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As pesquisas e discussões em formação de professores assumem importância por se constituírem preocupação constante das políticas públicas, programas, planos de Governo e reformas educacionais. O reconhecimento de que a formação de professores se articula com o desenvolvimento profissional e favorece a melhoria da educação é proclamado por inúmeros pesquisadores, o que exige a permanente reflexão e divulgação das pesquisas realizadas. Esse dossiê ao eleger como tema “A formação de professores para a educação profissional e tecnológica” se soma ao movimento de debates, análises e ponderações e possibilidades da formação docente para essa modalidade educativa. A proposta desse Dossiê é gerada diante da expansão da oferta de Educação Profissional e Tecnológica - EPT, especialmente a partir da implantação dos Institutos Federais, que ampliaram a oferta de cursos desde a formação inicial até a pós- graduação. Com efeito, a preocupação com a formação dos professores para atuar em EPT é uma questão central no exame de sua configuração pedagógica.

Phytoplankton biomass and size structure are recognized as key ecological indicators. With the aim to quantify the relationship between these two ecological indicators in tropical waters and understand controlling factors, we analyzed the total chlorophyll-a concentration, a measure of phytoplankton biomass, and its partitioning into three size classes of phytoplankton, using a series of observations collected at coastal sites in the central Red Sea. Over a period of 4 years, measurements of flow cytometry, size-fractionated chlorophyll-a concentration, and physical-chemical variables were collected near Thuwal in Saudi Arabia. We fitted a three-component model to the size-fractionated chlorophyll-a data to quantify the relationship between total chlorophyll and that in three size classes of phytoplankton [pico- (20 μm)]. The model has an advantage over other more empirical methods in that its parameters are interpretable, expressed as the maximum chlorophyll-a concentration of small phytoplankton (pico- and combined pico-nanophytoplankton, Cmp and Cmp,n, respectively) and the fractional contribution of these two size classes to total chlorophyll-a as it tends to zero (Dp and Dp,n). Residuals between the model and the data (model minus data) were compared with a range of other environmental variables available in the dataset. Residuals in pico- and combined pico-nanophytoplankton fractions of total chlorophyll-a were significantly correlated with water temperature (positively) and picoeukaryote cell number (negatively). We conducted a running fit of the model with increasing temperature and found a negative relationship between temperature and parameters Cmp and Cmp,n and a positive relationship between temperature and parameters Dp and Dp,n. By harnessing the relative red fluorescence of the flow cytometric data, we show that picoeukaryotes, which are higher in cell number in winter (cold) than summer (warm), contain higher chlorophyll per cell than other picophytoplankton and are slightly larger in size, possibly explaining the temperature shift in model parameters, though further evidence is needed to substantiate this finding. Our results emphasize the importance of knowing the water temperature and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton within each size class when understanding their relative contribution to total chlorophyll. Furthermore, our results have implications for the development of algorithms for inferring size-fractionated chlorophyll from satellite data, and for how the partitioning of total chlorophyll into the three size classes may change in a future ocean. © Copyright © 2019 Brewin, Morán, Raitsos, Gittings, Calleja, Viegas, Ansari, Al-Otaibi, Huete-Stauffer and Hoteit.

Introdução: O diagnóstico pré-natal (DPN) atempado de anomalias cromossómicas em fetos com anomalias ecográficas é fundamental no prognóstico da gravidez, ou na sua possível interrupção. Assim, a realização das ecografias fetais nas semanas preconizadas é determinante para a gestão dos casos anormais. Descrevemos um caso de uma gravidez mal vigiada, com ecografia fetal realizada às 29 semanas de gestação, onde se identificou uma dilatação pielo-calicial grave no rim esquerdo e dúvida na área cardíaca. Objectivos: Evidenciar que a vigilância atempada das gestações conjuntamente com a análise por microarray aumenta a capacidade de diagnóstico em gestações com anomalias fetais detetadas ecograficamente. N/A

Ring chromosomes are rare cytogenetic findings (prenatal frequency ~ 0.0075%) often associated with an abnormal phenotype, depending of the chromosomal origin, genetic content and the presence of a mosaic. Supernumerary ring chromosome 16 [r(16)] is rarely observed and mosaicism makes the genotype/phenotype correlation difficult. We report a de novo mosaic r(16) detected after prenatal diagnosis in a woman referred for advanced maternal age. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for aneuploidy testing of chromosomes 13, 18, 21 and X was normal. Karyotype was 47,XX,+r[10]/46,XX[15]. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) on DNA obtained from long-term cultured amniocytes did not detect any alterations. MLPA with a pericentromeric probe kit on an uncultured sample showed a chromosome 16 gain, encompassing 16p11.2 and 16q11.2 regions, including TGFB1I1, AHSP, VPS35 and ORC6 genes, leading to partial characterization of the r(16). Although no phenotype has been correlated with overexpression of these genes, the 16p11.2 region is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Nevertheless individuals with microduplication of 16p11.2 and normal development have been described. The lack of a precise definition of genetic content of the r(16) and its mosaic form leads to uncertain prognosis of clinical outcome. N/A

7q11.23 duplication syndrome is a multisystemic developmental disorder characterized by variable manifestations, such as speech delay, mild craniofacial anomalies with distinctive facial features, and intellectual ability ranging from mental retardation to normal cognitive development. Approximately 30% of individuals with 7q11.23 duplication have one or more congenital anomalies. Penetrance is complete with variable expression of phenotypic features. Prevalence has been estimated at 1:7,500-1:20,000. The 7q11.23 duplication is frequently inherited from a parent. Here we report a 33-year-old woman referred for prenatal diagnosis at 29 weeks of gestation due to fetal renal pelvic dilatation. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed after a normal molecular rapid aneuploidy test result and identified a 1.44 Mb duplication at 7q11.23 - arr [GRCh37] 7q11.23 (72,700,467-74,136,633)x3 - overlapping the 7q11.23 duplication syndrome region, in a female fetus. The gain was inherited from the mother which had no previous clinical evaluation but a later reassessment revealed mild cognitive delay and language impairment. Delivery was at 35 weeks due to a maternal respiratory infection with acute pulmonary edema. Newborn resuscitation was required for neonatal respiratory depression with an Apgar score of 1'-2, 5'-4, 10 '-8. Birth weight and length was 2140g and 43cm respectively, with a head circumference of 32cm. In the neonatal period a transient systolic murmur was identified with no alterations on the echocardiogram. Renal and bladder ultrasound showed pelvic dilatation with no changes of the ureteral tract, suggesting a relation with ureteropelvic junction syndrome. Left pyeloplasty for the ureteropelvic junction syndrome was performed at 14 months of age. Clinical evaluation at the age of 22 months revealed psychomotor development delay with delayed speech, facial features overlapping Williams-Beuren syndrome, and the systolic murmur grade I/VI was still present. Growth and weight were both normal. To the best of our knowledge this is the second prenatal case of 7q11.23 duplication described. Although genitourinary tract abnormalities are not the most common feature in patients with 7q11.23 duplication, congenital anomalies of the urinary tract can occur in 15%-18%, including hydronephrosis and unilateral renal agenesis. This shows that the ultrasound abnormalities not always suggest a specific syndrome but after the identification of a pathogenic CNV made possible by the use of CMA a correlation may be achievable. Additionally the discovery of CNVs in prenatal CMA may go beyond the context of the current pregnancy allowing for the identification of carriers thus having a larger impact in a family's health management and genetic counseling. N/A

A limited number of prenatal diagnosis (PND) cases have reported interstitial deletions of the long arm of chromosome 14 involving the 14q31-32 region. Those cases presented cardiac anomalies, urogenital anomalies, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and mild pyelectasis. We report the PND of a 33-year-old pregnant woman, who underwent chorionic villus sampling at 12 weeks of gestation after a positive combined 1st trimester screen. The karyotype revealed a 14q interstitial deletion. Amniocentesis was performed at 18 weeks of gestation to confirm the deletion and to exclude a confined placental mosaicism and a microarray analysis was performed in order to accurately define the deletion breakpoints. Cytogenetics analysis revealed a karyotype 46,XY,del(14)(q31q32.2)dn. Microarray analysis allowed to redefined the breakpoints accurate localization and the identification of a ~21Mb deletion (arr[hg19] 14q31.1q32.31(79917376_101568230)x1). At 18 weeks of gestation the fetus presented abnormal fetal biometric parameters (occipitofrontal diameter, cephalic perimeter and abdominal circumference) on ultrasound. After counseling the couple opted for pregnancy termination. The postmorten analysis presented decreased biometry, low weight and low fetal size, facial dysmorphism, clinodactyly, club foot, overlapping fingers and short penis. In internal habitus he presented thymus hypoplasia, bladder hypoplasia, and horseshoe kidneys. The genotype-phenotype correlation in PND pure del(14q) cases is not well established. Furthermore, to our knowledge, del(14q) had not been reported so early in the gestation yet. In this case the positive 1st trimester screen was related to the inverted ductus venosus and low PAPP-A value. The urogenital anomalies (as horseshoe kidneys) and biometry anomalies are described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, some features of the present case were not seen in other reported cases, for instance clinodactyly, club foot, overlapping fingers, thymus hypoplasia and bladder hypoplasia. Other reports described cardiac and cerebral anomalies, diaphragmatic hernia, and also UPD(14)like phenotypes, which are possibly liked to the 14q32 imprinted region. The establishment of a phenotype-genotype correlation is difficult given the size of the deletion, which includes a large number of genes in distinct regions. Nevertheless, this work contributes to a better identification of additional features associated to del(14q) that can be present in PND. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Introdução: A Anemia de Fanconi (AF) é uma doença rara, com uma frequência estimada de 1 a 5 per 1.000.000 de nascimentos, podendo este valor aumentar se for considerado um grupo étnico com consanguinidade. É uma doença autossómica recessiva, que poderá ter uma transmissão ligada ao cromossoma X. Doentes com AF podem apresentar malformações congénitas, falência da medula óssea (que se carateriza por pancitopénia), hipersensibilidade a agentes clastogénicos, fragilidade cromossómica e uma maior suscetibilidade para doenças oncológicas. Devido à grande complexidade desta patologia a primeira abordagem de diagnóstico, consiste na deteção de aberrações cromossómicas (quebras, rearranjos estruturais, radiais, anéis) em células de sangue periférico em cultura com um agente clastogénico como o diepoxibutano (DEB) ou mitomicina C (MMC). Objetivo: Neste trabalho pretende-se apresentar os resultados dos estudos de instabilidade cromossómica induzida por DEB e MMC efetuados na nossa instituição. Métodos: Foi realizada a análise de uma série retrospetiva de 34 anos (1980-2014) de 243 amostras enviadas ao laboratório citogenética com suspeita de AF e de 28 amostras de familiares de doentes com AF. No total, foram analisadas 260 amostras de sangue periférico, 6 de biópsia de pele, 3 de líquido amniótico, 1 de sangue do cordão e 1 de sangue medular. As amostras foram processadas segundo o protocolo estabelecido para a análise cromossómica de doenças associadas a fraturas, incluindo cultura celular com estimulação por MMC e/ou DED, para cada produto biológico, seguida de análise microscópica com determinação da instabilidade cromossómica induzida pelo DEB, de acordo com o protocolo estabelecido pelo International Fanconi Anemia Registry (IFAR). Resultados: Nas 243 amostras analisadas, foram identificados 37 casos com AF. Nos estudos citogenéticos dos familiares com AF foram identificados mais 2 casos positivos para AF. Foram ainda observados, em 4 amostras de suspeita de AF, cariotipos anormais. Conclusão: Neste trabalho foram identificados 39 novos casos com AF, oriundos maioritariamente da região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo e alguns casos pontuais da região autónoma dos Açores, região centro e dos países africanos de língua oficial portuguesa (PALOP). Este estudo evidência que a maioria dos casos apresentados se encontra subdiagnosticado. Estes resultados não permitem estimar uma frequência de doentes com AF em Portugal, uma vez que não engloba indivíduos de todas as regiões portuguesas, por outro lado estão incluídos dois indivíduos de origem PALOP. É necessário estabelecer um registo nacional de doentes com AF, para se poder calcular a frequência desta patologia no nosso país.

The results of a surveillance study conducted by the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) from January 2004 through December 2009 in 422 intensive care units (ICUs) of 36 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe are reported. During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN; formerly the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system [NNIS]) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infections, we gathered prospective data from 313,008 patients hospitalized in the consortium's ICUs for an aggregate of 2,194,897 ICU bed-days. Despite the fact that the use of devices in the developing countries' ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported in US ICUs in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were significantly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals; the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection in the INICC ICUs of 6.8 per 1,000 central line-days was more than 3-fold higher than the 2.0 per 1,000 central line-days reported in comparable US ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia also was far higher (15.8 vs 3.3 per 1,000 ventilator-days), as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (6.3 vs. 3.3 per 1,000 catheter-days). Notably, the frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to imipenem (47.2% vs 23.0%), Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (76.3% vs 27.1%), Escherichia coli isolates to ceftazidime (66.7% vs 8.1%), Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (84.4% vs 56.8%), were also higher in the consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 7.3% (for catheter-associated urinary tract infection) to 15.2% (for ventilator-associated pneumonia). Copyright © 2012 by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Ventilator-associated pneumonias (VAPs) are a worldwide problem that significantly increases patient morbidity, mortality, and length of stay (LoS), and their effects should be estimated to account for the timing of infection. The purpose of the study was to estimate extra LoS and mortality in an intensive-care unit (ICU) due to a VAP in a cohort of 69 248 admissions followed for 283 069 days in ICUs from 10 countries. Data were arranged according to the multi-state format. Extra LoS and increased risk of death were estimated independently in each country, and their results were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis. VAP prolonged LoS by an average of 2.03 days (95% CI 1.52-2.54 days), and increased the risk of death by 14% (95% CI 2-27). The increased risk of death due to VAP was explained by confounding with patient morbidity.

BACKGROUND. The International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) was established in 15 developing countries to reduce infection rates in resource-limited hospitals by focusing on education and feedback of outcome surveillance (infection rates) and process surveillance (adherence to infection control measures). We report a time-sequence analysis of the effectiveness of this approach in reducing rates of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) and associated deaths in 86 intensive care units with a minimum of 6-month INICC membership. METHODS. Pooled CLABSI rates during the first 3 months (baseline) were compared with rates at 6-month intervals during the first 24 months in 53,719 patients (190,905 central line-days). Process surveillance results at baseline were compared with intervention period data. RESULTS. During the first 6 months, CLABSI incidence decreased by 33% (from 14.5 to 9.7 CLABSIs per 1,000 central line-days). Over the first 24 months there was a cumulative reduction from baseline of 54% (from 16.0 to 7.4 CLABSIs per 1,000 central line-days; relative risk, 0.46 [95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.63]; P < .001). The number of deaths in patients with CLABSI decreased by 58%. During the intervention period, hand hygiene adherence improved from 50% to 60% (P < .001); the percentage of intensive care units that used maximal sterile barriers at insertion increased from 45% to 85% (P < .001 ), that adopted chlorhexidine for antisepsis increased from 7% to 27% (P=.018 ), and that sought to remove unneeded catheters increased from 37% to 83% (P=.004); and the duration of central line placement decreased from 4.1 to 3.5 days (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS. Education, performance feedback, and outcome and process surveillance of CLABSI rates significantly improved infection control adherence, reducing the CLABSI incidence by 54% and the number of CLABSI-associated deaths by 58% in INICC hospitals during the first 2 years. © 2010 by The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. All rights reserved.