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The co-utilization of mixed (pentose/hexose) sugars constitutes a challenge for microbial fermentations. The fungus Ashbya gossypii, which is currently exploited for the industrial production of riboflavin, has been presented as an efficient biocatalyst for the production of biolipids using xylose-rich substrates. However, the utilization of xylose in A. gossypii is hindered by hexose sugars. Three A. gossypii homologs (AFL204C, AFL205C and AFL207C) of the yeast HXT genes that code for hexose transporters have been identified and characterized by gene-targeting approaches. Significant differences in the expression profile of the HXT homologs were found in response to different concentrations of sugars. More importantly, an amino acid replacement (N355V) in AFL205Cp, introduced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic edition, notably enhanced the utilization of xylose in the presence of glucose. Hence, the introduction of the afl205c-N355V allele in engineered strains of A. gossypii will further benefit the utilization of mixed sugars in this fungus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10295-020-02320-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Supramolecular complexation is an attractive strategy to modulate the performance of surfactants, e.g., by host-guest interactions. Here, we investigate the interaction of single-chained, di-, tri-, and tetrameric cationic surfactants with cyclodextrins by conductivity and 1H NMR measurements, exploring the effect of increasing the number of the surfactant hydrophobic tails on the stability of cyclodextrin:surfactant inclusion complexes. The stoichiometry and the binding equilibrium constants of the different inclusion complexes were elucidated. Under the working conditions, the number of hydrophobic chains was found not to affect stoichiometry and 1:1 inclusion complexes were formed for all the surfactants investigated. The stability of the host-guest complexes decreases from single-chained to dimeric (“gemini”) surfactants, the binding following a non-cooperative mechanism. This result may be rationalized by taking into account steric constraints and electrostatic effects as well as the need to overcome the hydrophobic interactions between the chains of the same surfactant molecule. However, a further increase in the number of hydrophobic tails, from two to three to four, results in an increase in the equilibrium binding constant, K1. In this case, an increment in the number of chains capable of interaction with the cyclodextrin molecules seems to be the main factor responsible for the increase in K1. ROESY spectra show the coexistence of different types of 1:1 host-guest complexes for tri- and tetrameric surfactants. Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía P12-FQM- 1105, FQM-274 y FQM-206 University of Seville 2017/1004 FEDER funds

The assembly of a surfactant-based rotaxane by adding the labile aquopentacyanoferrate(II) ion to the previously formed pseudorotaxane between the surfactant 11-(isonicotinoyloxy)-N,N,N-triethyl-1-undecanaminium bromide and β-cyclodextrin was investigated by 1H NMR and kinetic measurements. NMR spectroscopy has showed that the rotaxane can be formed through two different mechanisms. The rotaxane can be unstoppered by using the pyridine ligand substitution reaction by the high-field cyanide ligand. In this work a new method is developed for the preparation of several new surfactant-based rotaxanes by changing the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of the surfactants and the nature of the macrocycle.

The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the incorporation of substituents at the end of the hydrophobic tail on the binding of cationic surfactants to α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins. The equilibrium binding constants of the 1:1 inclusion complexes formed follow the trend K1(α-CD) > K1(β-CD) ≫ K1(γ-CD), which can be explained by considering the influence of the CD cavity volume on the host-guest interactions. From the comparison of the K1 values obtained for dodecyltriethylammonium bromide, DTEAB, to those estimated for the surfactants with the substituents, it was found that the incorporation of a phenoxy group at the end of the hydrocarbon tail does not affect K1, and the inclusion of a naphthoxy group has some influence on the association process, slightly diminishing K1. This makes evident the importance of the contribution of hydrophobic interactions to the binding, the length of the hydrophobic chain being the key factor determining K1. However, the presence of the aromatic rings does influence the location of the host and the guest in the inclusion complexes. The observed NOE interactions between the aromatic protons and the CD protons indicate that the aromatic rings are partially inserted within the host cavity, with the cyclodextrin remaining close to the aromatic rings, which could be partially intercalated in the host cavity. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first study on the association of cyclodextrins with monomeric surfactants incorporating substituents at the end of the hydrophobic tail.

Mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) is associated with an increased risk of both thrombotic and bleeding events. Although little is known about the use of Glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors (GPi) in this setting, the early action and the intravenous administration of these agents in patients who cannot swallow might potentially translate into clinical benefits in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS).To assess the incidence of bleeding/thrombotic events in patients with ACS under MTH after an Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who received GPi or not.From January 2010 to September 2015, 110 patients were treated with MTH after an OHCA. Among them, 88 (80%) had an ACS and 71 patients (80.6%) underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In 17 (24%) GPi were administered in the cath-lab. During hospitalization, 11.7% in the GPi and 9.25%in the non GPi group presented thrombotic events (stent thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) without significant differences between groups (p= 0.762). The incidence of any bleeding (64.7% vs. 14.8%; p0.0001), and major bleeding (41.1% vs. 3.7; p0.0001) was significantly higher in patients receiving GPi. Finally, in-hospital mortality did not differ between groups (24% vs. 35, 2%; p=0.385).In this study, the use of GPi in patients with ACS undergoing PCI under MTH was associated with an increased bleeding risk without reduction of thrombotic events. According to these results, the use of GPi should be carefully considered in this setting.

Several cationic dimeric surfactants have shown high affinity towards DNA. Bis-quaternary ammonium salts (m-s-m) have been the most common type of dimeric surfactants investigated and it is generally admitted that those that posses a short spacer (s ≤ 3) show better efficiency to bind or compact DNA. However, experimental results in this work show that 12-s-12 surfactants with long spacers make the surfactant/ctDNA complexation more favorable than those with short spacers. A larger contribution of the hydrophobic interactions, which control the binding Gibbs energy, as well as a higher average charge of the surfactant molecules bound to the nucleic acid, which favors the electrostatic attractions, could explain the experimental observations. Dimeric surfactants with intermediate spacer length seem to be the less efficient for DNA binding.

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122054., This work presents the exploitation of waste industrial by-products as raw materials for the production of microbial lipids in engineered strains of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. A lipogenic xylose-utilizing strain was used to apply a metabolic engineering approach aiming at relieving regulatory mechanisms to further increase the biosynthesis of lipids. Three genomic manipulations were applied: the overexpression of a feedback resistant form of the acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme; the expression of a truncated form of Mga2, a regulator of the main 9 desaturase gene; and the overexpression of an additional copy of DGA1 that codes for diacylglycerol acyltransferase. The performance of the engineered strain was evaluated in culture media containing mixed formulations of corn-cob hydrolysates, sugarcane molasses or crude glycerol. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of the engineered strains, which were able to accumulate about 40% of cell dry weight (CDW) in lipid content using organic industrial wastes as feedstocks., This work was supported by: the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grant numbers BIO2014-56930-PandBIO2017-88435R) and the Junta de Castilla y León (grant number SA016P17); the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019, PhD grant PD/ BD/113812/2015 to R. Silva (Doctoral Program in Applied and Environmental Microbiology), the MultiBiorefinery project (POCI-010145-FEDER-016403) and the BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-010145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. DDF was recipient of USAL predoctoral fellowship from the University of Salamanca., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

López-López, Manuel et al., The goal of this work was to understand the key factors determining the DNA compacting capacity of single-chained cationic surfactants. Fluorescence, zeta potential, circular dichroism, gel electrophoresis and AFM measurements were carried out in order to study the condensation of the nucleic acid resulting from the formation of the surfactant-DNA complexes. The apparent equilibrium binding constant of the surfactants to the nucleic acid, K, estimated from the experimental results obtained in the ethidium bromide competitive binding experiments, can be considered directly related to the ability of a given surfactant as a DNA compacting agent. The plot of ln(K) vs. ln(cmc), cmc being the critical micelle concentration, for all the bromide and chloride surfactants studied, was found to be a reasonably good linear correlation. This result shows that hydrophobic interactions mainly control the surfactant DNA compaction efficiency., This work was financed by the Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía (P12-FQM-1105), FQM-274 and FQM-206, University of Seville (2017/1004), R+D+i grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity (SAF2013-43255 and SAF2016-74855) and FEDER funds.

The micellization of four dimeric cationic surfactants (“gemini surfactants”) derived from N-dodecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride was studied in pure water and in water–ionic liquid (IL) solutions by a wide range of techniques. The dimeric surfactants are distinguished by their rigid spacer groups separating the two surfactant motifs, which range from C3 to C5 in length. In order to minimize organic ion pairing effects as well as the role of the ionic liquids as potential co-surfactants, ILs with inorganic hydrophilic anions and organic cations of limited hydrophobicity were chosen, namely ethyl, butyl, and hexyl-3-imidazolium chlorides. 1H NMR two-dimensional, 2D, rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy measurements, ROESY, supported this premise. The spacer nature hardly affects the micellization process, neither in water nor in water–IL solutions. However, it does influence the tendency of the dimeric surfactants to form elongated micelles when surfactant concentration increases. In order to have a better understanding of the ternary water–IL surfactant systems, the micellization of the surfactants was also studied in aqueous NaCl solutions, in water–ethylene glycol and in water–formamide binary mixtures. The combined results show that the ionic liquids play a double role in the mixed systems, operating simultaneously as background electrolytes and as polar organic solvents. The IL role as organic co-solvent becomes more dominant when its concentration increases, and when the IL alkyl chain length augments.

Chronic total occlusions (CTO) are present in more than one third of elderly patients with myocardial ischemia, and their best therapeutic approach is still controversial. AIMS: To compare the long-term survival of CTO revascularization [percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery

The interactions between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the single-chain surfactants N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-dodecyl)ammonium bromide (PH12) and N-cyclohexylmethyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-dodecyl)ammonium bromide (CH12) and their two dimeric counterparts, N,N'-[1,3-phenylenebis(methylene)]bis[N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-dodecyl)]ammonium dibromide (12PH12) and N,N'-[cyclohexane-1,3-diylbis(methylene)]bis[N,N-dimethyl-N-(1-dodecyl)]ammonium dibromide (12CH12), respectively, have been investigated by surface tension, fluorescence, circular dichroism, ζ potential, and atomic force microscopy. The results obtained permit the examination of the way an increase in the number of hydrophobic chains and the substitution of a cyclohexyl ring by a phenyl ring, either in the headgroup of single-chain surfactants or in the spacer of dimeric surfactants, affect BSA-surfactant interactions. The comparison of the fluorescence results with those obtained by ζ potential measurements shows that the sites of binding of the surfactants with aromatic rings to the BSA are somewhat different from those of the surfactants with no aromatic rings.

Micellization in the aqueous binary mixtures of n-decanoyl N-methylglucamide, MEGA10, and alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12-s-12 (with s = 7, 9, 11), was investigated at 303 K and the data compared to those previously found in MEGA10-12-s-12 mixed solutions, with s = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Application of different theoretical approaches to the binary mixtures showed a non ideal behavior, the spacer length not affecting substantially the Rubingh interaction parameter. However, circular dichroism experiments show and odd–even effect in the interactions of the dimeric surfactants with MEGA10 molecules within the mixed micelles. Micellar growth was also studied in the mixed micellar solutions, the addition of MEGA10 diminishing the tendency of the dimeric aggregates to form elongated micelles upon increasing surfactant concentration.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Analizar la tasa de pacientes ingresados por sindrome coronario agudo que recibieron al alta conjuntamente acido acetilsalicilico, estatinas e inhibidores de la enzima de conversion de la angiotensina, la variabilidad entre hospitales en dicha prescripcion y el pronostico asociado a esta. Metodos Se estimo la variabilidad entre hospitales en la prescripcion con el coeficiente de correlacion intraclase y la odds ratio mediana ajustada (analisis jerarquico). El riesgo de muerte o infarto a 2 anos se estimo mediante modelos de Cox. Resultados De un total de 917 pacientes, 489 (53,3%) tenian prescritos los 3 farmacos, sin apenas variacion entre hipertensos y diabeticos (56,8%). Se observo una alta variabilidad entre centros en la prescripcion (23-77% de los pacientes). La hipertension (odds ratio = 1,93; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,42-2,61), la fraccion de eyeccion Conclusiones Tras un sindrome coronario agudo, en casi la mitad de los pacientes no se prescribieron los tres farmacos al alta. La prescripcion fue variable entre centros y posiblemente relacionada con habitos asistenciales diferentes.

The bimolecular reactions methyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate + Br − , MNS + Br − , and 2-(4-nitrophenyl) ethyl bromide + OH − , PEB + OH − , were studied in micellar solutions of cationic monomeric and dimeric surfactants with phenyl and cyclohexyl rings in the head group. Morphological transitions occur in these micellar solutions when surfactant concentration increases. A kinetic equation based on the pseudophase model could not quantitatively explain the kinetic micellar effects on the process MNS + Br − . Micellar growth brings about a decrease in the micellar ionization degree which has to be considered in order to explain the experimental kinetic data. Besides, the formation of elongated micelles is followed by changes in the characteristics of the interfacial region which can affect the equilibrium binding constant as well as the second order rate constant at the micellar pseudophase. These medium micellar effects are larger the stronger the tendency of the surfactant to micellar growth is. The kinetic micellar effects on the reaction PEB + OH − were quantitatively rationalized by considering a kinetic equation based on the ion-exchange pseudophase model. This could be taken as indicative that the equilibrium ion-exchange constant controlling the exchange between the surfactant counterion, Br − , and OH − at the micellar surface does not substantially change with micellar growth. The effects of the number of alkyl chains and of the nature of the ring present in the head group on reactivity were explained by considering their influence on the polarity of the interfacial region and on the tendency of the micelles to grow.

The dehydrobromination reaction 2-(p-nitrophenyl)ethyl bromide + OH− was investigated in several alkanediyl---bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12-s- 12,2Br− (with s = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12) micellar solutions, in the presence of NaOH 5 × 10−3 M. The kinetic data were quantitatively rationalized within the whole surfactant concentration range by using an equation based on the pseudophase ion-exchange model and taking the variations in the micellar ionization degree caused by the morphological transitions into account. The agreement between the theoretical and the experimental data was good in all the dimeric micellar media studied, except for the 12-2-12,2Br− micellar solutions. In this case, the strong tendency to micellar growth shown by the 12-2-12,2Br− micelles could be responsible for the lack of accordance. Results showed that the dimeric micelles accelerate the reaction more than two orders of magnitude as compared to water Consejería de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa de la Junta de Andalucía FQM-274and P07-FQM-03056 DGCYT grant BQU2009-07478

The SN2 substitution reactions between methyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate and methyl 4-nitrobenzenesulfonate with bromide ions were studied in alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium) bromide, 12-s-12,2Br− (s = 3, 4, 6), micellar solutions in the absence and in the presence of alcohols. The observed rate constant for the two processes was found to be sensitive to changes in micellar characteristics caused by the presence of alcohols. At high surfactant concentrations, kinetic data made evident the sphere-to-rod transition accompanying the increase in the dimeric surfactant concentration in all the micellar reaction media investigated. Kinetic results were quantitatively rationalized within the whole surfactant concentration range, below and above the second CMC, by using a new treatment based on the pseudophase kinetic model.

The reaction methyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate + Br(-) was investigated in several alkanediyl-α-ω-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12-s-12,2Br(-) (with s = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12), micellar solutions in the absence and in the presence of various additives. The additives were 1,2-propylene glycol, which remains in the bulk phase, N-decyl N-methylglucamide, MEGA10, which forms mixed micelles with the dimeric surfactants, and 1-butanol, which distributes between the aqueous and micellar phases. Information about the micellar reaction media was obtained by using conductivity and fluorescence measurements. In all cases, with the exception of water-1,2-prop 12-5-12,2Br(-) micellar solutions, with 30% weight percentage of the organic solvent, a sphere-to-rod transition takes place upon increasing surfactant concentration. In order to quantitatively explain the experimental data within the whole surfactant concentration range, a kinetic equation based on the pseudophase kinetic model was considered, together with the decrease in the micellar ionization degree accompanying micellar growth. However, theoretical predictions did not agree with the experimental kinetic data for surfactant concentrations above the morphological transition. An empirical kinetic equation was proposed in order to explain the data. It contains a parameter b which is assumed to account for the medium micellar kinetic effects caused by the morphological transition. The use of this empirical equation permits the quantitative rationalization of the kinetic micellar effects in the whole surfactant concentration range.

Micellization and micellar growth of cationic dimeric surfactants of the alkanedyil-α,ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium) bromide type, 12-s-12,2Br− (s = 3, 4, 6), in the presence of various amounts of 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol have been investigated. The influence of the nature and concentration of alcohol on the cmc, on the micellar ionization degree, on the average micellar aggregation number, and on the polarity of the micellar interfacial region was investigated by using conductivity and fluorescence measurements. Subsequently, effects of alcohol addition on the surfactant concentration range where sphere to rod transitions occur were examined and information about changes in the micropolarity and in the microviscosity accompanying the morphological transition was obtained. The experimental results were explained by considering the variations in the different contributions to the Gibbs energy of micellization caused by the presence of alcohols. The study of the reaction methyl naphthalene-2-sulfonate + Br− in some water–alcohol 12-6-12,2Br− micellar solutions provided information about the characteristics of the dimeric micelles as microreactors and show the complexity of the microheterogeneous systems studied.

Perturbation techniques for nonexpansive mappings are studied. An iterative algorithm involving perturbed mappings in a Banach space is proposed and proved to be strongly convergent to a fixed point of the original mapping. These techniques are applied to solve the split feasibility problem and the multiple-sets split feasibility problem, and to find zeros of accretive operators.

Salt effects on the reactions [Fe(CN)6]4− + S2O=8 and [Ru(NH3)5py]2+ + S2O have been studied in media of different dielectric constants constituted by mixtures of water with organic cosolvents. It is known that salt and solvent effects are coupled and, consequently, cannot be treated separately. This implies that salt (and solvent) effects need to be carefully analyzed before using them as a tool for mechanistic discrimination. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 582–588, 2009

Using pyren-1-carboxyaldehyde as a fluorescent probe, alcohol and salt–DNA interactions have been studied and quantified in terms of free energies of binding. This quantification implies the determination of the “true” free energy of binding of the probe, after correction through solubility measurements of the equilibrium binding constant of the probe to DNA. According to results, the interaction of alcohols is indirect and is based on the changes that they cause in the structure of water, changes which in turn alter the degree of hydration of DNA. On the other hand, salts interact with DNA through coulombic forces. A linear correlation between the free energy of binding for the different salts and the valency of the cations has been found.

The substitution reaction of 4,4′-bpy (4,4′-bipyridine) for the aquo ligand in aquopentacyanoferrate (II) was studied in solutions containing α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins. We conclude that the well-known pseudophase model is equivalent to the Bronsted equation in regard to the interpretation of the cyclodextrins effects on reactivity. The equivalence follows from the fact that both pseudophase and Bronsted approaches can be used to rationalize kinetic data and permit to quantify the inclusion of the aromatic ligand in the cyclodextrins.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo Evaluar si existen diferencias en la tasa de reestenosis entre stents convencionales (SC) y stents farmacoactivos (SFA) implantados para el tratamiento de la enfermedad vascular del injerto (EVI). Pacientes y metodo Estudio retrospectivo que describe las caracteristicas basales, evolucion clinica y angiografica de una muestra de pacientes con trasplante cardiaco y EVI sometidos a implantacion de stents coronarios. Resultados Se analizo el seguimiento de 40 stents (17 SC y 23 SFA), siendo este de media (DE) de 28 (18) meses (extremos 12 a 84). El grupo SFA presentaba menor tasa de tabaquismo activo, mayor porcentaje de estenosis residual y mayor uso de inhibidores de la enzima conversora de la angiotensina/antagonistas del receptor de la angiotensina de tipo II. Se realizo control angiografico de 33 stents (82%). En el grupo SC (n = 15) se identificaron 8 reestenosis (53%) y 2 (11%) en el grupo SFA (n = 18) (p = 0,02). Conclusion En esta serie se observa menor tasa de reestenosis en el grupo de SFA, atribuible al efecto del farmaco liberado localmente por el stent.

A multifaceted study on the interaction of calf-thymus DNA with two different cationic gemini surfactants alkanediyl-α-ω-bis(dodecyldimethyl-amonium)bromide, 12-s-12,2Br(-) (with s=2, G2, and 10, G10) was carried out. The measurements were done at different molar ratios X=[surfactant]/[DNA]. Results show two different conformational changes in DNA: a first compaction of the polynucleotide corresponding to a partial conformational (not total) change of DNA from an extended coil state to a globular state that happens at the lower molar ratio X. A second change corresponds to a breaking of the partial condensation, that is, the transition from the compacted state to a new more extended conformation (for the higher X values) different to the initial extension. According to circular dichroism spectra and dynamic light scattering measurements, this new state of DNA seems to be similar to a ψ-phase. Measurements confirm that interactions involved in the compaction are different to those previously obtained for the analog surfactant CTAB. X values at which the conformational changes happen depend on the length of the spacer in the surfactant along with the charge of the polar heads.

Introduccion y objetivos El stentintracoronario Multi-Link es un cilindro de acero inoxidable compuesto de anillos con multiples enlaces que proporcionan flexibilidad y adaptabilidad conservando la fuerza radial. Presentamos los resultados de nuestra experiencia inicial con la utilizacion de este stent. Pacientes y metodos Entre mayo de 1996 y abril de 1997 se implantaron 124 stentsMulti-Link consecutivos con el sistema monorrail en 97 pacientes. La edad media fue de 62,2 ± 11 anos. Todos los pacientes incluidos tenian un diametro de arteria superior a 2,7 mm. La clinica que motivo su implantacion fue angina estable en 20 pacientes, inestable en 72 e infarto de miocardio en 5. Segun la clasificacion de la ACC/AHA las lesiones eran tipo A en 6 pacientes, tipo B en 72 y tipo C en 19. La indicacion de la implantacion fue en lesiones arteriales «de novo» en 85 pacientes y en lesiones reestenoticas en 12. El tratamiento despues del procedimiento fue ticlopidina y acido acetilsalicilico en todos los pacientes excepto en 6 que recibieron acenocumarol y acido acetilsalicilico. Dieciseis enfermos fueron tratados concomitantemente con Abciximab. El grado de estenosis se determino mediante angiografia cuantitativa. Resultados La colocacion del stentfue se realizo con exito en todos los pacientes. El porcentaje de estenosis antes del procedimiento, del 79,6 ± 13,1%, disminuyo despues de la implantacion del stental 17,7 ± 11,4%. Las complicaciones fueron infarto de miocardio sin onda Q en tres pacientes. Dos enfermos presentaron una trombosis subaguda del stent, falleciendo uno de ellos por insuficiencia cardiaca. Durante el seguimiento clinico de 4,7 ± 2,6 meses, cinco enfermos reingresaron por recurrencia de la angina (4 por reestenosis y 1 por oclusion del vaso) y un paciente con insuficiencia cardiaca postinfarto agudo de miocardio presento una muerte subita a las tres semanas del procedimiento. Conclusiones El stentMulti-Link se implanto con exito en todos los pacientes con una baja incidencia de complicaciones, presentando en el seguimiento una reducida tasa de reestenosis clinica.

The evidences of therapy with drug-eluting stents (DES) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction are mostly based on trials performed with first-generation DES. There is paucity of data with long-term follow up with second-generation DES in this setting. The ESTROFA-MI is a multicenter retrospective

The micellization and micellar growth in the mixtures of N,N-dimethyl, N-phenyl,N-dodecylammonium bromide, PH12, N,N-dimethyl,N-ciclohexylmethyl,N-dodecylammonium bromide, CH12, and their two dimeric counterparts m-dimethylphenyl-α-ω-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12PH12, and m-dimethylciclohexyl-α-ω-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12CH12, with dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide, DTAB, and with N-decanoyl N-methylglucamide, MEGA10, were investigated at 303 K. Circular dichroism, CD, experiments showed the formation of mixed micelles. Two-dimensional, 2D, rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (ROESY) experiments indicated that the arrangement of the rings in the pure and mixed micelles is similar, with the rings bent into the micelle interior avoiding contact with water. Application of different theoretical approaches shows that PH12 and CH12 mixtures with DTAB and with MEGA10 behave almost ideally. The binary systems of 12PH12 and 12CH12 with DTAB and with MEGA10 show a non-ideal behavior. An increment in the solution mole fraction of MEGA10 and DTAB diminishes the tendency of the micellar aggregates to grow.

In this work the two monomeric surfactants N -benzyl- N , N -dimethyl- N -(1-dodecyl)ammonium bromide (PH12,Br − ) and N -cyclohexylmethyl- N , N -dimethyl- N -(1-dodecyl)ammonium bromide (CH12,Br − ) and their two dimeric counterparts N , N ′-(1,3-phenylenebis(methylene))bis( N , N- dimethyl- N -(1-dodecyl)ammonium dibromide (12PH12,2Br − ) and N , N ′-(cyclohexane-1,3-diylbis(methylene))bis( N , N- dimethyl- N -(1-dodecyl)ammonium dibromide (12CH12,2Br − ) were prepared and characterized. The critical micelle concentration, the micellar ionization degree and the average aggregation number were obtained by using different techniques. The results are discussed with the help of 1 H NMR two-dimensional, 2D, rotating frame nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy measurements, ROESY, which seem to indicate that the phenyl and cyclohexyl rings present in the head groups of the surfactants are bent towards the micellar interior in order to avoid contact with water. The surface activity of the surfactants was studied by means of surface tension measurements. The occurrence of morphological transitions upon increasing surfactant concentration and the variations in the polarity and in the microviscosity of the interfacial region accompanying this sphere-to-rod transition were investigated. It was shown that the formation of spherocylindrical micelles also causes changes in the 1 H NMR spectra of the surfactant solutions.

The micellization and micellar growth in pure aqueous alkanediyl-alpha-omega-bis(dodecyldimethylammonium) bromide, 12-s-12,2Br(-) (with s = 2,5,6,8,10,12), and N-decanoyl-N-methylglucamide MEGA10 solutions and their mixtures are investigated at 303 K. Application of different theoretical approaches to the binary mixtures shows a nonideal behavior. It also shows that the spacer length does not play an important role in the attractive interactions shown by the mixed systems. The sphere-to-rod morphological transition in the pure dimeric micellar solutions is studied at 303 K. From comparison of these results with those at 298 K the key role played by the spacer in the micellar growth is shown. The spacer length controls not only the surfactant concentration at which the morphological transition happens but also the sign of the enthalpy change accompanying the sphere-to-rod equilibrium. Spacers with an even number of methylenes show smaller C* values than those with an odd number of -CH(2)- units. An endothermic enthalpy change is found for even spacers whereas an exothermic enthalpy change is found for odd spacers. To the authors knowledge, this is the first time this experimental trend has been shown. Addition of MEGA10 diminishes the tendency of the aggregates to grow. An increment in the solution mole fraction of MEGA10 makes the formation of elongated micelles difficult. Microviscosity measurements provide additional information about the influence of the MEGA10 content on the sphere-to-rod transition.

We studied 2 groups of patients with (n = 14) and without (n = 42) minor coronary dissections following cutting balloon angioplasty. Patients with a minor dissection had a longer length of lesion, higher percentage of stenosis, and greater acute gain after angioplasty; at 6-month follow-up both groups had a similar net gain and restenosis rate, suggesting that minor dissection after cutting balloon angioplasty has no influence on restenosis.

The evidences of therapy with drug-eluting stents (DES) in the left main coronary artery are mostly based on trials performed with first-generation DES. There is paucity of data with long-term follow up with second-generation DES in this setting. The ESTROFA-LM is a multicenter retrospective