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The potential challenge of delamination in fibre–metal laminates highlight the importance of improving interfacial bonding within the laminate. Developing a comprehensive understanding of the nature of this failure is essential for implementing effective mitigation strategies. This study explores fibre metal laminates comprising aluminium sheets and glass/epoxy, with and without the addition of nanoclay at varying weight percentages (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt.%). Fabrication involved the hand layup method followed by compression moulding, and the laminates were subjected to flexural, inter-laminar shear strength, and quasi-static punch shear tests (QS-PS). Two different indenters, flat and hemispheric, were employed in the QS-PS. Observations from flexural and interlaminar shear strength tests indicated that fibre metal laminate (FML) composites lacking nanoclay exhibit weakened interfacial bonding between aluminium and fibre layers. Notably, at 1.5 wt.% nanoclay, a substantial improvement in interfacial bonding between the fibre and aluminium layers improved the flexural strength (ca. 337 MPa), interfacial shear strength (ca. 16 MPa) and puncture resistance. The puncture failure modes exhibited variability based on the type of the indenter used, whether flat or hemispherical. For FML composites containing 2 wt.% nanoclay, the puncture shear strength differed significantly between the two indenters, measuring approximately 81 MPa under the flat indenter and about 49 MPa under the hemispherical indenter. Additionally, the corresponding energy absorption values were 880 KJ/g and 919 KJ/g for the flat and hemispherical indenters, respectively.

The acoustic properties of the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printed PLA wood composite was investigated. Initially tensile and flexural of wood PLA composite was studied with respect to varying layer thickness (0.15 mm, 0.20 mm, and 0.30 mm), infill density (30 %, 60 %, and 90 %), and pattern (Layer, Triangle, and Hexagon). The outcomes demonstrated that the specimen produced with a hexagonal pattern, 90% infill density, and 0.2 mm layer thickness had the highest tensile (16 MPa) and flexural strength (16 MPa). Utilizing this optimized parameter, micro-perforated panels were printed and acoustic properties were studied. Five specimens with a 3 mm thickness, various perforation diameters (5 mm, 4 mm, and 3 mm), and architecturally tapered perforations were fabricated. Using the impedance tube approach, the sound transmission loss and sound absorption coefficients were measured. The findings indicate that, in comparison to all the printed specimens, tapered type perforation with an exterior diameter of 5 mm and an internal diameter of 4.7 mm showed highest sound absorption coefficient of 0.60 Hz. A viscous loss is obtained by its convergent hole diameter reduction, which results in sound attenuations and is easily absorbed in the micro-perforated panel. Similar to this, the specimen printed with smaller perforation diameters (3 mm) had a high sound transmission loss of 79 dB. The small diameter of the perforations prevented the passage of sound waves. The current study is anticipated to lay the groundwork for extensive future research on these classes of materials, potentially serving as a catalyst for advancements in FDM based polymeric materials research and development.

The study aimed to test the hypothesis that biochar's unique properties, such as its microporous structure, can enhance concrete's resilience to high temperatures. Despite expectations of reduced crack formation and enhanced fire resistance, the experimental results revealed a limited impact on concrete's fire behaviour. The investigation involved the use of two biochar types, fine and coarse biochar as replacements for cement and aggregates, respectively. Fine biochar exhibited higher water absorption and Young's modulus than coarse biochar, but both resisted ignition at 35 kW/m2 radiative heat flux and had peak heat release rates below 40 kW/m2. Incorporating these biochars at varying weight percentages (10, 15, and 20 wt.%) into concrete led to a gradual decline in compressive and tensile strength due to reduced binding ability with increased biochar content. Exposure to 1000 °C compromised mechanical properties across all the samples. However, the biochar concrete maintained compressive strength (compared to the control) with up to 20 wt.% biochar as a fine aggregate substitute after exposure to 600 °C, and as a cement replacement after exposure to 200 °C. This substitution also yielded a significant reduction in CO2 emissions (50 % reduction as the biochar loading amount doubled) from concrete manufacturing, showcasing biochar's potential for sustainable construction practices. Despite not fully supporting the initial hypothesis, the study demonstrated biochar's viability in reducing carbon footprint while maintaining concrete strength under certain fire conditions.

In the pursuit of sustainable materials for composite fabrication, this study investigates the utilization of eco-friendly sugarcane biochar as a filler to enhance the mechanical properties of S-Glass/polyester hybrid composites. The incorporation of sugarcane biochar aims to mitigate environmental concerns associated with conventional fillers while simultaneously improving composite performance. Two techniques were utilized in the fabrication composites such as hand layup and vacuum bagging methods. Composite was fabricated with varying weight percentage of sugarcane biochar concentrations such as 5, 10, and 15 wt%. The mechanical behaviour of the composites was assessed through tensile, flexural, impact, and hardness tests. It is noted that the composites that comprised sugarcane biochar at concentrations as high as 10 wt% demonstrated the highest mechanical strength and performance. The maximum tensile strength of 119 MPa, flexural strength of 154 MPa and impact strength of 45 MPa was noted on the 10 wt% biochar composite. The findings underscore the effectiveness of sugarcane biochar as a filler in improving the mechanical behaviour of S-Glass/polyester hybrid composites. The successful integration of sugarcane biochar not only contributes to the development of sustainable composite materials but also highlights its potential to achieve superior mechanical performance.

The pursuit of sustainable and eco-friendly materials has fuelled research into enhancing composite materials using bio fillers derived from renewable sources. This study investigates the incorporation of bio filler - biochar produced from cashew nut shell, in hemp fibre composite to achieve a balance between performance and environmental sustainability. Hemp fibre composites were fabricated with four different weight percentages of biochar such as 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%. Hemp fibre composites with biochar showed enhanced mechanical strength and water resistance when compared to composite without biochar. The composites containing 10 wt% biochar added showed the maximum tensile, impact, and hardness, ca. 94%, ca. 38%, and ca. 7% increase compared to composite without biochar, respectively. The highest flexural strength (ca. 71 MPa) was observed at a biochar addition of 15 wt%. The integration of biochar improved the filler-matrix interaction by enhancing adhesion, creating effective stress transfer within the vinyl ester matrix, thereby reinforcing the composite's structural integrity. In the water absorption test, the biochar acted as barrier to the water molecules and reduced the water absorption by ca. 32–63%. These findings highlight the potential of biochar-based fillers in advancing the field of composite materials, providing a more nuanced understanding of their applications in addressing both environmental concerns and bio waste accumulation.

Developing customized drilling processes that minimize damage and improve overall performance in natural fiber composites relies on a thorough understanding of their drilling performance and potential damages. This study explores the variations in delamination and thrust force in a redmud-filled polyester composite reinforced with coconut sheath fibers. Employing a Taguchi factorial design, the experiment investigates the impact of drilling parameters, including drill diameter, spindle speed, and feed rate. The ANOVA analysis is employed to validate the experimental results. The findings indicate that increased feed rates and spindle speeds contribute to elevated thrust forces and delamination, influenced by the composite's inherent brittleness due to the addition of red mud. Among the drilling parameters, feed rate exerts the most significant influence on thrust force (ca. 30%), while the point angle has the greatest impact on delamination (ca. 60%). The analysis of drilled hole surfaces reveals matrix cracks, fiber extraction, and matrix smearing, underscoring the importance of optimizing drilling parameters, selecting appropriate tools, and implementing effective cooling methods to improve the overall surface finish and quality of drilled fiber composites. The research has the potential to aid in the development of strategies to minimize damages and enhance overall surface quality; ultimately, it contributes to advancing knowledge in materials science and engineering, with applications in the manufacturing and utilization of natural fiber composites across diverse industries.

The development of high wear/erosion resistance materials for defense application is found to be a challenging task among the researchers. The current study investigated the reinforcement effect of TiC and Rice husk ash (RHA) on Al6061 hybrid composites made using a two-step ultrasonic-assisted stir casting process. Four distinct Al6061 hybrid composites were created with varying TiC weight percentages (3, 6, 9, and 12 wt.%). RHA weight percentage was kept constant at 3%. The solid particle erosion test was carried out on each composite using a Taguchi L27 (33) orthogonal array. Experiments were conducted by varying the erodent particle impact angle, erodent velocity, and erodent discharge rate. The effect of each parameter on the erosion rate of the TiC/RHA Al6061 composite was discussed. The composite containing 12% TiC and 3% RHA showed improved erosion resistance. It was found that on increasing the TiC addition in the composite resulted in an increase in erosion resistance. SEM images were used to examine the surface failure on the composites caused by erodent impact.

The properties of organic fibre-based hybrid materials are influenced by a variety of factors and even minor changes in these variables can outcome in substantial discrepancies in strength. In this regard, the current study aims to optimise various influencing parameters such as weight percentage, alkaline treatment concentration, and fabrication parameters (compression moulding pressure, and temperature), with the goal of enhancing the overall strength of the composite. Calotropis gigantea-stem and Prosopis juliflora-bark fibres were used in varying weight percentages to create epoxy-based hybrid composites. After fabrication the mechanical characterisation like tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the composites were tested. Taguchi experimental design was applied, and the results were analysed using a hybrid Taguchi-grey relational investigation method. It was observed that a combination of 20 wt.% Calotropis gigantea/20 wt.% Prosopis juliflora/6 % NaOH pretreatment/100 °C temperature with 14 MPa pressure and had the most desirable mechanical properties in the fabricated composites. Calotropis gigantea ranks first in enhancing the composite strength, followed by Prosopis Juliflora, NaOH pretreatment%, compression moulding temperature and pressure. This work highlights the significant role of Calotropis gigantea and Prosopis Juliflora fibres in enhancing composite strength and provides valuable insights for future research in the field of hybrid composite development.

The conversion of agricultural waste into valuable products is a critical endeavour in the pursuit of clean and sustainable environment. Biochar has recently emerged as an effective composite filler. However, the choice of biomass for biochar production is critical in determining its properties, which in turn influence the performance of composites. This study investigates the impact of using agricultural wastes cashew nutshell and sugarcane husk for biochar production. Cashew nutshell waste and sugarcane husk waste were pyrolyzed at 400 °C for 3 h and biochar was produced, which was used as a filler in polyester matrix. The mechanical and erosive resistance properties of the resultant polyester composites were evaluated. The results revealed that both biochar-incorporated composites significantly improved the mechanical strength and erosion resistance. Notably, the sugarcane husk biochar composite has higher mechanical strength and erosion resistance. This highlights the value of sugarcane husk waste as a valuable resource for biochar production in composite materials, a significant step towards sustainable waste utilisation and the development of high-performance composites suitable for a wide range of applications.

The construction industry is shifting towards environmentally friendly products due to the rising demand for non-renewable raw materials, their high energy consumption, and, most importantly, their detrimental environmental effects. High levels of solid waste produced by raw materials release dangerous gases like nitrous and Sulphur oxides, which are very harmful to the environment. In recent years, the usage of fibers has tremendously increased to make significantly robust structures. For sustainable, waste-free development, manufactured fibers can be replaced with natural fibers without compromising on the requirements. This study considers various natural fibers like basalt, coconut/coir, banana, sugarcane bagasse, hemp, kenaf, bamboo, jute, sisal, abaca, and cotton, and their effects on fresh and hardened concrete have been discussed. This article also reviews the composition, preparation, and processing procedures of various natural fibers, and their potential applications in building materials are highlighted. Future research avenues are identified, and possible negative impacts and limitations are discussed. Our findings confirm the feasibility of standard concrete using natural fibers in cement or geopolymer concrete. Lastly, this review compiles insights from numerous sources to aid academia and the construction industry in developing eco-friendly materials.

Investigation was performed to evaluate the puncture resistance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/glass fibre epoxy laminate composites using different indenters (conical, elliptical, flat, and hemispherical). For the puncture tests, MWCNT weight percentage and indenter type were varied. Furthermore, the impact of MWCNT on tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear strength was evaluated. Ultrasonic C-scan provided insights into the damage evolution and failure mechanisms of the laminates under puncture. The results indicate that the flat indenter exhibits prolonged indentation time and enhanced energy absorption, resulting in a disc-shaped failure pattern. On the other hand, the conical indenter demonstrates rapid penetration due to its smaller contact surface area. The elliptical indenter generates higher frictional energy, leading to bulging damage. The hemispherical indenter showed an even distribution of force across the impacted surface, minimizing force concentration and reducing the extent of damage. These findings shed light on the puncture mechanisms of MWCNT/Glass fibre epoxy laminate composites, paving the way for more precise glass fibre laminate composite design and optimisation in practical applications such as aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods, where puncture loading is a critical consideration.

Among natural fiber composites, sisal fiber is one of the promising reinforcement which provides enhanced mechanical strength to the composites. The sisal fibers are low cost, available at abundant, having low density, improved specific strength and modulus, and are nontoxic. It has been utilized by mankind from the olden period itself. These fibers were used for making mats, cloths, bags, hats, ropes, and many applications. The increased strength of sisal fiber attracted the design engineers in developing fiber composites. The sisal fiber reinforcement in composites proven to be an effective replacement for synthetic fibers. At present, sisal fiber composites have been found in vast engineering applications like automobile, railways, building materials, electrical industry, geotextiles, defense and in the packaging industry. To increase the sisal fiber composite, strength hybridization was introduced. Although several literatures explore the mechanical performance of the hybrid sisal composites, there is no proper literature that summarizes the thermal properties of the sisal hybrid composites. This review presents a summary of the thermal characteristics of hybrid sisal fiber composites.

In the present work, the effect of erosion variable on the erosion rate of the novel coconut sheath fiber and red mud reinforced polyester composites is evaluated. The composites are fabricated with three forms of fiber reinforcement. Erosion experiment is conducted as per the ASTM G76 by varying impact angle, erodent velocity, and erodent discharge rate. The experiment design is modeled using the central composite design and analyzed using the response surface methodology and analysis of variance technique. The impact angle is found to be the most significant factor affecting the composite erosion rate. From erosion wear analysis, it is found that the interfacial adhesion between the fiber matrix is critical in the reduction of erosion rate. The composite with silane treated fiber showed reduced erosion rate when compared to the untreated and alkaline treated fiber composites. Further, the wear mechanism was analyzed on the eroded specimen using SEM analysis. Finally, the multiple response optimization was carried out using the desirability function method and found that erosion rate can be minimized at impact angle of 90°, erodent discharge rate of 4.45 g/m, and erodent velocity of 70 m/s.

Abstract In this study, fused filament fabrication (FFF) printing parameters were optimized to improve the surface quality and reduce the printing time of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) polymer using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), it is a statistical analysis tool. A multi-objective optimization technique was employed to predict the optimum process parameter values using particle swarm optimization (PSO) and response surface methodology (RSM) techniques. Printing time and surface roughness were analyzed as a function of layer thickness, printing speed and nozzle temperature. A central composite design was preferred by employing the RSM method, and experiments were carried out as per the design of experiments (DoE). To understand the relationship between the identified input parameters and the output responses, several mathematical models were developed. After validating the accuracy of the developed regression model, these models were then coupled with PSO and RSM to predict the optimum parameter values. Moreover, the weighted aggregated sum product assessment (WASPAS) ranking method was employed to compare the RSM and PSO to identify the best optimization technique. WASPAS ranking method shows PSO has finer optimal values [printing speed of 125.6 mm/sec, nozzle temperature of 221 °C and layer thickness of 0.29 mm] than the RSM method. The optimum values were compared with the experimental results. Predicted parameter values through the PSO method showed high surface quality for the type of the surfaces, i.e., the surface roughness value of flat upper and down surfaces is approximately 3.92 µm, and this value for the other surfaces is lower, which is approximately 1.78 µm, at a minimum printing time of 24 min.

This comprehensive review investigates the potential of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) as a highly effective adsorbent for organic dye degradation. Al2O3 emerges as a promising solution to address environmental challenges associated with dye discharge due to its solid ceramic composition, robust mechanical properties, expansive surface area, and exceptional resistance to environmental degradation. The paper meticulously examines recent advancements in Al2O3-based materials, emphasizing their efficacy in both organic dye degradation and adsorption. Offering a nuanced understanding of Al2O3’s pivotal role in environmental remediation, this review provides a valuable synthesis of the latest research developments in the field of dye degradation. It serves as an insightful resource, emphasizing the significant potential of aluminum oxide in mitigating the pressing environmental concerns linked to organic dye discharge. The application of Al2O3-based catalysts in the photocatalytic treatment of multi-component organic dyes necessitates further exploration, particularly in addressing real-world wastewater complexities.

The use of environmentally friendly materials such as bio-sourced plastics is being driven by increased awareness of environmental issues caused by synthetic plastics. However, bio-sourced plastics have poor fire behaviour that limits their application. The addition of a flame retardant to these plastics is one effective way to increase the fire resistance property; however, the flame retardant should not interfere with the mechanical performance of the plastic. Most flame retardants act as stress concentration points, reducing tensile strength. Hence, to create a balance between tensile strength and fire resistance, biochar (to conserve strength) and lanosol (to improve fire resistance) were added to wheat gluten bioplastic in various ratios and the optimal ratio was identified. Wheat gluten composites were fabricated using compression moulding at four different concentrations of lanosol (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%) and biochar (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt.%). From the test results, the composite with 4 wt.% lanosol and 6 wt.% biochar exhibited a good balance between the mechanical and fire properties; it conserved the strength and improved the fire properties (39 % reduction in peak heat release rate).

Although flame retardants are very effective in reducing the fire hazard of polymeric materials, their presence may be detrimental to mechanical strength. Hence, in order to have a holistic improvement of performance properties, a new approach has been developed wherein biochar is used to host a naturally-occurring flame retardant (lanosol). The issue of loss in mechanical strength of a polymer host is alleviated by the use of biochar. Three different doping procedures were investigated, namely, dry mixing, and chemical and thermal-based doping, to integrate lanosol into the biochar pores. The doped biochar was used to develop wheat gluten-based blends. The mechanical and flammability properties of the blends were assessed. It was found that thermal doping was the most effective in introducing significant amounts of lanosol particles inside the biochar pores. The bioplastic containing chemically, and thermally doped biochar had equal tensile strength (5.2 MPa), which was comparable to that of the unmodified material (5.4 MPa). The thermally doped biochar displayed the lowest cone calorimeter peak heat release rate (636 kW m−2) for combustion and the highest apparent activation energy (32.4 kJ mol−1) for decomposition. Thus, for flame retarding protein-based matrices, the use of additives thermally doped into biochar is recommended to both simultaneously improve fire-resistance and conserve mechanical strength.

The use of 3D printing technology for manufacturing construction materials is gaining popularity, however, only a few studies have reported the fire behavior of such parts. In this research, the fire properties of 3D printed polylactide acid (PLA) parts with varying infill densities along with the tensile properties were analysed. The results from the fire tests showed that increasing the infill density increased the fuel load, which sustained combustion. Hence, the peak heat release rate and total heat release increased with an increment in infill density percentage. It was also observed that the increasing infill density had no effect on the flammability rating of the parts due to the constant shell thickness used for all the parts. In addition, the tensile strength and ductility of the parts increased with density as a porous part is more susceptible to failure than a solid homogeneous part.

Abstract This investigation is carried out to understand the effects of water absorption on the mechanical properties of hybrid phenol formaldehyde (PF) composite fabricated with Areca Fine Fibres (AFFs) and Calotropis Gigantea Fibre (CGF). Hybrid CGF/AFF/PF composites were manufactured using the hand layup technique at varying weight percentages of fibre reinforcement (25, 35 and 45%). Hybrid composite having 35 wt.% showed better mechanical properties (tensile strength ca. 59 MPa, flexural strength ca. 73 MPa and impact strength 1.43 kJ/m2) under wet and dry conditions as compared to the other hybrid composites. In general, the inclusion of the fibres enhanced the mechanical properties of neat PF. Increase in the fibre content increased the water absorption, however, after 120 h of immersion, all the composites attained an equilibrium state.

The progressive transition from conventional structural designs to lightweight and more complex structures has led to the increase in the quantity of plastic materials in buildings. However, plastics have a major flaw: their low fire performance characterised by shorter ignition times and higher heat release rates. This has necessitated the incorporation of flame retardants (FRs) in plastics. Nevertheless, not all FRs are environmentally safe, hence, there is an urgent need for the development of sustainable biobased FRs that reduce environmental footprints while simultaneously improving the fire performance of plastics. This article addresses the negative connotation of FRs and reviews the most extensively used biobased FRs in plastics, their preparation (synthesis) and mode of application, performance evaluation as well as the leaching of FRs, and environmental fate. Some interesting observations in the review are the reduction of ignition times of plastics by the addition of FRs due to the rapid volatilisation of samples. In addition, the leaching rate of FRs is found to be higher in finer particles (micro and nanoparticles) compared to larger-sized ones and has the potential to dissolve in humic matter hence endangering the lives of humans and animals.

Biocomposites being environmentally-friendly alternative to synthetic composites are gaining increasing demand for various applications. Hence, biocomposite development should be integrated within a circular economy (CE) model to ensure a sustainable production that is simultaneously innocuous towards the environment. This review presents an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies for the adoption of the CE concept in biocomposite development. The study outlined the properties, environmental and economic impacts of biocomposites. A critical review of the life-cycle assessment of biocomposite for evaluating greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprints was conducted. In addition, the opportunities and challenges pertaining to the implementation of CE have been discussed in detail. Recycling and utilisation of bio-based constituents were identified as the critical factors in embracing CE. Therefore, the development of innovative recycling technologies and an enhanced use of novel biocomposite constituents could lead to a reduction in material waste and environmental footprints. This article is one of the first studies to review the circularity of biocomposites in detail that will stimulate further research in enhancing the sustainability of these polymeric materials.

The development of fibre composites in recent years has been remarkably strong, owing to their high performance and durability. Various advancements in fibre composites are emerging because of their increased use in a myriad of applications. One of the popular processing methods is additive manufacturing (AM), however, polymer-fibre composites manufactured through AM have a significantly lower strength compared to the conventional manufacturing processes, for instance, injection moulding. This article is a comprehensive review of the mechanical testing and performance analysis of polymer-fibre composites fabricated through AM, in particular fused deposition modelling (FDM). The review highlights the effect of the various processing parameters, involved in the FDM of polymer-fibre composites, on the observed mechanical properties. In addition, the thermal properties of FDM based fibre composites are also briefly reviewed. Overall, the review article has been structured to provide an impetus for researchers in the concerned engineering domain to gain an insight into the mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced polymeric composites manufactured through AM.

The thermal behavior of the biodegradable Calotropis procera (CP) particle-reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites was investigated. The injection molding process was used to make the composites, and the CP particle weight percentage was varied during the process (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). The melt flow index, heat deflection temperature, Vicat softening point, and the thermal properties of the composites were determined using dynamic mechanical testing. The results were analyzed and compared to the thermal properties of the neat PLA. The results revealed the increase in thermal stability of the PLA due to the addition of CP particles. The CP particles aided in the restriction of polymer mobility, which elevated the glass transition temperature of the composite. Incorporating CP particles in the PLA can increase the PLA/CP composite utilization in heat dissipation applications.

This study investigated the dynamic mechanical properties of hybrid intraply carbon/E‐glass epoxy composites with different orientations and stacking sequences under different loading conditions with increasing temperature. A neat epoxy and five various hybrid composites such as Carbon (0°)/E‐glass (90°), Carbon (45°)/E‐glass (135°), Carbon (90°)/E‐glass (0°), Carbon/E‐glass (alternating layer), and Carbon/E‐glass (alternating layer 45°) were manufactured. Three‐point bending test and dynamic mechanical test were conducted to understand the flexural modulus and viscoelastic behavior (storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent) of the composites. Dynamic mechanical test was performed with the dual cantilever method, at four different frequencies (1, 5, 10, and 20 Hz) and temperatures ranging from 30 to 150°C. The experimental results of storage modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangents were compared with the theoretical findings of neat epoxy and various hybrid composites. The glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with the increase in frequency. A linear fit of the natural log of frequency to the inverse of absolute temperature was plotted in the activation energy estimation. The interphase damping (tanδi) between plies and the strength indicator (Si) of the hybrid composites were estimated. It was observed that the neat epoxy had more insufficient storage and loss modulus and a high loss tangent at all the frequencies whereas hybrid composites had high storage and loss modulus and a low loss tangent for all the frequencies. Compared with other hybrid composites, Carbon (90°)/E‐glass (0°) had higher strength and activation energy. The result of reinforcement of hybrid fiber in neat epoxy significantly increases the material's strength and stability at higher temperatures whereas decreasing free molecular movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]