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Objectives: The study evaluated the bond strength, degree of conversion and fracture pattern of the hybrid layer in cement-dentin adhesion techniques. Materials and Methods: Bovine teeth dentin blocks were divided according to the cementation techniques: G1- Conventional three-step adhesive and dual-curing resin cement; G2- One-step self-etch adhesive and dual-curing resin cement; G3-Self-adhesive resin cement; and G4- Self-adhesive primer and dual-curing resin cement. Specimens were submitted to thermal cycling, chemical aging or water storage. Bond strength was evaluated by testing machine; fracture pattern observed by optical microscopy, and degree of conversion evaluated in micro-Raman spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results: G1 showed greatest bond strength (p

Para alcançar êxito na melhor formação de uma interface de união dentina/adesivo, é necessário que o sistema adesivo utilizado proporcione boa infiltração no substrato dentinário previamente condicionado. Objetivo: Avaliar a resistência de união (μTBS) do sistema adesivo Adper™ Single Bond Plus aplicado em diferentes tempos em dentina afetada por cárie (DAC) e hígida (DH), na forma convencional (20 segundos) e por tempo de aplicação prolongado (60 segundos). Material e métodos: A amostra consistiu de 36 terceiros molares humanos extraídos, hígidos; destes, aleatoriamente, foram preparados de forma artificial 18 amostras de DAC e distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=9) de acordo com a forma de aplicação e o substrato dentinário: (DACM) dentina afetada por cárie com aplicação adesiva modificada; (DHC) dentina hígida com aplicação adesiva convencional; (DACC) dentina afetada por cárie com aplicação adesiva convencional; (DHM) dentina hígida com aplicação adesiva modificada. Realizou-se o procedimento adesivo/restaurador de acordo com os grupos experimentais. Efetuou-se a análise estatística dos resultados por meio de teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anova 2-fatores e pós-teste de Tukey, considerando α=5%. Resultados: Os maiores valores de μTBS foram encontrados quando a DH foi associada ao tempo de aplicação de 60 segundos (p

Introdução: A interação entre as novas técnicas e novos materiais restauradores é notória em casos de dentes tratados endodonticamente com destruição coronária, como o uso de pinos de fibra de vidro, considerado um material com boas propriedades mecânicas e estéticas. Pode, ainda, ser associado a outras técnicas restauradoras, caracterizando um tratamento multidisciplinar. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, normossistêmica, compareceu à Unifametro (Fortaleza) relatando insatisfação com a estética do sorriso. Após uma anamnese criteriosa, identificaram-se, nos dentes #12 e #21, destruições coronárias classificadas como classe IV na classificação de Black; nos dentes #11 e #21 havia restaurações com cárie secundária e cores irregulares; dente #22 com fratura em mais de 50% da sua porção coronária, com substrato escurecido e tratamento endodôntico insatisfatório. Durante o planejamento do caso, optou-se por um tratamento multidisciplinar, com adequação do meio bucal, retratamento endodôntico do dente #12 e cimentação de pino de fibra de vidro. Nos demais dentes, foram realizadas estratificações com resina composta. Conclusão: A utilização de técnicas mais simplificadas e relevantes é uma adequada opção estética e funcional para dentes com tratamentos endodônticos e com cáries severas.

Background: Alternatively to conventional treatments, chemo-mechanical caries removal agents can be used. A modality of treatment that has been increasing in dentistry is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Bixa orellana, is being researched for application in aPDT. This protocol aims to determine the effectiveness of aPDT with Bixa orellana extract in deep caries lesions.Methods: A total of 160 teeth with deep occlusal dental caries will be selected and divided in 3 groups: G1 - control group (Caries removal with a lowspeed drill); G2 - Partial Caries Removal with Papacarie; G3 - Partial Caries Removal with Papacarie and application Bixa orellana extract (20%); G4 - Partial Caries Removal with Papacarie and application Bixa orellana extract (20%) with LED (aPDT). After treatment, all the teeth will be restored with glass ionomer cement and followed up clinically and radiographically, with evaluations at immediately, 1 week, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Dentin samples before and after treatment will be analyzed microbiologically. The data will be submitted to descriptive statistical analysis of the association between the categorical variables using the chi-square test and Fisher exact text. The Student t test and analysis of variance will be used for the comparison of mean signs and symptoms of reversible pulpitis. Pearson correlation coefficients will be calculated for the analysis of correlations among the continuous variables.Discussion: Procedures using aPDT have been developed for the treatment of dental caries, but, there are few controlled clinical trials in the literature confirming its efficacy.Trial registration: This protocol is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under the number NCT05236205 and it was first posted on 01/21/2022 and last updated on 05/10/2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05236205?term=NCT05236205&draw=2&rank=1.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence on MMP inhibition, dentin adhesion and physicochemical properties of an adhesive system incorporated with polymerizable collagen crosslinker monomer derived from cardanol.The intermediary cardanol epoxy (CNE) was synthesized through cardanol epoxidation, followed by synthesis of cardanol methacrylate through methacrylic acid solvent-free esterification. Zymographic analysis was performed to evaluate the substances' ability to inhibit gelatinolytic enzymes. Collagen crosslinkers were added into adhesives systems according to the following groups: Ybond Universal® (Control), Ybond® + 2 % proanthocyanidin (PAC), Ybond® + 2 % unsaturated cardanol (Cardanol) and Ybond® + 2 % cardanol methacrylate (CNMA). Degree of conversion (DC) of the adhesives was assessed by FT-IR. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared for water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL) tests. Human third molars were sectioned to expose medium dentin and restored according to the different adhesives used (n = 5). Then, the specimens were cut into 1 mmCNMA and PAC completely inhibited all forms of gelatinolytic enzymes. Cardanol achieved a significantly lowest DC, while the other groups did not differ from each other (p 0.05). PAC achieved significantly higher water sorption, while CNMA solubility was significantly lower when compared to the other adhesives (p 0.05). PAC provided a statistically higher 24 h and 6-month aging bond strength. Intermediary similar µTBS were presented by control and CNMA (p = 0.108). All adhesives applied attained significantly reduced bond strength after aging (p 0.05). Interfaces created using CNMA were almost devoid of silver deposits initially, however all groups showed large amounts of silver deposits on resin-dentin interface subjected to water aging.Although CNMA was effective in inhibiting gelatinolytic enzymes, when incorporated into a universal adhesive it could not promote less degradation of the adhesive interface after water aging. Since it is a hydrophobic monomer, CNMA did not interact well with dentin collagen, however it reduced the solubility of the adhesive system besides not interfering in its polymerization.

Vissupplementation is a minimally invasive and simple technique that replaces synovial fluid with intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid (HA). This is a kind of treatment suitable for treating temporomandibular joint (TMD) diseases, such as osteoarthritis and disc displacement, with or without reduction.Aim: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the use of viscossuplementation in the treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunctions. Material and Methods: The literature, for this, was searched in PubMed and Scielo databases, from 2009 to 2019, using "Viscosuplementation", "Hyaluronic Acid", "Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions" and "Osteoarthritis". Exclusion criteria were those that tested on animals and were not related to the subject. Seven selected layouts.Results: From the reading of the studies, it is believed that hyaluronic acid is beneficial in reducing pain levels, improving the patient's quality of life and mandibular function, even being superior to placebo. However, there are still studies that point out the differences in relation to this technique, due to the question of the molecular weight of HA, the number of sessions performed. Conclusion: Therefore, the patients with temporomandibular joint disorders may improve their clinical setting with a viscossupplementation function, however, greater product standardization and new research studies are needed.

A fasciite necrosante (FN) da regiao cervico-facial e uma infeccao bacteriana rara de tecido mole, que acomete, geralmente, pacientes com doencas que levam a imunossupressao sistemica. E caracterizada por uma necrose extensa dos tecidos moles, com possivel formacao de gases nos tecidos subcutâneos, e de progressao rapida e potencialmente fatal. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar o caso de uma paciente de 40 anos de idade, sexo feminino, que compareceu a um servico de cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial com historia medica pregressa de transtorno obsessivo compulsivo (TOC). Paciente, portadora de transtorno psiquiatrico de ansiedade, compareceu a um servico de cirurgia e traumatologia bucomaxilofacial com relato de odontalgia associada a segundo e terceiro molares inferiores, do lado direito com duracao de duas semanas, seguida de formacao de abscesso e drenagem espontânea extra-oral. Ao exame fisico, apresentava sinais de desnutricao, limitacao de abertura bucal, higiene oral insatisfatoria e lesao cutânea extensa em regiao cervico-facial a direita com presenca de secrecao purulenta. Diante dos exames fisicos e de imagem, obteve-se o diagnostico de fasciite necrosante. Foi iniciado, entao, antibioticoterapia empirica, reposicao hidrica, eletrolitica e calorica, bem como farmacos para o tratamento da anemia. Adjuvante a terapia farmacologica, foram realizadas limpezas diarias da regiao acometida e a remocao dos dentes molares inferiores citados. A paciente, apos 3 meses de acompanhamento, apresenta sinais clinicos de plena cicatrizacao tecidual e ausencia de recidiva. Pode-se concluir, entao, que a avaliacao odontologica, o tratamento de estomatoterapia, bem como acompanhamento psiquiatrico, psicologico e psicossocial humanizados sao fundamentais no tratamento de portadores de transtornos mentais e lesoes cutâneas de etiologia dentaria.

Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre a eficácia do uso do Laser de Baixa Potência em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular muscular. Método: Realizou-se uma busca de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed e Scielo, buscando estudos clínicos realizados em humanos, artigos que relatam o uso do Laser de Baixa Potência em tratamentos e o seu acompanhamento, publicados nos idiomas português e inglês, até o ano de 2019 com os descritores “Low-level”, “Laser Therapy”, “Myofascial Pain” e “Temporomandibular Dysfunction”. Foram excluídos artigos que não apresentavam clareza na metodologia ou não se adequavam à temática pesquisada. Resultados: Após a triagem sete artigos foram selecionados, nos quais os resultados apontaram que laser de baixa potência pode ser utilizado como uma modalidade de tratamento no controle da disfunção temporomandibular dolorosa, possibilitando redução da intensidade de dor à palpação, melhora da percepção subjetiva da dor e da movimentação mandibular, podendo-se observar também efeitos positivos em aspectos psicológicos em pacientes com dor orofacial crônica. Conclusão: De acordo com os estudos antepostos, o uso do Laser de Baixa Potência tem demonstrado em curto prazo, eficácia no auxilio da abertura bucal dos pacientes analisados, permitindo o alivio nas dores dos pacientes, possibilitando melhor qualidade de vida. Contudo, ainda não é um consenso na literatura sobre os melhores parâmetros específicos para gerar efeitos mais satisfatórios. Assim, são necessários mais estudos para desenvolver uma confirmação precisa dos resultados e avaliação de outras doses e protocolos.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets (XLHR)-related compositional and microhardness tooth aspects. Material and Methods One affected and one non-affected teeth by XLHR were sectioned transversely, and each section was separated for Micro-Raman spectroscopy, Knoop microhardness and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS). The outcomes of these analyses were assessed. Results Outcomes of Raman analysis of inorganic/organic components (~958/~1250+~1450 cm−1) and carbonate/phosphate (~1070/~958 cm−1) ratios showed areas of altered enamel and dentin (interglobular dentin, calcospherites, and mantle dentin) with an increase of inorganic content in the rickets tooth. Microhardness reduction was observed in the affected tooth, with a more evident drop in regions of mantle dentin, interglobular dentin, and calcospherites. SEM-EDS analysis showed demonstrated the absence of calcium and phosphorus in interglobular spaces. Conclusions In conclusion, compositional and structural deficiencies were observed in deciduous tooth affected by XLHR. Also, it was observed the absence of hydroxyapatite in the interglobular dentin by using Raman spectroscopy analysis. Key words:Dentin, dentin permeability, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, tooth, tooth calcification, Raman spectroscopy.

Objective. To evaluate different concentrations of solvents (tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and monomers on the degree of conversion, microtensile bond strength, and mechanical properties of experimental resin infiltrants. Materials and Methods. Resin infiltrants were formulated and divided into eleven groups: (1) Icon, (2) 75% TEGDMA (T) +25% UDMA (U), (3) T +25% BIS-EMA (B), (4) T + U +0.5%DMSO, (5) T + U +5% DMSO, (6) T + U +0.5% THF, (7) T + U +5% THF, (8) T + B +0.5% DMSO, (9) T + B +5% DMSO, (10) T + B +0.5% THF, and (11) T + B +5% THF. One hundred and ten bovine mandibular incisors were sectioned, treated, and destined to the degree of conversion, tensile cohesive strength, microtensile bond strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus. Data were submitted to one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test ( α = 0.05 ). Results. The degree of conversion was lowest for T + B +5%THF (41.9%) and highest for T + U +5%THF (62.1%). In flexural strength and E-modulus, the T + B (96.5 MPa and 0.49 GPa) obtained the highest values and the lowest for T + U +5% DMSO (18.5 MPa and 9.7 GPa). Icon showed the highest bond strength (19.3 MPa) and cohesive strength (62.2 MPa), while T + U +5%DMSO (9.7 MPa) and T + B +5% DMSO (9.8 MPa) the lowest values and T + B +0.5% DMSO (12.3 MPa) the lowest cohesive strength. Conclusions. The addition of lower concentrations of DMSO or THF (0.5%) did not impair bond strength or significantly affect monomer conversion, but reduced the mechanical properties of resin infiltration.

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/15/9/3218 Este artículo de investigación pertenece al número especial "Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry". To evaluate the biomodification ability of lignin used as pre-treatment in human dentin before the application of an etch-and-rinse adhesive. Experimental hydroethanolic solutions with different cross-linking agents were used: 6.5% proanthocyanidins (PAC, from grape-seed extract); 2% cardanol (CARD, from cashew-nut shell liquid); lignin (LIG, from eucalyptus) at 1, 2 or 4% concentrations. The negative control (NC) was ethanol 50 v%. Extracted molars were prepared, and dentin microtensile bond strength ( TBS) was evaluated after 24 h water storage or 10,000 thermocycling aging. Further specimens were processed for SEM nanoleakage, micropermeability confocal microscopy evaluation and in situ degree of conversion (DC) through micro-Raman spectroscopy. Demineralized dentin sticks were submitted to a three-point bending test to evaluate the elastic modulus (E) before and after 1 min biomodification using the tested solutions. Moreover, it was also evaluated the mass changes and hydroxyproline (HYP) release after 4-weeks of water storage. Vibrational collagen crosslinking identification was evaluated through micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test ( = 0.05). A significant reduction in TBS was observed in groups NC (p < 0.001) and CARD (p = 0.026). LIG-4% showed no significant reduction in TBS after aging (p = 0.022). Nanoleakage micrographs showed hybrid layer protection with all agents, but reduced micropermeability was attained only with lignin. Polymerization was negatively affected in the presence of all tested cross-linking agents, except LIG-1%. Lignin and cardanol increased the dentin E values, but only lignin reduced the mass loss in dentin specimens. Effective collagen crosslinking (1117 cm􀀀1 and 1235 cm􀀀1) was detected for all agents. HYP release was significantly lower with LIG-1% than NC (p < 0.001). Lignin was able to perform collagen cross-linking and prevent the degradation of unprotected dentin collagen, thereby improving the bonding performance of the composite restorations performed in this study.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the influence of shades of a multilayered zirconia on light transmission, resin cement degree of conversion, and shear bond strength of resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS The light transmission through opaque (OPQ) and translucent (TNS) regions of Katana UTML zirconia (Kuraray Noritake Dental) were evaluated for using a spectroradiometer (n = 5). Degree of conversion of dual-cure resin cement (Panavia V5, Kuraray Noritake Dental) was measured after light-activation through OPQ or TNS regions and direct exposure. Composition of the zirconia was analyzed with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated on the OPQ and TNS regions after 24 h and 1 year from specimen preparation (n = 15). RESULTS The OPQ region produced higher irradiance loss (95.1%) than TNS one (92.9%), and lower degree of conversion (52.4%) than TNS (71.2%) at 24 h post-light activation. EDS analysis did not show differences on the microstructure of the OPQ and TNS regions. There were no significant differences on the SBS between zirconia regions. For both zirconia regions, a significant reduction on the SBS occurred after aging, being 31.7% for OPQ and 38% for TNS. CONCLUSION Both OPQ and TNS regions affected the light transmission through the multilayered zirconia. The OPQ region yielded the highest light attenuation and the lowest degree of conversion of resin cement. Different regions of the zirconia did not influence the SBS. Clinical significance Although opaque and translucent regions of the multilayered zirconia reduced the light transmission from LED curing unit and the degree of conversion of resin cement, the regions did not affect the resin cement adhesion.

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of glass-fiber post (GFP) relining with composites of different opacities on resin cement layer thickness (CLT), bond strength (BS) to root dentin, and resin cement degree of conversion (DC%). Standardized roots of 52 bovine incisors had their canals prepared and were distributed into 4 groups (n = 10 for CLT and BS; n = 3 for DC%) according to the post used: WP3 (Control)-Whitepost DC3; groups DE, EN and TR-Whitepost DC0.5 relined, respectively, with dentin, enamel, and translucent shade composites. After cementation, specimens were sectioned into six 1.0 mm-thick discs that were submitted to push-out BS test. CLT and failure pattern were evaluated using a stereomicroscope and DC% by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test (α = 0.05). The control group showed greater CLT than all relined groups (p 0.05), which did not differ from each other (p 0.05). Groups relined with low opacity composites (TR; EN) showed the highest BS and DC% means (p 0.05). BS was not different among root thirds (p 0.05), while DC% decreased from cervical to apical third (p 0.05). Adhesive failures between cement and dentin were predominant, except for group DE with frequent mixed failures. It could be concluded that composite opacity did not influence CLT, which was thinner when GFP were relined and that relining GFP with lower opacity composites led to higher BS and DC%.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of 70 vol.% ethanol as a dentin pretreatment on the bond strength (BS) of a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. Materials and Methods Resin composite Class I restorations were clinically bonded to acid-etched dentin of human sound third molars using Adper Single Bond 2 (SB, 3M ESPE) and randomly divided into two major groups: dentin saturated with water (control) or 70 vol.% ethanol (ethanol). The teeth were divided into two subgroups: immediately extracted and tested after 24 hours and extraction after 18 months. Bonded teeth (Adper SB 2) were cut into resin–dentin sticks that were tested by microtensile BS, and the failure mode was thereafter evaluated. Statistical Analysis Data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Holm–Sidak post hoc test (α = 0.05). Additional bonded resin–dentin slabs from each group were examined under light microscopy (LM) using the Masson's trichrome staining technique. Results The lowest BS was obtained by ethanol pretreated dentin after aging, while other groups presented similar BS. The LM analysis showed the presence of resin-sparse collagen fibrils in groups examined immediately (24 hours) and the presence of several gaps due to collagen degradation at the interfaces of ethanol pretreated aged specimens (18 months). Conclusion The use of 70 vol.% ethanol in dentin before the application of a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive should be avoided once it resulted in a significant drop on the BS.

To evaluate the effects of pretreatment with different crosslinking agents on glass-fiber-post adhesive luting.Single-rooted human teeth (n = 20) were randomly assigned to four groups: proanthocyanidins (PA) from grape-seed extract, cardol and cardanol (separated from cashew nut-shell liquid) and negative control (hydroethanolic solution). The solutions were applied on 37% phosphoric acid-etched dentin for 60 s. Glass-fiber posts were cemented using a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (Scotchbond Multi-Purpose, 3M Oral Care) and composite cement (RelyX ARC, 3M Oral Care). Slices for the push-out bond strength test were cut and tested after 24-h or 6-month storage in distilled water. The dentin underlying the adhesive layer was analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy to evaluate vibrational formation of collagen crosslinks. Three additional slices per group were also made and the adhesive in-situ degree of conversion (DC) was analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p0.05).No statistically significant changes in bond strength were found over time for any of the groups, except with cardol, which increased bond strength (8.4 ± 3.9 MPa at 24 h to 15.0 ± 2.9 MPa after 6 months, p0.001) after aging. The formation of peaks at 1117 cm-1 and 1235 cm-1 showed the presence of collagen crosslinks for all three biomodification agents. The DC outcomes showed no statistically significant differences between groups (p = 0.514).Biomodification agents did not impair adhesive polymerization. Cardol demonstrated a positive influence on intraradicular dentin bonding for glass-fiber post luting.

The aim of this study was to develop a novel method of endodontic therapy, which we refer to as dental pulp autotransplantation. Three patients (2 males and 1 female) were selected for endodontic treatment of a uniradicular premolar and extraction of a third molar (without odontosection). Electric assessment of pulp vitality and computed tomographic imaging were undertaken followed by endodontic access and instrumentation using triantibiotic solution for irrigation in the host tooth. A few minutes before the transplant procedure, the third molar was extracted, the tooth was sectioned with a diamond blade in a low-speed handpiece, and the pulp was carefully removed. After premolar instrumentation, the harvested and preserved pulp tissue was reinserted into the root canal followed by direct pulp capping performed using Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France), a liner of resin-modified glass ionomer cement and composite resin restoration. The teeth were followed up for at least 12 months after the procedures and were analyzed using computed tomographic imaging, electric pulp vitality testing, and Doppler ultrasound examination. At the 3- and 6-month follow-ups, positive pulp vitality and regression of periapical lesions were verified. After 9–12 months, all teeth were revascularized as determined by Doppler imaging, and the tooth vitality was reestablished with no signs of endodontic/periodontal radiolucency or complications. Within the limitations of the study, considering that it was a case series with only 3 patients, we described a highly innovative procedure of pulp autotransplantation, which appears to be feasible, highlighting the potential for clinical application of pulp regeneration using this new modality of endodontic therapy.

Due to the wide scientific divergence of results among in vitro investigations about the influence of food pigmentation on teeth staining during bleaching, this study aims to evaluate in the laboratory the effectiveness of at-home bleaching using carbamide peroxide (CP), and in-office bleaching using hydrogen peroxide (HP) applied to bovine teeth exposed to açaí and guarana energy drink during the dental whitening process. Extracted bovine incisors were randomly separated into six groups as follows: two control groups (at-home bleaching [HB] and in-office bleaching [OB] and immersed in artificial saliva), two groups following the immersion in açaí (HBa and OBa), and two groups following the immersion in guarana (HBg and OBg). The immersion cycle was conducted three times a day for five minutes. After the initial reading, the color was registered subsequently to the third (and last) week of whitening process. This procedure was carried out using Easyshade spectrophotometer and Vita shade guide. The data were submitted to a two-way ANOVA test (p

Objectives. To investigate physicochemical properties, dentin bonding, cytotoxicity, and in vivo pulp response of experimental self-adhesive composites tailored to direct pulp capping. Materials and Methods. Experimental composites were prepared with beta-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles adsorbed with simvastatin and glutathione added at 0% (control resin), 1 wt% (Res 1%), and 10 wt% (Res 10%). A commercial light-curable calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (Ultra-Blend Plus) was used as control material. The physicochemical properties investigated were flexural strength and modulus, calcium release, and degree of conversion. Dentin bonding was assessed by the push-out test. Proliferation and cell counting assays were performed to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity using fluorescence microscopy. In vivo pulp capping was performed on molars of Wistar rats, which were euthanized after 14 days and evaluated by histological analysis. Results. No statistical difference was observed in flexural strength and cell viability ( p > 0.05 ). Res 10% presented higher modulus than control resin and Ca(OH)2. Also, Res 10% attained statistically higher degree of conversion when compared to other experimental composites. Ca(OH)2 showed higher calcium release after 28 and 45 days of storage, with no statistical difference at 45 days to Res 10%. All experimental composites achieved significantly higher bond strength when compared to Ca(OH)2. While no significant difference was observed in the cell proliferation rates, resins at lower concentrations showed higher cell viability. In vivo evaluation of pulp response demonstrated no pulp damage with experimental composites. Conclusions. The experimental composite investigated in this study achieved adequate physicochemical properties with minor in vivo pulpal inflammation and proved to be a valuable alternative for direct pulp capping.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a bioceramic very similar to the mineral component of bones and teeth. It is well established that osteoblasts grow better onto HA-coated metals than on metals alone. Herein, the preparation of a new system consisting of magnetite (Fe3O4) and HA functionalized with oleic acid and simvastatin (SIMV), and incorporated in chitosan (CHI) scaffolds, was undertaken. HA was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, while Fe3O4 was synthesized by co-precipitation. The polymer matrix was obtained using a 2% CHI solution, and allowed to stir for 2 h. The final material was freeze-dried to produce scaffolds. The magnetic properties remained unchanged after the formation of the composite, as well as after the preparation of the scaffolds, maintaining the superparamagnetism. CHI scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electronic spectroscopy (SEM) and showed a high porosity, with very evident cavities, which provides the functionality of bone growth support during the remineralization process in possible regions affected by bone tissue losses. The synthesized composite showed an average particle size between 15 and 23 nm for particles (HA and Fe3O4). The scaffolds showed considerable porosity, which is important for the performance of various functions of the tissue structure. Moreover, the addition of simvastatin in the system can promote bone formation.

This study aimed at evaluating the shear bond strength (SBS) of modern self-adhesive resin cements and resin-modified glass ionomer cements applied to different prosthetic substrates. Zirconia, lithium-disilicate glass-ceramic and a noble metal alloy were used as bonding substrates. They were all sand-blasted with alumina, while LD was further etched with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid (10 s). A light-curing resin-modified glass ionomer cement (3M-GIC: Ketac Cem Plus) and a self-curing resin-modified glass ionomer cement (GC-GIC: FujiCEM 2) were compared to self-adhesive resin cements (PAN: Panavia SA Universal) and (3M-RES: Rely X Unicem 2). Ten specimens for each substrate were produced and up to five cylinders of each cement were bonded to each substrate. The shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated after 24 h or after thermocycling (TC) aging (5000 cycles). The data was statistically analysed by two-way ANOVA and Student&ndash, Newman&ndash, Keuls test (&alpha, = 0.05). Failure modes were analysed through stereoscopic microscopy. The greatest SBS was attained with PAN, whilst 3M-GIC showed the lowest SBS and failed prevalently in adhesive mode. No difference in SBS was observed between GC-GIC and 3M-RES. After TC aging, all cements showed significant drop (p &lt, 0.05) in SBS, but PAN showed the greatest SBS. Reliable bond strength to prosthetic substrates can be achieved with specific universal resin-luting cements and may be an alternative to glass ionomer cements when luting alloy substrates.

O objetivo do estudo foi evidenciar a expressão imuno-histoquímica da via wnt/b-catenina em células de carcinomas orais (OSCC), por meio de uma revisão da literatura. Para isso, foi realizado uma busca nos bancos de dados PubMed e SciELO com as paravras chaves “β-catenin”, “oral squamous cell carcinoma”, “OSCC” e “Wnt signaling” com operador booleano AND. Como critérios de inclusão adotaram-se artigos publicados na língua inglesa, artigos in vitro, in situ ou ensaios clínicos dos anos de 2010 a 2021 que relacionam a via de sinalização WNT canônica com oral squamous cell carcinoma e os critérios de exclusão considerados foram artigos duplicados, revisão de literatura e que não abordavam a temática. Após a leitura do título, do resumo, e do conteúdo integral de cada um dos estudos, foram selecionados 110 artigos. Compostos de IncRNA, enzimas, derivados de hexaclorofeno e a lignina isolada de Taiwania foram capazes de suprimir o crescimento e metástases pela inibição da via WNT/ β-catenina. Células-tronco cancerosas, enzimas tipo PON2, ingestão de nicotina, citocina TNF-α e gene FAD1 são capazes de aumentar o crescimento e metástase pela inibição da mesma via. Portanto, a expressão desses biomarcadores pode influenciar o prognóstico das células cancerígenas e ajudar os profissionais a explorar novos possíveis efeitos terapêuticos em OSSC modulando a via Wnt / β-catenina.

Objectives Hydroxyethyl-methacrylate (HEMA) is still widely used in simplified adhesives. Indeed, several shortcomings occur with this monomer, such as water uptake and formation of linear polymers. This study aimed to compare the effects of HEMA replacement by glycerol-dimethacrylate (GDMA) on selected physicochemical properties and bonding performance of simplified model adhesives. Materials and Methods Experimental simplified etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives were formulated containing 20 wt% HEMA or GDMA. Three-point bending test was used to obtain the elastic modulus of bar-shaped specimens, and water sorption and solubility were attained by ISO-4049 (ISO, 2009) method. Degree of conversion was surveyed by Micro-Raman spectroscopy, and microtensile bond strength was tested after 24 h or 6 months simulated pulpal pressure aging. Statistical analysis was realized with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p Results GDMA promoted higher elastic modulus to the self-etch adhesive, and GDMA-containing etch-and-rinse adhesive achieved overall lower water sorption and solubility. The degree of conversion was statistically higher for GDMA adhesives than for HEMA etch-and-rinse one. All bond strengths dropped significantly after aging, except that of GDMA self-etch adhesive. The nanoleakage was higher and gaps were found in the interface of HEMA-containing adhesives, which were less present in GDMA equivalents. Conclusions GDMA is a feasible hydrophilic dimethacrylate monomer to replace HEMA in simplified adhesives, thereby providing better polymerization, mechanical properties and dentin adhesion as well as lower water uptake and solubility.

ObjectiveMaterials for pulp protection should have therapeutic properties in order to stimulate remineralization and pulp reparative processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, cell differentiation and bioactivity of experimental light-curable resin-based materials containing bioactive micro-fillers.MethodsFour calcium-phosphosilicate micro-fillers were prepared and incorporated into a resin blend: 1) Bioglass 45S5 (BAG); 2) zinc-doped bioglass (BAG-Zn); 3) βTCP-modified calcium silicate (β-CS); 4) zinc-doped β-CS (β-CS-Zn). These experimental resins were tested for flexural strength (FS) and fracture toughness (FT) after 24 h and 30-day storage in simulated body fluid (SBF). Cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay, while bioactivity was evaluated using mineralization and gene expression assays (Runx-2 & ALP).ResultsThe lowest FS and FT at 24 h was attained with β-CS resin, while all the other tested materials exhibited a decrease in FS after prolonged storage in SBF. β-CS-Zn maintained a stable FT after 30-day SBF aging. Incorporation of bioactive micro-fillers had no negative effect on the biocompatibility of the experimental materials tested in this study. The inclusion of zinc-doped fillers significantly increased the cellular remineralization potential and expression of the osteogenic genes Runx2 and ALP (p SignificanceThe innovative materials tested in this study, in particular those containing β-CS-Zn and BAG-Zn may promote cell differentiation and mineralization. Thus, these materials might represent suitable therapeutic pulp protection materials for minimally invasive and atraumatic restorative treatments.

Experimental one-step, self-etch adhesives containing different contents of an acidic methacrylate monomer (GDMA-P) were formulated and their effectiveness in bonding to sound dentin (SoD) or caries-affected dentin (CAD) was investigated. The CAD was obtained using a microcosm biofilm model. HEMA-based adhesives were formulated with 5, 20, or 35 wt% of GDMA-P (AD5, AD20, AD35), with pH ranging between 1.05 ± 0.05 and 1.93 ± 0.15. Shear bond strength to dentin was assessed after storage for 24 h or 6 months. Morphology of the bonded interfaces was observed using SEM. The exposed collagen area at bonded interfaces was measured using a histological staining technique. Degree of C=C conversion within the hybrid layer, measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy, indicated that AD35 had lower in situ C=C conversion than the other adhesives. A more evident exposed collagen zone along the base of the hybrid layer was observed in CAD samples. The hybrid layer was generally thicker in CAD. AD20 had the highest in situ C=C conversion and yielded stable bond strengths that were generally independent of the dentin condition. Additionally, the bonding effectiveness was dependent on adhesive acidity, type of dentin bonding substrate, and water storage time.

This study examined the effects of two deproteinization protocols on dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS), in situ degree of conversion (DC) and interfacial nanoleakage (NL) of two self-adhesive resin cements (SARCs) after 24 h or 200,000 load cycles. One hundred fourteen third molars were distributed into six groups according to the type of cement and the strategy of deproteinization. Resin cements used were RelyX U200 (RU) and Maxcem Elite (ME) following the manufacturer´s instructions and after deproteinization protocols (NaOCl for 2 min or acid etching before NaOCl for 2 min). The bonded specimens were randomly divided and submitted to microtensile test after 24 h or after 200,000 load cycles. Two slices from each subgroup were prepared for NL using ammoniacal silver nitrate solution, and analyzed through SEM. The in situ DC of three bonded-specimens from each group was measured through micro-Raman spectroscopy. Data was statistically analyzed by Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p

Este artículo se encuentra disponible en la siguiente URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751616117304083?via%3Dihub Este es el pre-print del siguiente artículo: Zenobi, W., Pinheiro Feitosa, V., Martins Moura, ME., D'Arcangelo, C., Azevedo Rodrigues, LK. de & Sauro, S. (2018). The effect of zoledronate-containing primer on dentin bonding of a universal adhesive. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, vol. 77 (jan. 2018), pp. 199-204 que se ha publicado de forma definitiva en https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.015. El título del preprint es Improvements of zoledronate-containing primer on dentin bonding of an universal adhesive. Objectives. To evaluate the bonding ability and nanoleakage of an universal adhesive applied to dentin after zoledronate-containing primer (zol-primer) before and after mechanical load cycling. Materials and Methods. Flat superficial dentin surfaces were exposed on human molars and ascribed to one of the following adhesion procedures (n=6): 1-Adper Single Bond Universal (SBU) applied in etch-and-rinse mode, 2- SBU applied as etch-and-rinse after the application of zol-primer, 3- SBU applied in self-etch strategy, and 4- SBU applied as self-etch after the use of zol-primer. Half of bonded teeth were processed for microtensile bond strength test after 24h and further were cut and surveyed after 200,000 mechanical cycles. Silver-impregnated specimens were assayed for interface nanoleakage by SEM. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p0.05) in microtensile test. Lower nanoleakage was observed for etch-and-rinse specimens treated with zol-primer. However, noteworthy reduction of adhesive layer thickness was observed with the combination of zol-primer and self-etch strategy. Conclusion. It can be concluded that zol-primer should not be used along with an universal adhesive in etch-and-rinse mode, but its application before self-etch application provides minor alterations. This is the pre-peer reviewed version of the following article: Zenobi, W., Pinheiro Feitosa, V., Martins Moura, ME., D'Arcangelo, C., Azevedo Rodrigues, LK. de & Sauro, S. (2018). The effect of zoledronate-containing primer on dentin bonding of a universal adhesive. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, vol. 77 (jan. 2018), pp. 199-204 which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.015. Preprint.

To evaluate the shear bond strength and the fracture type of orthodontic tubes bonded directly with composite resin throughout the enamel surface. 30 bovine teeth were cut into 3 slices with 5 mm each and embedded in PVC pipes with acrylic resin exposing the buccal face. Subsequently, the teeth were submitted to conventional bonding techniques. Natural Ortho resin was applied for direct bonding of Edgewise Standard orthodontic tubes (Morelli®) and light-cured for 20s. A different viscosity resin was chosen and light-cured for 40s to reinforce the tube surface. The samples were divided into the following groups: Orthodontic tube with direct bonding without reinforcement (CONTROL), Tube with Natural Ortho resin + Reinforcement (NO + NO), Tube with Natural Ortho resin + Reinforcement with Flow resin (NO + FL). These were submitted to shear bond strength; immediate and 1-year aging fracture analysis after simulated through thermocycling. In the shear bond strength test, the group of orthodontic tubes that were directly bonded with Natural Ortho resin and reinforced (NO + NO) showed greater strength results after 24 hours and 1 year with values of (p=0.0225) and (p=0.0273). It was statistically differentto the NO + FL and CONTROL reinforced groups. In the fracture analysis, the NO +NO group was classified immediately as composite cohesive, and mixed failure after aging by thermocycling. The addition of a composite resin layer on the surface of the directly bonded orthodontic tube improved bond strength. The reinforcement must be carried out in regular consistency and the use of Flow resin is not indicated. Evaluar la resistencia al corte y el tipo de fractura de los tubos de ortodoncia directamente con refuerzo de resina compuesta en la superficie del esmalte. Se utilizaron 30 dientes de bovino, cortados en 3 piezas de 5 mm de altura. Cada parte se incrustó en tubos de PVC con resina acrílica para que la cara bucal quedara al descubierto. Se aplicó resina fotopolimerizable Natural Ortho para la unión directa de tubos de ortodoncia Edgewise Standard (Morelli®) Después de la polimerización de la resina, toda la superficie del tubo se reforzó con resina de diferente viscosidad. Las muestras se dividieron en los siguientes grupos: Tubo de ortodoncia de control con unión directa sin refuerzo (CONTROL), Tubo con resina Natural Ortho + Refuerzo (NO + NO), Tubo con resina Natural Ortho + Refuerzo con resina Flow (NO + FL) que Se propusieron resistencia al cizallamiento (n=15) y análisis de fractura inmediata y después de 1 año de envejecimiento. En la prueba de cizallamiento, el grupo de tubo de ortodoncia unido directamente con resina Natural Ortho y reforzado (NO + NO) mostró mejores resultados de resistencia a las 24 horas y 1 año con valores de (p = 0.0625 yp = 0.0703). Fue estadísticamente superior a los grupos reforzados con NO + FL y CONTROL En el análisis de fracturas, el grupo NO + NO se clasificó inmediatamente como cohesivo en composite, y falla errónea después del envejecimiento por termociclado. La adición de una capa de resina compuesta en la superficie del tubo de ortodoncia directamente adherido fue importante para mejorar la resistencia de la unión. El refuerzo debe realizarse con consistencia regular y no está indicado el uso de resina Flow. Avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento de tubos ortodônticos de forma direta com reforço de resina composta na superfície do esmalte. Foram utilizados 30 dentes bovinos, cortados em 3 partes de 5 mm de altura devido. Cada parte foi embutido em canos de PVC com resina acrílica de modo que a face vestibular ficasse exposta. Aplicou-se a resina fotopolimerizada Natural Ortho para a colagem direta do tubo ortodônticos Edgewise Standart (Morelli®), após a polimerização da resina por 20s, foi realizado o reforço em toda superfície do tubo com resina de diferente viscosidade fotopolimerizado a área por 40s. As amostras foram divididas nos seguintes grupos: Controle tubo ortodôntico com colagem direta sem reforço (CONTROLE), Tubo com resina Natural Ortho + Reforço (NO + NO), Tubo com resina Natural Ortho + Reforço com resina Flow (NO + FL) que foram destinados à resistência ao cisalhamento e análise de fratura imediata e após o envelhecimento de 1 ano simulado pela temorciclagem. No teste de cisalhamento, o grupo do tubo ortodôntico colados de forma direta com a resina Natural Ortho e reforçados (NO + NO) demonstrou melhores resultados de resistência após de 24 horas e 1 ano com valores de (p=0.0225) e p=0.0273). Ele foi estatisticamente superior aos grupos reforçados NO + FL e CONTROL Na análise de fratura o grupo NO +NO foi classificado no imediato como coesiva em compósito, e falha mista após envelhecimento por termociclagem. A adição de uma camada de resina composta na superfície no tubo ortodôntico colados de forma direta foi significante para melhorar a resistência de união. O reforço deve-se ser realizado na consistência regular e não é indicado o uso da resina Flow.

Objectives The EDTMP (ethylenediamine-tetra-methylene phosphonate) is a molecule similar to EDTA (ethylenediamine-tetra-acetic acid), but with phosphonates, thereby presenting efficient chelating action and binding adequately to proteins, such as collagen. The objective of this study was to evaluate EDTMP as new etching solution to aid ion-releasing adhesive containing beta-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) fillers used for intrarradicular dentin bonding. Materials and methods Thirty extracted single-rooted human teeth were prepared, and glass-fiber posts were adhesively luted with Scotchbond Multipurpose (SBMP, 3 M) adhesive after etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 15s, 15% EDTA or 15% EDTMP for 120s, and SBMP adhesive incorporated or not with β-TCP. RelyX ARC (3 M) was used as resin cement. The restored roots were cut horizontally in 1 mm-thick slabs and submitted to push-out bond strength test after 24h and 6 months of water storage. Interfacial silver nanoleakage was investigated in scanning electron microscopy. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to track mineralization at the hybrid layer. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p Results EDTMP without β-TCP achieved the overall highest bond strength in both storage times. The addition of β-TCP impaired the improvements of EDTMP. The presence of carbonated apatite (peak at 1090 cm-1) was found in EDTMP without β-TCP, thereby suggesting remineralization. Little silver impregnation was observed in general across groups. Conclusion: EDTMP could be an optimal alternative as root dentin etchant for luting glass-fiber posts with improvements in dentin bond stability.

Carnoy's solution has been widely undertaken as adjunctive therapy for benign odontogenic tumors. Although its outcomes were highly investigated, little information is available regarding its mechanism of action and the role of chloroform in composition. The aim of this study was to characterize Carnoy's solution (with and without chloroform) in order to survey its physicochemical and pharmacological properties. UV/Vis spectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, viscosity assessment, pH analysis, and ion (Fe3+) concentration were studied. All solutions were prepared by the same operator and assayed at each 7 days within a 4-week period. All solutions depicted acidic pH whereas the viscosity was increased by the addition of chloroform. Starting in the seventh day after preparation, solutions with chloroform showed iron precipitation when nonfiltered. Carnoy's solution without chloroform was stable during the survey period as evidenced by Raman spectroscopy. In conclusion, Carnoy's solution possesses an acidic characteristic, it is stable when stored at room temperature, and precipitates iron salts when in the presence of chloroform in a nonfiltered solution. The chloroform increases the viscosity of the solution and makes its pH slightly more acidic when compared to the Carnoy's solution without chloroform. Raman spectroscopy favored the evaluation of components' stability in solutions by using the spectra analysis and the established correlations between the peaks in different periods.

Purpose To evaluate the effect of different pHs of 40% meta phosphoric acid (MPA) in comparison with a conventional 37% ortho-phosphoric acid under different application times in terms of resin-dentin bond strength (μTBS), nanoleakage (NL) and the dentin-etching pattern. Materials and methods Ninety-six molars were randomly assigned into 12 experimental conditions according to the combination of the independent variables: Acid [37% ortho-phosphoric acid (OPA), 40% meta-phosphoric acid (MPA) in the following pHs – 0.5, 1 and 2] and Application Time [7, 15 and 30 s]. After restorations, specimens were sectioned into resin–dentine beams (0.8 mm2) tested under tension (0.5 mm/min). Selected beams from each tooth were used for NL evaluation. The dentin-etching pattern of the OPA and MPA was examined under a scanning electron microscop. Acid vs application time data were subjected to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05) Results MPA pH 0.5 showed μTBS means similar to OPA, independently the application time (p>0.05). A statistically higher NL was observed for OPA in comparison with MPA, regardless the application time (p Conclusion The use of 40% meta-phosphoric acid with pH 0.5 is an alternative acid-etching agent with similar immediate bond strength and lower nanoleakage than the traditional 37% ortho-phosphoric acid.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degradation of completely demineralized dentin specimens in contact with a filler-free or 2 ion-releasing resins containing micrometer-sized particles of Bioglass 45S5 (BAG) or fluoride-containing phosphate-rich bioactive glass (BAG-F). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also used to evaluate the remineralization induced by the experimental ion-releasing resin-based materials. Dentin beams were totally demineralized in H3PO4 (10%) and placed in direct contact with a filler-free (RESIN) or 2 experimental ion-releasing resins (BAG or BAG-F) and immersed in artificial saliva (AS) up to 30 d. Further specimens were also processed and submitted to FTIR and SEM analysis to evaluate the remineralization induced by such ion-releasing resins before and after AS immersion. BAG and BAG-F alkalinized the incubation media. A significant decrease of the dry mass was observed between the specimens of all groups stored for 3 and 30 d in AS. However, the fluoride-containing phosphate-rich bioactive glass incorporated into a resin-based material (BAG-F) showed greater ability in reducing the solubilization of C-terminal cross-linked telopeptide (ICTP) and C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) after prolonged AS storage. Moreover, after 30 d of AS storage, BAG-F showed the greatest remineralizing effect on the stiffness of the completely demineralized dentin matrices. In conclusion, fluoride-containing phosphate-rich bioactive glass incorporated as micrometer-sized filler in dental composites may offer greater beneficial effects than Bioglass 45S5 in reducing the enzyme-mediated degradation and remineralization of demineralized dentin.

So far, there is no report regarding the micro-Raman vibrational fingerprint of the bonds between 10-methacryloyloxy-decyl dihydrogen phosphate (10-MDP) and zirconia ceramics. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the Raman vibrational peaks related to the bonds of 10-MDP with zirconia, as well as the influence on microshear bond strength. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was employed to assess the vibrational peak of 10-MDP binding to zirconia. Microshear bond strength of the dual-cure resin cement to zirconia with the presence of 10-MDP in composition of experimental ceramic primer and self-adhesive resin cement was also surveyed. Statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p<0.05). Peaks at 1545 cm−1 and 1562 cm−1 were found to refer to zirconia binding with 10-MDP. The presence of 10-MDP in both experimental ceramic primer and self-adhesive resin cement improved microshear bond strength to zirconia ceramic. It can be concluded that the nondestructive method of micro-Raman spectroscopy was able to characterize chemical bonds of 10-MDP with zirconia, which improves the bond strengths of resin cement.

Objectives This double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluated the influence of pre-treatment with proanthocyanidins (PA) from grape seed extract on the clinical behavior of a simplified etch-and-rinse adhesive placed in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) over 6- and 24-months. Materials and methods A total of 135 restorations were randomly inserted in 45 subjects. The NCCLs were etched with 37 % phosphoric acid for 15 s and distributed into 3 groups: Control (PA0) - adhesive ExciTE F applied as per the manufacturer's recommendations; PA2 and PA5 groups – 2 wt% and 5 wt% PA solution, respectively, were applied for 60 s and washed for 30 s prior to application of the adhesive. The resin composite was placed incrementally and light-cured. The restorations were evaluated at baseline, 6 months (6 m) and 24 months (24 m) using both the FDI and USPHS criteria. Statistical analyses were carried out using Friedman repeated-measures analysis of variance by rank and the Wilcoxon test (α = 0.05). Results The retention rates were 98 % (PA0), 98 % (PA2) and 83 % (PA5) after 6 m and 93 % (PA0), 89 % (PA2) and 70 % (PA5) after 24 m. Only PA5 resulted in a significant lower retention rate at 6 m and at 24 m compared with that of baseline (p = 0.03). All groups resulted in a significantly worse marginal adaptation and marginal staining for the FDI criteria when the baseline vs. the 24 m recall data were compared. These differences were considered clinically acceptable under the FDI criteria. Conclusions The application of PA as a primer did not result in clinical advantages after 24 m of clinical service, regardless of the concentration used. Clinical Relevance It has been reported that PA, a collagen crosslinking agent, increases the durability of the dentin-resin interface. However, no effects were found clinically after 24 months.

To investigate the effects of natural collagen cross-linkers incorporation in phosphoric acid etchant on dentin biomodification, microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) of a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive.Experimental aqueous solution of 37% ortho-phosphoric acid were prepared with the addition of 2% biomodification agents: Lignin (LIG) from industrial paper production residue, Cardanol (CARD) from cashew-nut shell liquid, and Proanthocyanidin (PAC) from grape-seed extract. Negative control (NC) was acid solution without cross-linker whilst commercial control (CC) was Condac 37 gel (FGM). Dentin specimens were assayed by FTIR after 15s etching to detect collagen cross-linking. Extracted third molars were used for μTBS (n=7) and fracture mode analysis of Optibond S (Kerr), tested after 24h or 1000 thermal cycles. NL was surveyed by SEM. Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p0.05).FTIR confirmed cross-linking for all agents. μTBS of CC was the highest (46.6±6.2MPa), but reduced significantly after aging (35.7±5.2MPa) (p0.001). LIG (30.6±3.7MPa) and CARD (28.3±1.8MPa) attained similar μTBS which were stable after aging (p0.05). Fracture mode was predominantly adhesive. At 24h, all groups showed presence of silver uptake in hybrid layer, except CARD. After aging, CARD- and LIG-treated specimens exhibited little amount of silver penetration. CC, PAC and NC showed gaps, great nanoleakage at hybrid layer and presence of water channels in adhesive layer.Altogether, ortho-phosphoric acid incorporated with LIG and CARD promotes stable resin-dentin bond strength with minor nanoleakage after aging, thereby achieving therapeutic impact without additional clinical steps.

Objective: To carry out a literature review on the dentin biomodification agents used in dental research. Methods: The PubMed database and collected literature were used as a resource for peer-reviewed articles to highlight the topics of dentin hierarchical structure, biomodification agents, and investigations of their laboratory and clinical applications. Results: Biomodification agents can be categorized as physical methods and chemical agents. Synthetic and naturally occurring chemical strategies present a distinctive mechanism of interaction with the tissue. Initially thought to be driven only by inter-or intra-molecular collagen-induced non-enzymatic collagen cross-linking, multiple interactions with other dentin components are fundamental for the long-term biomechanics and biostability of the tissue. Conclusion: Riboflavin is a physical agent that is difficult to obtain in industrial terms compared to natural extracts from plants such as proanthocyanidin that can be extracted from natural sources. Cardol and cardanol are industrial discard products and are a good choice for every day being produced on a large scale. Curcumin and chitosan have more accessibility in the extraction. Those of synthetic origin, such as glutaraldehyde have cytotoxic potential and carbodiimide has been a favorable substitute due to lower cytotoxic potential.