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Background: The relationship between competitive sports and atrial fibrillation (AF) is controversial. We aimed to systematically evaluate and summarize all published observational data on the association between competitive sports and AF. Methods and results: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and SportDiskus for all observational studies that assessed the risk of AF among athletes involved in competitive sports. Data were extracted and pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated using random effects models. Six cohort studies and 2 case-control studies with a total of 9113 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Pooled analyses showed an increased risk of incident and prevalent AF among athletes compared to the general population (OR = 1.64 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–2.43]). Age-stratified analysis revealed an effect modification with age. Studies enrolling younger adults (

BACKGROUNDDespite a reported worldwide increase, the incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli and Klebsiella infections in the United States is unknown. Understanding the incidence and trends of ESBL infections will aid in directing research and prevention efforts.OBJECTIVETo perform a literature review to identify the incidence of ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella infections in the United States.DESIGNSystematic literature review.METHODSMEDLINE via Ovid, CINAHL, Cochrane library, NHS Economic Evaluation Database, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for multicenter (≥2 sites), US studies published between 2000 and 2015 that evaluated the incidence of ESBL-E. coli or ESBL-Klebsiella infections. We excluded studies that examined resistance rates alone or did not have a denominator that included uninfected patients such as patient days, device days, number of admissions, or number of discharges. Additionally, articles that were not written in English, contained duplicated data, or pertained to ESBL organisms from food, animals, or the environment were excluded.RESULTSAmong 51,419 studies examined, 9 were included for review. Incidence rates differed by patient population, time, and ESBL definition and ranged from 0 infections per 100,000 patient days to 16.64 infections per 10,000 discharges and incidence rates increased over time from 1997 to 2011. Rates were slightly higher for ESBL-Klebsiella infections than for ESBL-E. coli infections.CONCLUSIONThe incidence of ESBL-E. coli and ESBL-Klebsiella infections in the United States has increased, with slightly higher rates of ESBL-Klebsiella infections. Appropriate estimates of ESBL infections when coupled with other mechanisms of resistance will allow for the appropriate targeting of resources toward research, drug discovery, antimicrobial stewardship, and infection prevention.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1209–1215

As knowledge about elder mistreatment (EM) has amassed, there has been a concomitant evolution in the definitions used to characterize EM. In this chapter, we seek to explore the challenges in the crafting of these definitions. Critical elements of the most commonly identified types of EM will be identified and discussed. Additionally, legal and cultural influences on EM definitions within populations will be examined. To advance the field of EM, we offer a selection of sources to further the understanding of EM definitions and make suggestions to improve the use of EM definitions in research and practice.