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International audience; The seasonal and interannual fluctuations of the biogeochemical budget (solutes, suspended matter, isotopes) of the Amazon River basin were analyzed, with a special focus on 44 physicochemical parameters monitored over the period 1982-1984 during the Carbon in the AMazon River Experiment (CAMREX) project. The relevant factors driving this variability were identified and sorted through the implementation of a statistical-regressive model coupled to variance analysis. Basically, the compositional fluctuations in the Amazon River are related (1) to the variable contribution of major tributaries (variable regional source) to the river flow but also (2) to the variable contribution of hydrological sources, (3) to river processes, i.e. in-stream diagenesis and sediment dynamics and (4) to the hydrological budget of the floodplains. Their respective contributions to the variability of chemical signals observed in the stream waters depend on which parameter was investigated but their combination explains on average 85% of the observed variability. The variability related to regional sources was captured by the compared measures of flow discharge and biogeochemical fluxes at the outlet of the major tributaries. The variability of hydrological sources was described by the variable contribution of three runoffs of distinct but constant composition: forwarded direct runoff, delayed floodplain runoff and baseflow. Several methods were tested to depict the seasonal and interannual variations of their individual discharges. Biologically-mediated processes were related to a hydrobiological index IBIO = [O2]-[CO2] which allows tracking the nature of the dominant ecological regime (autotrophy vs. heterotrophy). The alteration of chemical signals related to the intermittent discharge of the floodplains (where specific processes occur such as: gas exchanges at the air-water interface, sorption of dissolved organic matter, chemical weathering, deposition vs. remobilization of sediments, etc.) was simulated by taking into account the default of hydrological balance between inflows and outflows, used as a marker of floodplains discharge. This analysis shows that the chemical baseline observed in the waters of the Amazon River is mostly acquired upstream from the junction of major tributaries with the Amazon main reach. Les fluctuations saisonnières et interannuelles du bilan biogéochimique (solutés, matière particulaire, isotopes) du fleuve Amazone ont été analysées, avec une attention particulière apportée à 44 paramètres physicochimiques mesurés entre 1982 et 1984 dans le cadre du programme CAMREX. Les facteurs exerçant une influence significative sur cette variabilité ont été identifiés et hiérarchisés par le biais d'un modèle statistique couplé à une analyse previous termdenext term variance. Les variations previous termdenext term composition des eaux previous termdenext term l'Amazone sont fondamentalement associées (1) à previous termlanext term contribution variable previous termdenext term ses affluents majeurs (source régionale variable) au débit total, mais aussi (2) à previous termlanext term contribution variable des pôles previous termdenext term mélange hydrologiques, (3) à des processus fluviaux correspondant au régime hydrobiologique et à previous termlanext term dynamique sédimentaire et (4) au bilan hydrologique des plaines d'inondation. Leurs contributions respectives à previous termlanext term variabilité des signaux chimiques observés dans les eaux du fleuve dépendent du paramètre considéré, mais leur combinaison explique en moyenne 85 % previous termde lanext term variabilité observée. previous termLanext term variabilité associée aux contributions régionales variables est appréhendée en procédant aux bilans entrées-sorties des débits et flux biogéochimiques. previous termLanext term variabilité previous termdenext term contribution des pôles previous termdenext term mélange est décrite par previous termlanext term contribution variable previous termdenext term trois écoulements previous termdenext term compositions distinctes mais constantes : l'écoulement direct à expression précoce, l'écoulement local previous termdenext term vidange alluviale à expression différée et l'écoulement previous termdenext term base. Douze méthodes ont été testées afin previous termdenext term décrire les variations saisonnières et interannuelles des débits individuels previous termdenext term chaque pôle previous termdenext term mélange. Les processus contrôlés par le vivant sont appréhendés à partir d'un indice hydrobiologique IBIO = [O2]-[CO2] qui permet previous termdenext term déterminer previous termlanext term nature du régime hydro-écologique dominant (autotrophe vs. hétérotrophe). L'altération des signaux chimiques générée par previous termlanext term vidange intermittente des plaines d'inondation (au niveau desquelles ont lieu des processus spécifiques : échanges gazeux, sorption previous termdenext term matière organique dissoute, érosion chimique, dépôt vs. remise en suspension previous termdenext term sédiments, etc.) est simulée en prenant en compte le défaut previous termdenext term bilan hydrologique entrées-sorties utilisé comme marqueur previous termdenext term débit des plaines d'inondation. Cette analyse montre que le bruit previous termdenext term fond chimique observé dans les eaux du fleuve Amazone est principalement acquis en amont des confluences entre le tronçon fluvial étudié et les principaux affluents qui l'alimentent.

Neste trabalho teve-se como objetivo testar o modelo CENTURY para simular os efeitos das mudanças de uso da terra nos teores de carbono no solo e na produção primária líquida na bacia do rio Piracicaba, SP. O modelo foi parametrizado e as simulações foram realizadas considerando-se áreas de florestas, pastagens e cana-de-açúcar, dada a sua importância econômica. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a alteração do uso/cobertura do solo provoca a diminuição do estoque de carbono do solo. As simulações realizadas na transição de uma floresta para cana-de-açúcar indicaram um decréscimo de 28% no estoque de carbono nos primeiros 12 anos, e diminuição de 42% com 50 anos de cultivo do solo com essa gramínea. Na simulação da transição de uma floresta para pasto, seguida do cultivo da cana-de-açúcar, verificou-se que na primeira mudança (floresta-pastagem) a perda de carbono foi de 24%, enquanto na segunda alteração (pastagem-cana) a perda foi de 22%. Com relação à produção primária, os resultados obtidos de floresta (6,6 t ha-1 ano-1), cana-de-açúcar (77, 82, 80 t ha-1 ano-1) e pasto (6,5 t ha-1 ano-1), mostraram-se similares aos valores observados no campo por outros autores. The objective of this study was to test adequability of the CENTURY model to simulate the effects of land use changes on soil carbon content and net primary production to specific subtropical Brazilian environmental conditions. After parameterization, simulations were performed for forested areas, pasture and sugarcane cultures which have economical importance and representative areal extension in the Piracicaba River basin, São Paulo State, Brazil. The results obtained indicate that changes in use/cover from forest to agricultural practices resulted in lower soil carbon stocks. The simulations of the transition from forest to sugarcane indicated a decrease of 28% in soil carbon stocks for the first 12 years and 42% for 50 years of sugarcane cultivation. The simulation of the transition from forest to pasture and then to sugarcane resulted in a 24% loss of soil carbon stock for the first transition (forest-pasture) and of 22% for the second one (pasture-sugar-cane). The net primary production results obtained for forest (6.6 ton ha-1 yr-1), sugarcane (77, 82, 80 ton ha-1 yr-1) and pasture (6.5 ton ha-1 yr-1) were similar to those observed by other authors in field measurements.

Orientador: Anne Helene Fostier Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica Resumo: Foi objetivo principal deste trabalho de tese a quantificação dos fluxos de mercúrio gasoso (Hg0) na interface solo-atmosfera na Bacia do rio Negro utilizando câmaras dinâmicas de fluxo. O estudo metodológico realizado permitiu verificar que as câmaras de fluxo foram eficientes para comparar os fluxos dos diferentes sítios. No entanto, a umidade dentro da câmara e a baixa vazão de bombeamento podem ter subestimado os valores dos fluxos. Os fluxos encontrados nas áreas de floresta tanto de terra firme quanto inundável foram baixos, em concordância com dados da literatura. Nas áreas de floresta, os fluxos evasivos diurnos (média de 1,3 ± 1,3 pmol m-2 h-1) foram equivalentes aos fluxos invasivos noturnos (média de -1,3 ± 1,2 pmol m-2 h-1) e concluiu-se que os solos de floresta da Bacia não exportam Hg para a atmosfera. O que ocorre é uma ciclagem de cerca de 0,7 t ano-1 de Hg dentro das florestas. A deposição de Hg nos solos das florestas via serapilheira demonstrou ser a via de entrada de Hg mais significativa, cujo valor foi de 26,6 t ano-1. As áreas desmatadas da Bacia do Rio Negro apresentaram valores de fluxos de Hg na interface solo/atmosfera bem maiores que as áreas de floresta (média de 12,3 ± 9,9 pmol m-2 h-1). Isto levou à importante conclusão que a ausência de vegetação aumenta significativamente os fluxos de emissão, tanto em áreas de terra firme quanto em áreas inundáveis. Na bacia do rio Negro, considerando 1% de desmatamento, a massa de Hg exportada para a atmosfera pelos solos desmatados seria de 0,13 t ano-1. Além da importância de se estimar os fluxos de Hg0 na interface solo/atmosfera para o estudo do ciclo biogeoquímico do Hg na Bacia do rio Negro, o entendimento dos fatores que influenciam estes fluxos é de extrema importância. Dentre os fatores ambientais estudados, os que apresentaram uma correlação mais efetiva com os fluxos foram: a temperatura do solo, radiação solar e o teor de matéria orgânica no solo Abstract: The aim of this thesis was to quantify the soil/air exchange of mercury in the Negro River Basin by using a Dynamic Flux Chamber. The methodological study showed that the flux chamber was efficient to compare the Hg fluxes in the different sites. However, the humidity inside the chamber and the low flushing flow rate could have subestimated the Hg fluxes. Hg fluxes found at the flooding forest and at the non-flooding forest were low but they are in agreement with literature reports. At the forest sites, the evasive diurnal Hg fluxes (mean of 1.3 ± 1.3 pmol m-2 h-1) were equivalent to the nocturnal fluxes (mean of -1.3 ± 1.2 pmol m-2h-1), concluding that the forest soils of the Negro River Basin do not export Hg to the atmosphere.What occurs is a Hg cycling of about 0.7 t y-1 inside the forest. The deposition of Hg to the forests soils from litterfall showed to be the most significative Hg input to the forest, whose value was 26.6 t y-1. The deforested sites of the Negro River Basin presented Hg fluxes in the soil/air exchange higher than the forest sites (12.3 ± 9.9 pmol m-2 h-1). This led to an important conclusion that the absence of vegetal covering significantly enhances Hg soil emissions, both in areas of flooding and in nonflooding soils. At the Negro River Basin, considering 1% of desforestation, the Hg mass exported to the atmosphere from the deforested soils would be 0.13 t ano-1. Besides the importance to estimating the Hg0 fluxes at the air/soil interface for a Hg biogeochemistry study of the Negro River Basin, the understanding of the factors that could affect these Hg fuxes is very important. Among the environmental paramethers studied, the soil temperature, the solar radiation and the soil organic matter were the paramethers which showed the highest correlations with the Hg fluxes. Key-words: mercury fluxes, soil/air exchange, flux chamber, Amazon, soil temperature Doutorado Química Analítica Doutor em Ciências