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Purpose: This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of DECT techniques, acquisition workflows, and post-processing methods. By doing so, we aim to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of DECT compared to conventional single-energy CT imaging., Methods: A systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE/EMBASE for DECT studies in liver imaging published between 1980 and 2024. Information regarding study design and endpoints, patient characteristics, DECT technical parameters, radiation dose, iodinated contrast agent (ICA) administration and postprocessing methods were extracted. Technical parameters, including DECT phase, field of view, pitch, collimation, rotation time, arterial phase timing (from injection), and venous timing (from injection) from the included studies were reported, along with formal narrative synthesis of main DECT applications for liver imaging., Results: Out of the initially identified 234 articles, 153 met the inclusion criteria. Extensive variability in acquisition parameters was observed, except for tube voltage (80/140 kVp combination reported in 50% of articles) and ICA administration (1.5 mL/kg at 3-4 mL/s, reported in 91% of articles). Radiation dose information was provided in only 40% of articles (range: 6-80 mGy), and virtual non-contrast imaging (VNC) emerged as a common strategy to reduce the radiation dose. The primary application of DECT post-processed images was in detecting focal liver lesions (47% of articles), with predominance of study focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (27%). Furthermore, a significant proportion of the articles (16%) focused on enhancing DECT protocols, while 15% explored metastasis detection., Conclusion: Our review recommends using 80/140 kVp tube voltage with 1.5 mL/kg ICA at 3-4 mL/s flow rate. Post-processing should include low keV-VMI for enhanced lesion detection, IMs for tumor iodine content evaluation, and VNC for dose reduction. However, heterogeneous literature hinders protocol standardization., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: To evaluate the inter-observer reliability of modified Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumours (mRECIST) of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) undergoing neo-adjuvant treatments before liver transplant (LT). The agreement of tumor number, size, transplant criteria, and the radiological-pathological concordance were also assessed., Methods: A total of 180 radiological studies before/after neo-adjuvant therapies performed on 90 patients prior to LT were reviewed from three expert centers. Kappa-statistic and intraclass correlation (ICC) were evaluated on mRECIST and on tumoral features. Complete radiological response (CR) was compared with complete pathological response (CPR)., Results: Before neo-adjuvant therapies, the agreement on tumor number, size, and transplant criteria ranged from moderate (defined as ICC of 0.41-0.60) to almost perfect (ICC of 0.81-0.99), being higher with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) than CT (0.657-0.899 and 0.422-0.776, respectively). After neo-adjuvant therapies, the agreement decreased, as ICCs ranged between 0.518 and 0.663 with MRI and between 0.508 and 0.677 with CT. Concordant mRECIST pairs were 201 of 270 reviews (76.3%) with a kappa of 0.648 indicating substantial agreement. When the three observers completely agreed on CR, the positive predictive value for CPR was 51.6%. The negative predictive value was 94.2% with a kappa of 0.512 indicating fair agreement between radiology and pathology., Conclusions: mRECIST agreement was substantial among the three observers involved. The agreement on tumor number, size, and transplant criteria ranged from moderate to almost perfect, with the highest ICCs obtained with MRI before neo-adjuvant therapies. Finally, the predictive value of mRECIST in the diagnosis of CPR was only fair., Key Points: • The review of 180 radiological exams of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma before and after neo-adjuvant therapies showed that the concordance among three different raters on mRECIST diagnosis was substantial. • The inter-observer reliability on fulfilment of transplant criteria slightly decreased when evaluated through CT and after loco-regional therapies. • The radiological diagnosis of complete response after neo-adjuvant therapies was predictive of complete pathological response in only 51.6% of cases., (© 2021. European Society of Radiology.)

Although the diagnostic value of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) protocol is well recognized in clinical practice, its role in liver transplant (LT) setting is under-explored. We sought to evaluate the oncological impact of LI-RADS classification applied to Metroticket 2.0 calculator in a single-centre retrospective cohort of transplanted hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, exploring which LI-RADS subclasses need to be considered in order to grant the best Metroticket 2.0 performance. The most recent pre-LT imaging of 245 patients undergoing LT for HCC between 2005 and 2015 was retrospectively and blindly reviewed, classifying all nodules according to LI-RADS protocol. Metroticket 2.0 accuracy was subsequently tested incorporating all vital nodules identified during multi-disciplinary team (MDT) meetings attended before LI-RADS reclassification of the latest pre-LT imaging, LR-5 and LR-treatment-viable (LR-TR-V), LR-4/5 and LR-TR-V, and LR-3/4/5 and LR-TR-V nodules respectively. Considering their extremely low probability for harbouring HCC, LR-1 and LR-2 nodules were not considered in this analysis. Incorporation of all HCCs identified during MDT meetings attended before LI-RADS reclassification of the latest pre-LT imaging resulted in a Metroticket 2.0 c-index of 0.72, [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.80]. Metroticket 2.0 c-index dropped to 0.60 [95% CI: 0.48-0.72] when LI-RADS-5 and LI-RADS-TR-V (P = 0.0089) or LI-RADS-5, LI-RADS-4 and LI-RADS-TR-V (P = 0.0068) nodules were entered in the calculator. Conversely, addition of LI-RADS-3 HCCs raised the Metroticket 2.0 c-index to 0.65 [95% CI: 0.54-0.86], resulting in a not statistically significant diversion from the original performance (0.72 vs. 0.65; P = 0.08). Exclusion of LR-3 and LR-4 nodules from Metroticket 2.0 calculator resulted in a significant drop in its accuracy. Every nodule with an intermediate-to-high probability of harbouring HCC according to LI-RADS protocol seems to contribute to tumour burden and should be entered in the Metroticket 2.0 calculator in order to grant appropriate performance., (© 2021 Steunstichting ESOT. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background Lower muscle mass is a known predictor of unfavorable outcomes, but its prognostic impact on patients with COVID-19 is unknown. Purpose To investigate the contribution of CT-derived muscle status in predicting clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods Clinical or laboratory data and outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] admission and death) were retrospectively retrieved for patients with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, who underwent chest CT on admission in four hospitals in Northern Italy from February 21 to April 30, 2020. The extent and type of pulmonary involvement, mediastinal lymphadenopathy, and pleural effusion were assessed. Cross-sectional areas and attenuation by paravertebral muscles were measured on axial CT images at the T5 and T12 vertebral level. Multivariable linear and binary logistic regression, including calculation of odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs, were used to build four models to predict ICU admission and death, which were tested and compared by using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results A total of 552 patients (364 men and 188 women; median age, 65 years [interquartile range, 54-75 years]) were included. In a CT-based model, lower-than-median T5 paravertebral muscle areas showed the highest ORs for ICU admission (OR, 4.8; 95% CI: 2.7, 8.5; P < .001) and death (OR, 2.3; 95% CI: 1.0, 2.9; P = .03). When clinical variables were included in the model, lower-than-median T5 paravertebral muscle areas still showed the highest ORs for both ICU admission (OR, 4.3; 95%: CI: 2.5, 7.7; P < .001) and death (OR, 2.3; 95% CI: 1.3, 3.7; P = .001). At receiver operating characteristic analysis, the CT-based model and the model including clinical variables showed the same area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for ICU admission prediction (AUC, 0.83; P = .38) and were not different in terms of predicting death (AUC, 0.86 vs AUC, 0.87, respectively; P = .28). Conclusion In hospitalized patients with COVID-19, lower muscle mass on CT images was independently associated with intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article.

Pulmonary parenchymal and vascular damage are frequently reported in COVID-19 patients and can be assessed with unenhanced chest computed tomography (CT), widely used as a triaging exam. Integrating clinical data, chest CT features, and CT-derived vascular metrics, we aimed to build a predictive model of in-hospital mortality using univariate analysis (Mann-Whitney U test) and machine learning models (support vectors machines (SVM) and multilayer perceptrons (MLP)). Patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and unenhanced chest CT performed on emergency department admission were included after retrieving their outcome (discharge or death), with an 85/15% training/test dataset split. Out of 897 patients, the 229 (26%) patients who died during hospitalization had higher median pulmonary artery diameter (29.0 mm) than patients who survived (27.0 mm, p < 0.001) and higher median ascending aortic diameter (36.6 mm versus 34.0 mm, p < 0.001). SVM and MLP best models considered the same ten input features, yielding a 0.747 (precision 0.522, recall 0.800) and 0.844 (precision 0.680, recall 0.567) area under the curve, respectively. In this model integrating clinical and radiological data, pulmonary artery diameter was the third most important predictor after age and parenchymal involvement extent, contributing to reliable in-hospital mortality prediction, highlighting the value of vascular metrics in improving patient stratification.

Calcific tendinopathy typically affects the shoulder rotator cuff tendons. Its management includes shock wave therapy and US-guided percutaneous irrigation, with surgery being less and less used. Extra-shoulder calcific tendinopathy is relatively infrequent and typically affects the hip. While the diagnostic techniques and the treatment options for shoulder calcific tendinopathy have been extensively described, there are only anecdotic reports on the other sites. In this paper, we have reported an unusual case of non-insertional Achilles calcific tendinopathy which occurred many years after Achilles surgical repair. This condition, which presented similar appearance to that of the rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy, is totally different from the well-known and more common insertional calcific Achilles tendinopathy in terms of pathophysiological, imaging, and clinical findings. Further, we have shown that US-guided percutaneous irrigation might be a safe, technically feasible, mini-invasive, and effective treatment also for Achilles calcific tendinopathy.

Background & Aims: In the context of liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prediction models are used to ensure that the risk of post-LT recurrence is acceptably low. However, the weighting that 'response to neoadjuvant therapies' should have in such models remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to incorporate radiological response into the Metroticket 2.0 model for post-LT prediction of "HCC-related death", to improve its clinical utility., Methods: Data from 859 transplanted patients (2000-2015) who received neoadjuvant therapies were included. The last radiological assessment before LT was reviewed according to the modified RECIST criteria. Competing-risk analysis was applied. The added value of including radiological response into the Metroticket 2.0 was explored through category-based net reclassification improvement (NRI) analysis., Results: At last radiological assessment prior to LT, complete response (CR) was diagnosed in 41.3%, partial response/stable disease (PR/SD) in 24.9% and progressive disease (PD) in 33.8% of patients. The 5-year rates of "HCC-related death" were 3.1%, 9.6% and 13.4% in those with CR, PR/SD, or PD, respectively (p <0.001). Log 10 AFP (p <0.001) and the sum of number and diameter of the tumour/s (p <0.05) were determinants of "HCC-related death" for PR/SD and PD patients. To maintain the post-LT 5-year incidence of "HCC-related death" <30%, the Metroticket 2.0 criteria were restricted in some cases of PR/SD and in all cases with PD, correctly reclassifying 9.4% of patients with "HCC-related death", at the expense of 3.5% of patients who did not have the event. The overall/net NRI was 5.8., Conclusion: Incorporating the modified RECIST criteria into the Metroticket 2.0 framework can improve its predictive ability. The additional information provided can be used to better judge the suitability of candidates for LT following neoadjuvant therapies., Lay Summary: In the context of liver transplantation for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, prediction models are used to ensure that the risk of recurrence after transplantation is acceptably low. The Metroticket 2.0 model has been proposed as an accurate predictor of "tumour-related death" after liver transplantation. In the present study, we show that its accuracy can be improved by incorporating information relating to the radiological responses of patients to neoadjuvant therapies., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest that pertain to this work. Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details., (Copyright © 2020 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Tendon transfers have become a common surgical procedure around the ankle. In this study, we sought to evaluate the existence of a correlation between specific anthropometric parameters and the size of some ankle tendons measured on MRI, in particular those mostly used as graft in ankle surgery., Methods: We recorded gender, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of 113 patients (57 females; mean age: 42 ± 18) who underwent ankle MRI. MRI measurements performed by a radiologist were: axial shortest diameter of Achilles (AT), posterior tibialis (PTT), flexor digitorum longus (FDLT), flexor hallucis longus (FHLT), peroneus longus (PLT), and anterior tibialis (ATT) tendons, intermalleolar distance (ID) and talus width (TW). Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. After applying the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, statistical significance was set at p < 0.002., Results: The mean patient height, weight and BMI were 169 ± 9.8 cm (range: 140-193), 72.4 ± 16.4 kg (range: 44-142), and 25 ± 5.7 (range: 16-50), respectively. The mean ankle measurements were: AT = 5.3 ± 1.4 mm, PTT = 3.3 ± 0.6 mm, FDLT = 2.6 ± 0.4 mm, FHLT = 2.7 ± 0.4 mm, PLT = 2.9 ± 0.5 mm, ATT = 3±0.6 mm, ID = 62.9 ± 4.5 mm, and TW = 28.8 ± 2.5 mm. A statistical difference between male and female patients was observed regarding ID (z = -6.955, p < .001), TW (z = -6.692, p < .001), AT (z = -3.587, p < .001), PTT (z = -3.783, p < .001), and FDLT (z = -3.744, p < .001). Both PTT and FDLT showed a significant correlation with ID (p < .001) and TW (p < .001). ATT size was significantly correlated with weight, ID and TW (all with p < 0.001). PLT and AT showed a significant correlation only with ID and weight (p ≤ .001), respectively., Conclusion: Our data might help orthopaedists in preoperative planning to identify the best graft for ankle surgical procedures including tendon transfers.

Background/objectives: The growing interest of medical community about sarcopenia resulted in the production of several clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), with an unavoidable variability in terms of the overall quality of those publications. Our aim is to evaluate the quality of CPGs on sarcopenia using the AGREE II instrument., Subjects/methods: We performed an online literature search for sarcopenia CPGs using different databases. Four independent reviewers evaluated the quality of CPGs using the AGREE II instrument. To classify the quality of each guideline, we defined specific thresholds of final score: high-quality if five or more domains scored >60%; average-quality if three or four domains scored >60%; low-quality if ≤2 domains scored >60%., Results: Our literature search yielded 315 articles, and after applying exclusion criteria our final analysis included 19 CPGs. The overall quality of CPGs was remarkable, as 13/19 (68.4%) were considered of "high-quality" CPGs, with more than four domains reached a score higher than 60%. "Scope and Purpose" and "Clarity of Presentations" had the best domain results (78.4% and 73.8%, respectively), while the two domains with the lowest scores were "Rigor of Development" and "Applicability" (61.5% and 58.7%, respectively). Interobserver variability ranged between moderate (0.624) and fair (0.275)., Conclusions: Our study showed that the overall quality of CPGs about sarcopenia was noteworthy, as more than two-third of paper obtained a "high-quality" score. The domain "applicability" had the lowest score, suggesting that emphasis should be put on possible strategies for helping other doctors to implement guideline recommendations in clinical practice.