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The author discusses how the current sub-classification of pregnancies in Indian abortion laws, which is a selective privilege, conflicts with the autonomy of individuals over their own bodies. The MTP Act of 1971 was enacted at a time when most countries lacked comparable legislation. As a result of the preference for male foetuses over female foetuses in India, female foeticide and pre-natal determination of sex were criminal offences at the time, making it a significant breakthrough. Regarding abortion, the paper examines the extent and rationale for State intervention as parens patriae to protect the health and wellbeing of both the mother and the embryo at the national and international level. The global situation appears to be dire. According to a UN Report, 98% of countries permit abortion to save a woman's life. This is a very encouraging statistic. In actuality, a woman's existence in the twenty-first century is limited to her limbs and body. This is supported by the fact that only 34% of countries permit abortion solely on the request of the woman in cases of unintended pregnancy. In the context of eugenic model versus woman's autonomy, the recent issue of Poland, where a predominantly archaic Catholic mindset was conceptualised in actuality and where the most recent court ruling held that abortions for foetal abnormalities violate its Constitution, has been discussed. The paper examines European jurisprudence on abortion laws and the effect of COVID-19 on women's access to healthcare in India's rural and urban areas. The suggestions have been summed up in the current Indian laws and the need for all nations to move towards upholding womanhood and the autonomy of her privacy, rights, and decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Witnesses are regarded as one of the most indispensable element in the criminal justice system. It is because of them that the trial finds some substance so as to arrive at a fair conclusion. The inputs provided by the witness may have direct bearing on the conviction or acquittal of an accused, hence it is desired that such witness be protected from the wrath of extraneous factors that have the capability to change his stance over a particular case. Extraneous factors in form of corruption or threats form a majority which results in turning of the witness hostile; hence it becomes rudimentary for the state to ensure protection of such witness so as not to alter the prescribed course of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary times with frequency as high as that of everyday, we are witnessing debates on implementation of gender justice. Be it college forums, news channels or for that matter parliament everywhere and everyone at both conscious and sub-conscious levels are aware of the problems resulting because of imbalance in power equations between the genders. The focus area of this research paper will be India and legislation of India which has made many laws, bye-laws and rules to bring feminine and masculine gender on the same footing but yet there are gaps through which gender justice is getting hit hard despite the Criminal Amendment Act of 2013 and 2018. Complication by the NALSA judgment have occurred as a result of which the definition of gender justice needs over-hauling but the Indian society is unwilling for it. Through this research paper, researchers trace out the problem is actually lying in the very meaning of sex, sexuality and gender as understood by the society of India and the solution is lying in being neutral towards sex and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the toxicity and antibacterial application of antimicrobial peptide-functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes against Staphylococcus infection using a full thickness human three-dimensional skin model. Materials and methods The three-dimensional skin formation on the scaffolds was characterized by electron microscopy and investigation of several skin cell markers by real time–reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes were prepared using carboxylated silver-coated carbon nanotubes with antimicrobial peptides such as TP359, TP226 and TP557. Following the characterization and toxicity evaluation, the antibacterial activity of functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes against Staphylococcus aureus was investigated using a bacterial enumeration assay and scanning electron microscopy. For this purpose, a scar on the human three-dimensional skin grown on Alvetex scaffold using keratinocytes and fibroblasts cells was created by taking precaution not to break the scaffold beneath, followed by incubation with 5 µg/mL of functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes re-suspended in minimum essential medium for 2 h. Post 2-h incubation, 200 µL of minimum essential medium containing 1 × 104 colony forming units of Staphylococcus aureus were incubated for 2 h. After incubation with bacteria, the colony forming unit/gram (cfu/g) of skin tissue were counted using the plate count assay and the samples were processed for scanning electron microscopy analysis. Results MTT assay revealed no toxicity of functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes to the skin cells such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts at 5 µg/mL with 98% cell viability. The bacterial count increased from 104 to 108 cfu/g in the non-treated skin model, whereas skin treated with functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes showed only a small increase from 104 to 105 cfu/g (1000-fold viable cfu difference). Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus on the non-treated skin as opposed to the treated skin. Conclusion Thus, our results showed that functionalized silver-coated carbon nanotubes are not only non-toxic, but also help reduce the infection due to their antibacterial activity. These findings will aid in the development of novel antibacterial skin substitutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]