κB were detected in MAT groups similar to the decrease in serum and testis malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as compared to both controls. The sperm motility, count, and rate also significantly improved in both MAT groups, while ALT, AST, creatinine, ALP, and urea levels did not change in any of the groups. Oral consumption of MATs combination in male rats resulted in inhibition of NF-κB and MDA and also increased sex hormones with Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction. MAT combinations may improve sexual functions by increasing levels of sexual hormones and regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Capsaicinoids (CAPs) are active compounds in Capsicum fruits. • CAPs have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. • CAPs with regular exercise may enhance lipid metabolism. • CAPs down-regulate muscle SREBP-1c, LXRs, ACLY, FAS in exercised rats., The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of capsaicinoids (CAPs) on lipid metabolism, inflammation, antioxidant status and the changes in gene products involved in these metabolic functions in exercised rats. A total of 28 male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 7) (i) No exercise and no CAPs, (ii) No exercise + CAPs (iii) Regular exercise, (iv) Regular exercise + CAPs. Rats were administered as 0.2 mg capsaicinoids from 10 mg/kg BW/day Capsimax® daily for 8 weeks. A significant decrease in lactate and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increase in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed in the combination of regular exercise and CAPs group (P < 0.0001). Regular exercise + CAPs treated rats had greater nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in muscle than regular exercise and no exercise rats (P < 0.001). Nevertheless, regular exercise + CAPs treated had lower nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and IL-10 levels in muscle than regular exercise and control rats (P < 0.001). Muscle sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), liver X receptors (LXR), ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) levels in the regular exercise + CAPs group were lower than all groups (P < 0.05). However, muscle PPAR-γ level was higher in the regular exercise and CAPs alone than the no exercise rats. These results suggest CAPs with regular exercise may enhance lipid metabolism by regulation of gene products involved in lipid and antioxidant metabolism including SREBP-1c, PPAR-γ, and Nrf2 pathways in rats.

Background: Cinnamon polyphenol extract is a traditional spice commonly used in different areas of the world for the treatment of different disease conditions which are associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Despite many preclinical studies showing the anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory effects of cinnamon, the underlying mechanisms in signaling pathways via which cinnamon protects the brain after brain trauma remained largely unknown. However, there is still no preclinical study delineating the possible molecular mechanism of neuroprotective effects cinnamon polyphenol extract in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). The primary aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that cinnamon polyphenol extract administration would improve the histopathological outcomes and exert neuroprotective activity through its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties following TBI. Methods: To investigate the effects of cinnamon, we induced brain injury using a cold trauma model in male mice that were treated with cinnamon polyphenol extract (10 mg/kg) or vehicle via intraperitoneal administration just after TBI. Mice were divided into two groups: TBI+vehicle group and TBI+ cinnamon polyphenol extract group. Brain samples were collected 24 h later for analysis. Results: We have shown that cinnamon polyphenol extract effectively reduced infarct and edema formation which were associated with significant alterations in inflammatory and oxidative parameters, including nuclear factor-κB, interleukin 1-beta, interleukin 6, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neural cell adhesion molecule, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Conclusion: Our results identify an important neuroprotective role of cinnamon polyphenol extract in TBI which is mediated by its capability to suppress the inflammation and oxidative injury. Further, specially designed experimental studies to understand the molecular cross-talk between signaling pathways would provide valuable evidence for the therapeutic role of cinnamon in TBI and other TBI related conditions.

In the present study, we evaluated the effects of M. pruriens administration on metabolic parameters, oxidative stress and kidney nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways in high-fructose fed rats. Male rats (n = 28) were divided into 4 groups as control, M. pruriens, fructose, and M. pruriens plus fructose. All rats were fed a standard diet supplemented or no supplemented with M. pruriens (200 mg/kg/d by gavage). Fructose was given in drinking water for 8 weeks. High fructose consumption led to an increase in the serum level of glucose, triglyceride, urea and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Although M. pruriens treatment reduced triglyceride and MDA levels, it did not affect other parameters. M. pruriens supplementation significantly decreased the expression of NF-ҡB and decreased expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the kidney. This study showed that the adverse effects of high fructose were alleviated by M. pruriens supplementation via modulation of the expression of kidney nuclear transcription factors in rats fed high fructose diet.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of β-cryptoxanthin (BCX) on the cardiometabolic health risk factors and NF-κB and Nrf2 pathway in insulin resistance induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rodents. Twenty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into four groups: (1) Control, rats fed a standard diet for 12 weeks; (2) BCX, rats fed a standard diet and supplemented with BCX (2.5 mg/kg BW) for 12 weeks; (3) HFD, rats fed a HFD for 12 weeks, (4) HFD + BCX, rats fed a HFD and supplemented with BCX for 12 weeks. BCX reduced cardio-metabolic health markers and decreased inflammatory markers (P < 0.001). Rats fed a HFD had the lower total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes activities and higher MDA concentration than control rats (P < 0.001 for all). Comparing with the HFD group, BCX in combination with HFD inhibited liver NF-κB and TNF-α expression by 22% and 14% and enhanced liver Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-α, and p-IRS-1 by 1.43, 1.41, 3.53, and 1.33 fold, respectively (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in adipose tissue, BCX up-regulated Nrf2, HO-1, PPAR-α, and p-IRS-1 expression, whereas, down-regulated NF-κB and TNF-α expression. In conclusion, BCX decreased visceral fat and cardiometabolic health risk factors through modulating expressions of nuclear transcription factors.

Objectives: CNM (CNM) polyphenol has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, we hypothesized CNM decrease heart disease risk factors and may enhance anti- inflammatory properties in rats fed a diet containing CNM. In this study, we evaluated the effects of CNM polyphenol on insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia, hepatic transcription factors expressions [sterol regulatory element-binding protein1c (SREBP-1c), liver X receptor-α (LXR-α), nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65), nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)] in rats fed high fat diet (HFD). Method: Twenty-eight Wistar rats were allocated into four groups; (i) normal control; animals fed with normal chow (C ) (ii) CNM (C+CNM 100 mg/kg b.wt.), (iii) HFD (42% of calories as fat, high fat diet [HFD]), and (iv) HFD + CNM for 12 weeks. Blood analysis for triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL), glucose, insulin, malonaldehyde (MDA a marker of oxidative stress [OS]) were estimated. Body weight, visceral fat and liver weight recorded and liver MDA assessed. SREBP-1c, LXR-α, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), fatty acid synthase (FAS), NF-κB p65 expressions and decreased the PPAR-α, p-IRS-1, Nrf2, HO-1 proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. Results: HFD rats of the liver had increased SREBP-1c, LXR-α, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), fatty acid synthase (FAS), NF-κB p65 expressions and decreased the PPAR-α, p-IRS-1, Nrf2, HO-1 expressions compared to control group. CNM supplementation decreased body weight (8.4%), visceral fat (36.6%), liver weight (17.7%), serum glucose and insulin concentrations, lipid profile ( P < 0.05), and serum and liver MDA (23.3% and 25.4 %) concentration compared to HFD rats ( P < 0.05). CNM decreased hepatic SREBP-1c (18.1 %), LXRα (27.9%), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY, 22.7 %), fatty acid synthase (FAS, 15.8 %), NF-κB p65 (23.3%) and enhanced the PPAR-α, IRS-1 (72.7 %), Nrf2 (111.7 %) and HO-1 (72.1 %) proteins in HFD rat livers ( P < 0.05). Discussion: These results suggest CNM supplementation reduces hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress through activating transcription factors (SREBP-1c, LXR-α, NF-κB, and Nrf2) and anti-oxidative defense signaling pathway.

We evaluated the effects of cinnamon polyphenol extract on hepatic transcription factors expressions including SREBP-1c and LXR-α in rats fed high fat diet (HFD). Twenty-eight Wistar rats were allocated into four groups: (i) normal control: animals fed with normal chow; (ii) cinnamon: animals supplemented with cinnamon polyphenol; (iii) HFD: animals fed a high-fat diet; and (iv) HFD + cinnamon: animals fed a high-fat diet and treated with cinnamon polyphenol. Obesity was linked to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress as imitated by elevated serum glucose, lipid profile, and serum and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations. Cinnamon polyphenol decreased body weight, visceral fat, liver weight and serum glucose and insulin concentrations, liver antioxidant enzymes, and lipid profile (P<0.05) and reduced serum and liver MDA concentration compared to HFD rats (P<0.05). Cinnamon polyphenol also suppressed the hepatic SREBP-1c, LXR-α, ACLY, FAS, and NF-κB p65 expressions and enhanced the PPAR-α, IRS-1, Nrf2, and HO-1 expressions in the HFD rat livers (P<0.05). In conclusion, cinnamon polyphenol reduces the hyperlipidemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress through activating transcription factors and antioxidative defense signaling pathway in HFD rat liver.

OBJECTIVES: Lutein/zeaxanthin isomers (L/Zi), the major carotenoids, have demonstrated potent antioxidant and antiinflammation. This study was conducted to clarify the effects of L/Zi on brain transcription and brain-derived neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins combined with exercise training in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats (age: 8 wks) were allocated into four groups: (i) Control: no treatments (ii) L/Zi: Rats treated with L/Zi (100 mg L/Zi/kg BW); (iii) Exercise: Rats with regular exercise only, (iv) Exercise + L/Zi: Rats with combined treatment of L/Zi (100 mg L/Zi/kg BW) and regular exercise. The exercise practice was carried out on a motor-driven rodent treadmill at 25 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 d/week for 8 wks. RESULTS: Rats with combined treatment of L/Zi (100 mg L/Zi/kg BW) and regular exercise. The exercise practice was carried out on a motor-driven rodent treadmill at 25 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 d/week for 8 wks. Brain nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) levels increased and nuclear factor (NF-κB) reduced in the combined group. In addition, L/Zi supplementation increased cerebral cortex brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synapsin I, synaptophysin (SYP) and growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43) levels both control and exercised rats (P < 0.001 for all). The highest cerebral cortex BDNF, synapsin I, SYP and GAP-43 levels were detected in the combined group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that regular exercise training with L/Zi may improve brain function by regulating transcription and brain-derived neurotrophic factors and synaptic proteins in rats. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by the Omniactive Health Technologies (NJ, USA) and partially supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences (Ankara, Turkey).

Background: Salacia Chinensis (SC) is herbal medicine in Ayurvedic medicine. The extract of Salacia chinensis showed preventive effects on various metabolic health disorders. Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of the extract of Salacia chinensis extract (SCE) and modulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in in vitro and in vivo models. Methods: In vitro studies were conducted to study the effect of Salacia chinensis extract (SCE, OmniLeanTM) on alpha-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and HMG-CoA reductase. The activity of α-glucosidase was assessed using mammalian α-glucosidase extracted from rat intestinal acetone powder (Sigma) and p-nitrophenyl L-D glucopyranoside (PNPG) as an artificial substrate. Pancreatic lipase activity was assessed using pancreatic porcine lipase and 4-methylumbelliferyl oleate (MU Oleate) as substrate. Lipase activity was measured using a fluorescence kinetic assay. HMG-CoA reductase was the rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis. The activity of HMG-CoA reductase was assessed using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit (Sigma CS1090). Nutrigenomics study was conducted to study the effect of SCE on fatty acids, PPAR gamma and C/EBP α. In an in vivo model, fifty-six (56) male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Charles River Labs, at the age of 5 weeks. The mice were housed individually in mouse cages in a temperature-controlled room with a 12-hour light and dark cycle and free access to regular rodent chow and water. After a week of adaptation, the mice were divided into 3 groups with 8 mice in each group. All mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% energy from fat) to induce obesity. One of the group was administered with low (100mg/kg/d) and high (500mg/kg/d) doses of SCE suspending in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose, respectively for 7.5 weeks (52 days). One group was used as the obese control (N=24) and gavage with the vehicle control. Body weights were obtained daily and food intake was recorded thrice every week. Body weights and food intake were recorded thrice every week. Fecal samples were collected during week 6 and 7. Serum lipid analysis, glycerol, free fatty acids, hormonal assays (ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, insulin, glucose and GLP), fecal crude lipids and histopathology changes were assessed. Results: Salacia chinensis extract (SCE) showed a significant inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase. SCE demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect against pancreatic lipase, compared to orlistat. SCE inhibited HMG-C0A only at higher concentration (1mg/ml). In nutrigenomics model, SCE upregulated C/EBP alpha and down regulated ACC, PPARG and SCD-1. SCE at the dose of 500mg/kg/d significantly slowed body weight gain, reduced food intake, increased adiponectin, decreased fat pads mass and increased fecal fat excretion in animal model. SCE significantly decreased significantly serum glycerol levels (by 69%) and free fatty acids levels (by 77%) compared to control group. Treatment with SCE decreased by 20% leptin levels and by 21% insulin levels and increases by 16% adiponectin but did not affect glucose or GLP-1 levels. Conclusions: In vitro results suggest the effects of SCE in modulating gastrointestinal carbohydrate and lipid digestion and absorption, may be advocated as a candidate for obesity-diabetes prevention and phytotherapy. Animal study (in vivo) results suggest the inhibition of fat absorption slows weight gain and reducing effects of metabolic risk factors with SCE. More experiments need to be performed to optimize the optimal concentration that has an effect in vivo on body weight or food intake.

1. To examine the molecular mechanism of capsaicinoid supplementation from capsicum extract, laying Japanese quail (n = 180, 5 weeks old) were reared either at 22°C for 24 h/d (thermoneutral, TN) or at 34°C for 8 h/d (heat stress, HS) and fed on one of three diets containing 0, 25 or 50 mg of capsaicinoids per kilogram for 12 weeks (2 × 3 factorial arrangement). 2. The results revealed that exposure to HS decreased feed consumption by 10.7% and egg production by 13.6%, increased serum and ovary malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 66.9% and 88.1%, respectively, and reduced ovary superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities by 28.3%, 48.7% and 43.8%, respectively. 3. There were magnifications in the ovary nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) levels by 42.4% and suppressions in nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), protein kinase B (Akt) and haem-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) levels by 29.2%, 38.2% and 30.7%, respectively, in heat-stressed quail. 4. With increasing supplemental capsaicinoids, there were linear increases in egg production, antioxidant enzyme activity, linear decreases in ovary MDA and NF-κB levels and linear increases in ovary Nrf2, Akt and HO-1 levels at a greater extent in quail reared under TN condition than those reared under HS condition. Two-way treatment interactions showed that the degree of restorations in all response variables was more notable under the HS environment than under the TN environment as supplemental capsaicinoid level was increased. 5. In conclusion, capsaicinoid supplementation alleviates oxidative stress through regulating the ovary nuclear transcription factors in heat-stressed quail.

Background Mucuna pruriens, Tribulus terrestris and Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) are widely known as antioxidant effective herbals and have been reported to possess aphrodisiac activities in traditional usages. In this study, we determined the effects of these herbals on sexual functions, serum biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and levels of NF-κB, Nrf2, and HO-1 in reproductive tissues. Methods Thirty-five male rats were divided into five groups: the control group, sildenafil-treated group (5 mg/kg/d), Mucuna, Tribulus and Ashwagandha groups. The extract groups were treated orally either with Mucuna, Tribulus or Ashwagandha (300 mg/kg b.w.) for 8 weeks. Results All of the extracts were found to be significantly effective in sexual functioning and antioxidant capacity and Tribulus showed the highest effectiveness. Serum testosterone levels significantly increased in Tribulus and Ashwagandha groups in comparison to control group. Tribulus was able to reduce the levels of NF-κB and increase the levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 to a much greater extent than Mucuna and Ashwagandha. Conclusions These results demonstrate for the first time that Mucuna, Tribulus and Ashwagandha supplementation improves sexual function in male rats via activating Nrf2/ HO-1 pathway while inhibiting the NF-κB levels. Moreover, Tribulus terrestris extract was found to be more bioavailable from Ashwagandha extract followed by Mucuna extract. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of the mode of action of some aphrodisiac herbal extracts to improve sexual functions