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1. Grand Challenges in global eye health: a global prioritisation process using Delphi method

Author

Jacqueline Ramke, PhD, Jennifer R Evans, PhD, Esmael Habtamu, PhD, Nyawira Mwangi, PhD, Juan Carlos Silva, MD, Bonnielin K Swenor, PhD, Nathan Congdon, ProfMD, Hannah B Faal, ProfFRCOphth, Allen Foster, ProfFRCOphth, David S Friedman, ProfPhD, Stephen Gichuhi, PhD, Jost B Jonas, ProfPhD, Peng T Khaw, ProfPhD, Fatima Kyari, PhD, Gudlavalleti V S Murthy, ProfMD, Ningli Wang, ProfPhD, Tien Y Wong, ProfMD, Richard Wormald, MSc, Mayinuer Yusufu, MTI, Hugh Taylor, FRANZCO, Serge Resnikoff, ProfPhD, Sheila K West, ProfPhD, Matthew J Burton, ProfPhD, Ada Aghaji, Adeyemi T Adewole, Adrienne Csutak, Ahmad Shah Salam, Ala Paduca, Alain M Bron, Alastair K Denniston, Alberto Lazo Legua, Aldiana Halim, Alemayehu Woldeyes Tefera, Alice Mwangi, Alicia J Jenkins, Amanda Davis, Amel Meddeb-Ouertani, Amina H Wali, Ana G Palis, Ana Bastos de Carvalho, Anagha Joshi, Andreas J Kreis, Andreas Mueller, Andrew Bastawrous, Andrew Cooper, Andrew F Smith, Andrzej Grzybowski, Anitha Arvind, Anne M Karanu, Anne O Orlina, Anthea Burnett, Aryati Yashadhana, Asela P Abeydeera, Aselia Abdurakhmanova, Ashik Mohamed, Ashish Bacchav, Ashlie Bernhisel, Aubrey Walton Webson, Augusto Azuara-Blanco, Ava Hossain, Bayazit Ilhan, Bella Assumpta Lucienne, Benoit Tousignant, Bindiganavale R Shamanna, Boateng Wiafe, Brigitte Mueller, Cagatay Caglar, Caleb Mpyet, Carl H Abraham, Carol Y Cheung, Cassandra L Thiel, Catherine L Jan, Chike Emedike, Chimgee Chuluunkhuu, Chinomso Chinyere, Christin Henein, Clare E Gilbert, Covadonga Bascaran, Cristina Elena Nitulescu, Daksha Patel, Damodar Bachani, Daniel Kiage, Daniel Etya'ale, David Dahdal, Dawn Woo Lawson, Denise Godin, Dennis G Nkanga, Dennis M Ondeyo, Donna O'Brien, Dorothy M Mutie, Ebtisam S K Alalawi, Eduardo Mayorga, Effendy Bin Hashim, Elham Ashrafi, Elizabeth Andrew Kishiki, Elizabeth Kurian, Fabrizio D'Esposito, Faith Masila, Fernando Yaacov Pena, Fortunat Büsch, Fotis Topouzis, Francesco Bandello, Funmilayo J Oyediji, Gabriele Thumann, Gamal Ezz Elarab, Gatera Fiston Kitema, Gerhard Schlenther, Gertrude Oforiwa Fefoame, Gillian M Cochrane, Guna Laganovska, Haroon R Awan, Harris M Ansari, Heiko Philippin, Helen Burn, Helen Dimaras, Helena P Filipe, Henrietta I Monye, Himal Kandel, Hoby Lalaina Randrianarisoa, Iain Jones, Ian E Murdoch, Ido Didi Fabian, Imran A Khan, Indra P Sharma, Islam Elbeih, Islay Mactaggart, J Carlos Pastor, Jan E E Keunen, Jane A Ohuma, Jason Pithuwa Nirwoth, Jaouad Hammou, Jayme R Vianna, Jean-eudes Biao, Jennifer M Burr, Jeremy D Keenan, Jess Blijkers, Joanna M Black, Joao Barbosa Breda, Joao M Furtado, John C Buchan, John G Lawrenson, John H Kempen, Joshua R Ehrlich, Judith Stern, Justine H Zhang, Kadircan H Keskinbora, Karin M Knoll, Karl Blanchet, Katrina L Schmid, Koichi Ono, Kolawole Ogundimu, Komi Balo, Kussome Paulin Somda, Kwame Yeboah, Kwesi N Amissah-Arthur, Leone Nasehi, Lene Øverland, Lingam Vijaya, Lisa Keay, Lisa M Hamm, Lizette Mowatt, Lloyd C M Harrison-Williams, Lucia Silva, Luigi Bilotto, Manfred Mörchen, Mansur Rabiu, Marcia Zondervan, Margarida Chagunda, Maria Teresa Sandinha, Mariano Yee Melgar, Marisela Salas Vargas, Mark D Daniell, Marzieh Katibeh, Matt Broom, Megan E Collins, Mehmet Numan Alp, Michael A Kwarteng, Michael Belkin, Michael Gichangi, Michelle Sylvanowicz, Min Wu, Miriam R Cano, Mohammad Shalaby, Mona Duggal, Moncef Khairallah, Muhammed Batur, Mukharram M Bikbov, Muralidhar Ramappa, Nagaraju Pamarathi, Naira Khachatryan, Nasiru Muhammad, Neil Kennedy, Neil Murray, Nicholas A V Beare, Nick Astbury, Nicole A Carnt, Nigel A St Rose, Nigel H Barker, Niranjan K Pehere, Nkechinyere J Uche, Noemi Lois, Oluwaseun O Awe, Oscar J Mujica, Oteri E Okolo, Padmaja Kumari Rani, Paisan Ruamviboonsuk, Papa Amadou Ndiaye, Parami Dhakhwa, Pavel Rozsival, Pearl K Mbulawa, Pearse A Keane, Pete R Jones, Peter Holland, Phanindra Babu Nukella, Philip I Burgess, Pinar Aydin O'Dwyer, Prabhath Piyasena, Pradeep Bastola, Priya Morjaria, Qais Nasimee, Raizza A T Rambacal, Rajdeep Das, Rajiv B Khandekar, Rajvardhan Azad, Ramona Bashshur, Raúl A R C Sousa, Rebecca Oenga, Reeta Gurung, Robert Geneau, Robert J Jacobs, Robert P Finger, Robyn H Guymer, Rodica Sevciuc, Rohit C Khanna, Ronnie George, Ronnie Graham, Ryo Kawasaki, S May Ho, Sailesh Kumar Mishra, Sandeep Buttan, Sandra S Block, Sandra Talero, Sangchul Yoon, Sanil Joseph, Sare Safi, Sarity Dodson, Sergio R Munoz, Seydou Bakayoko, Seyed Farzad Mohammadi, Shabir Ahmad Muez, Shahina Pardhan, Shelley Hopkins, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu, Sidi Mohamed Coulibaly, Silvana A Schellini, Simon Arunga, Simon R Bush, Sobha Sivaprasad, Solange R Salomao, Srinivas Marmamula, Stella N Onwubiko, Stuti L Misra, Subeesh Kuyyadiyil, Sucheta Kulkarni, Sudarshan khanal, Sumrana Yasmin, Suzana Nikolic Pavljasevic, Suzanne S Gilbert, Tasanee Braithwaite, Tatiana Ghidirimschi, Thulasiraj Ravilla, Timothy R Fricke, Tiziana Cogliati, Tsehaynesh Kassa, Tunde Peto, Ute Dibb, Van C Lansingh, Victor H Hu, Victoria M Sheffield, Wanjiku Mathenge, William H Dean, Winifred Nolan, Yoshimune Hiratsuka, Yousaf Jamal Mahsood, and Yuddha Sapkota

Subjects
Geriatrics, RC952-954.6, Medicine
Abstract

Summary: Background: We undertook a Grand Challenges in Global Eye Health prioritisation exercise to identify the key issues that must be addressed to improve eye health in the context of an ageing population, to eliminate persistent inequities in health-care access, and to mitigate widespread resource limitations. Methods: Drawing on methods used in previous Grand Challenges studies, we used a multi-step recruitment strategy to assemble a diverse panel of individuals from a range of disciplines relevant to global eye health from all regions globally to participate in a three-round, online, Delphi-like, prioritisation process to nominate and rank challenges in global eye health. Through this process, we developed both global and regional priority lists. Findings: Between Sept 1 and Dec 12, 2019, 470 individuals complete round 1 of the process, of whom 336 completed all three rounds (round 2 between Feb 26 and March 18, 2020, and round 3 between April 2 and April 25, 2020) 156 (46%) of 336 were women, 180 (54%) were men. The proportion of participants who worked in each region ranged from 104 (31%) in sub-Saharan Africa to 21 (6%) in central Europe, eastern Europe, and in central Asia. Of 85 unique challenges identified after round 1, 16 challenges were prioritised at the global level; six focused on detection and treatment of conditions (cataract, refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, services for children and screening for early detection), two focused on addressing shortages in human resource capacity, five on other health service and policy factors (including strengthening policies, integration, health information systems, and budget allocation), and three on improving access to care and promoting equity. Interpretation: This list of Grand Challenges serves as a starting point for immediate action by funders to guide investment in research and innovation in eye health. It challenges researchers, clinicians, and policy makers to build collaborations to address specific challenges. Funding: The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust, Moorfields Eye Charity, National Institute for Health Research Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust, Sightsavers, The Fred Hollows Foundation, The Seva Foundation, British Council for the Prevention of Blindness, and Christian Blind Mission. Translations: For the French, Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese, Arabic and Persian translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Published
2022
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2. Making refractive error services sustainable: the International Eye Foundation model

Author

Victoria M Sheffield, John Barrows, and Raheem Rahmathullah

Subjects
Delivery of Health Care, Refractive Errors, Spectacles, Developing Countries, Ophthalmology, RE1-994
Abstract

The International Eye Foundation (IEF) believes that the most effective strategy for making spectacles affordable and accessible is to integrate refractive error services into ophthalmic services and to run the refractive error service as a business – thereby making it sustainable. An optical service should be able to deal with high volumes of patients and generate enough revenue – not just to cover its own costs, but also to contribute to ophthalmic clinical services.

Published
2007

3. Finding community solutions to improve access and acceptance of cataract surgery, optical correction and follow up in children in Malawi

Author

Francis Masiye, Victoria M Sheffield, Khumbo Kalua, Vincent Jumbe, and John Barrows

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, genetic structures, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Compromise, media_common.quotation_subject, Childhood blindness, Qualitative property, Cataract surgery, medicine.disease, Focus group, Grounded theory, Family medicine, Intervention (counseling), Health care, medicine, Optometry, business, media_common
Abstract

Background: Late presentation to the hospital and poor post-operative follow-up after cataract surgery are associated with complications which compromise visual recovery and perpetuate disability among children with cataract. The objectives of the study were to understand the social, psychological and physical consequences of blindness in families, to understand why some parents with blind children access services and others do not, and to explore factors related to decision making within families that prevent access to health care services. Methodology: A mixed methodology quantitative and qualitative community study of blindness in children conducted in southern Malawi to compare “Doers”: families with blind children from the same communities who had attended cataract surgical services with “Non-doers” versus families with blind children from the same communities who had not attended services. Individual, family, community socio-cultural and economic characteristics and other qualitative data on knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs were recorded and analyzed thematically, based on grounded theory. Results: A total of 53 in-depth interviews of parents; 21 in-depth interviews of children; 15 focus group discussions with community members; 62 children’s clinical eye examinations, and 4 case studies were conducted over the study period. Doer families were likely to have a reliable source of income, have better housing and live closer to health centres than non-doer families. Visual acuity among doers was better than non-doers. Conclusion: This research has highlighted reasons why some families who have children with cataract are likely to be delayed to seek surgical intervention. Comprehensive counseling modules targeting such families need to be developed to increase acceptance and access to children’s cataract surgical services.

Published
2013
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4. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN ECOLOGICAL, CHILD CARING PRACTICES AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN 0–60 MONTHS AND THEIR MOTHERS IN A LOWLAND BOLIVIAN COMMUNITY

Author

Gwen Ellen O’Donnell, Widen Absastaflor, Victoria M Sheffield, Noel W. Solomons, Mabel Morales, and John Barrows

Subjects
Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Ecology, Anemia, business.industry, Infection prevalence, Breastfeeding, Medicine (miscellaneous), Nutritional status, General Medicine, Anthropometry, medicine.disease, El Niño, Rural poverty, medicine, business, Food Science, Demography, Population survey
Abstract

A multifaceted, cluster-sample population survey was carried out among 600 children aged 0 to 60 months (mo) and their respective mothers or female caretakers in the province of Ichilo, Santa Cruz, in the lowlands of Bolivia. The purpose was to document attitudes, practices, and nutritional and health status on which to base cost-effective intervention strategies to reduce child morbidity and mortality. Rural poverty, perhaps less severe than in the Bolivian high altitudes, is found in Ichilo Province’s tropical lowlands. In children 0–60 mo, approximately one-fifth (22.5%) were severely stunted with rates increasing with age, 6.5% were severely undernourished, and 1.2% were severely wasted. Close to half (41.7%) of children (95% CI 37.7–45.6%) were anemic with rates lowest in the first semester of life (11.9%) and highest in the 2nd and 4th semesters (65.3%), tapering down to 22% by the 5th year. Forty percent of women were anemic. An infection prevalence of 62.1% was found in a subgroup of 131 children ...

Published
2004
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8. Training for primary and preventive eye care

Author

Victoria M. Sheffield

Subjects
Community Health Workers, medicine.medical_specialty, Health (social science), Inservice Training, Clinical officer, Eye Diseases, business.industry, Public health, MEDLINE, Allied Health Personnel, Eye care, Training methods, Training (civil), Kenya, Primary Prevention, History and Philosophy of Science, Nursing, Health care, Medicine, Humans, Curriculum, business, Referral and Consultation
Abstract

This paper discusses what health workers at various levels can be expected to do in providing eye care with regard to recognizing, managing and preventing common eye conditions. Three particular levels, Kenya's ophthalmic clinical officer (secondary level), general clinical officers and nurses (first-referral level) and primary health workers (primary level) will be discussed. Appropriate and effective training methods will be described especially with regard to curriculum content and resources. Emphasis in teaching is placed on the public health techniques already well understood by health workers and on the connection those techniques have to the prevention of blindness.

Published
1983

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