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Macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential adaptive physiological response in eukaryotes induced during nutrient starvation, including glucose, the primary immediate carbon and energy source for most cells. Although the molecular mechanisms that induce autophagy during glucose starvation have been extensively explored in the budding yeast

Magma production, storage, and migration beneath volcanic ocean islands has been a matter of controversy and a multitude of methods are currently used to unravel magma evolution, storage and migration processes. Here we report on a temporal sequence of lava samples1, 2 spanning the entirety of the 2021 La Palma eruption (19/09 to 13/12) for which time-series seismic information is also available. Based on the seismic data, initial tephrite lavas were likely drawn from a storage level at or just above the Moho (10-15 km depth), with increasing contributions from a deeper reservoir (>20 km depth) that delivered more primitive basanite lava as the eruption progressed. Early tephrite lava compositions changed rapidly during the first few weeks of the eruption and show significant oxygen isotopic variability (δ18O = +4.9 to 5.8‰), with some samples requiring a low-δ18O component. Later basanite lavas are compositionally less variable after day 20 of the eruption and show a narrower range in oxygen isotopes (δ18O = +5.3 to 5.7‰), close to Atlantic MORB values and similar to values from other historical eruptions and to earlier values recorded from the Cumbre Vieja volcanic system. The larger variability in δ18O in the early lavas is associated with significantly more radiogenic 187Os/188Os and the presence of amphibole and frequent gabbroic micro-xenoliths. Interaction with high-T altered Jurassic oceanic crustal gabbros and basalts with high-time-integrated Re/Os and variable δ18O could be an explanation for the initially wider variations in oxygen isotopes. This is in line with the seismic evidence that indicates the early lavas had been stored at (sub-)Moho levels within the Jurassic oceanic crust at ca. 8-15 km below the island prior to eruption. Later erupted magmas derive from a deeper, upper mantle storage level (>20 km depth) and have had little to no interaction with the igneous and sedimentary portions of the Mesozoic ocean crust, thus providing a useful estimate of primitive mantle δ18O values for the Western Canary Islands. 1Carracedo J.C., Troll V.R., Day J.M.D., Geiger H., Aulinas Junca, M., Soler V., Deegan F.M., Perez-Torrado F.J., Gisbert G., Gazel E., Rodríguez-González, A., and Albert H. (2022) The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja Volcanic Ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands. Geology Today 38: 94-107. 2Day J.M.D., Troll V.R., Aulinas M., Deegan F.M., Geiger H., Carracedo J.C., Pinto G.G., and Perez-Torrado F.J. (2022) Mantle source characteristics and magmatic processes during the 2021 La Palma eruption. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 597: 117793.

The exceptionally dynamic eruption of La Palma in 2021 represents a unique window to look deep into the lithosphere and the mechanics of an eruptive process. Magma ascent is powered by overpressure (dynamic/lithostatic pressure > 1), meaning that thermodynamically estimated pressure cannot be directly converted to depth. The problem is that the amount of overpressure is still unknown. We use classical rock mechanics and fluid flow laws to analyse geophysical and thermodynamic data, and infer high values of overpressure (> 1.5). A large pressure gradient between surface vents and magma reservoirs was established in the early days of eruption, which violently sucked magma from the deeper sources and greatly increased magma velocity that induced brittle behaviour of the lithosphere at depths of 40 km (deepest earthquake). Supersonic explosions and lava fountains hundreds of meters tall were the surface witness of the inferred high overpressure. The non-acknowledgement of significant overpressure in the volcanic process has two undesirable effects: (1) the lithospheric structure, magma ponding levels, volumes, and plumbing system may be misplaced by several kilometres; (2) it hampers the understanding of the mechanics of the whole process and, therefore, of a better knowledge of hazard and risk.

Cytokinesis, which achieves the separation of daughter cells after mitosis completion, relies in animal cells on a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR), made of actin and class II myosins, whose activity is heavily influenced by regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation. However, in simple eukaryotes such as fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, regulation of CAR dynamics by RLC phosphorylation seems dispensable. We found that redundant phosphorylation at Ser35 of the S. pombe RLC homolog Rlc1 by the p21-activated kinases Pak1 and Pak2, modulates Myosin II Myo2 activity and becomes essential for cytokinesis and cell growth during respiration. Previously, we showed that the Stress Activated Protein Kinase Pathway (SAPK) MAPK Sty1 controls fission yeast CAR integrity by downregulating formin For3 levels (Gomez-Gil et al.,2020). Here we report that reduced availability of formin For3-nucleated actin filaments for the CAR is the main reason for the required control of myosin II contractile activity by RLC phosphorylation during respiration-induced oxidative stress. Hence, recovery of For3 levels with antioxidants bypasses the control of Myosin II function regulated by RLC phosphorylation to allow cytokinesis and cell proliferation during respiration. Therefore, a fine-tuned interplay between Myosin II function by Rlc1 phosphorylation and environmentally controlled actin filament availability is critical for a successful cytokinesis in response to a switch to a respiratory carbohydrate metabolism.

Background Miniature pigs have gained popularity as companion animals in the recent years in Spain. Due to the fact that their abandonment and crossing breeds with wild boars can cause severe problems, investigation about the health status is needed. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine their health status according to the clinical findings during physical examination and the results of antibody serology tests against selected infectious diseases. Methods Two‐hundred and eleven miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) were included in the study. Their origin, age, sex, housing conditions and diet were recorded. Results The housing of the animals ranged from wild animals to ones living in animal sanctuaries. The diet varied from a natural one in the wild to commercial and homemade food. Thirty animals out of two‐hundred and eleven were hybrids between miniature pigs and wild boars according to morphological characteristics. Antibody serology techniques of Influenza A virus, Hepatitis E virus, brucellosis, tuberculosis, African swine fever, Classical swine fever and Aujeszky's disease was performed. The prevalence for Influenza A was 5.30%, for Hepatitis E was 5.35% and the rest tested negative. It is important to control and monitor these zoonotic infections to prevent Public Health problems. Conclusions The results obtained from this investigation demonstrated that the animals' health status in this study is optimal and the diseases prevalence is similar or minor when compared to previous studies. This study confirms the hybridization of miniature pig and wild boar in Catalonia., This paper describes a research project about health status of free‐ranging pure and cross‐mixed miniature swine population from North East Spain based on analysis of diet, environment, clinical findings, physical examination, and antibody serology techniques.

The survival of eukaryotic organisms during environmental changes is largely dependent on the adaptive responses elicited by signal transduction cascades, including those regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathways. The Cell Integrity Pathway (CIP), one of the three MAPK pathways found in the simple eukaryote fission of yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, shows strong homology with mammalian Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs). Remarkably, studies over the last few decades have gradually positioned the CIP as a multi-faceted pathway that impacts multiple functional aspects of the fission yeast life cycle during unperturbed growth and in response to stress. They include the control of mRNA-stability through RNA binding proteins, regulation of calcium homeostasis, and modulation of cell wall integrity and cytokinesis. Moreover, distinct evidence has disclosed the existence of sophisticated interplay between the CIP and other environmentally regulated pathways, including Stress-Activated MAP Kinase signaling (SAPK) and the Target of Rapamycin (TOR). In this review we present a current overview of the organization and underlying regulatory mechanisms of the CIP in S. pombe, describe its most prominent functions, and discuss possible targets of and roles for this pathway. The evolutionary conservation of CIP signaling in the dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus will also be addressed.

We provided valuable information about the palaeoenvironmental evolution of Southwestern Europe during the last 800 ka through the palynological study of the longest continuous continental Quaternary record in the Iberian Peninsula and in the Southwestern Mediterranean region. The SPD core studied here constituted the longest sequence recovered at the Padul Basin and we improved the chronological precision with respect to previous research. Furthermore, the high sampling resolution provided interesting insights into the main vegetation changes occurred at long-term timescales in the region and allowed correlating these variations with other long continental records of Europe. Dating using palaeomagnetism, amino acid racemisation, U/Th and C-14 allowed us to construct a robust Bayesian age-depth function, thereby making it possible to determine the chronological framework for the Padul record. From the palynological content of the samples, which were grouped in 11 clusters, we obtained a large variable number of minor pollen variations totalling 21 palynozones identified along the record. From the statistical analysis of the pollen data, some pollen environmental indexes were defined, allowing the reconstruction of palaeotemperature and palaeohumidity conditions. Five climatic scenarios were established: cold/arid, cold/semi-arid, cold/wet, temperate/wet (Mediterranean-climate), and warm/wet (Mediterranean-climate with higher moisture). Of note, the vegetation in the Padul Basin differed from that of other European basins with long pollen records due to regional characteristics, but main palaeoenvironmental trends were in agreement. Pinus, Steppic, Xerophilous, and Mediterranean taxa in the Padul Basin showed a continuous and dominant presence along the whole record, while only in certain periods did humidity increase, reflected by the expansion of Spores, Deciduous and Mediterranean taxa (especially in Pz 2, 7 and 13), but without any large expansion of deciduous forest. Comparison with other European records revealed the singular bioclimatic position of the Padul Basin in the Southwestern Mediterranean realm, and this part of Iberia can be considered a Quaternary vegetation refuge, mainly for mesophillous taxa and sclerophyllous oak. Although the biomes of the Padul basin and other European basins could not be compared directly, the main palaeoenvironmental trends were coincident (interstadials were marked by warmer periods and greater humidity, whereas stadials were cooler and more arid). These observations suggest that environmental changes in the Padul Basin were in tune with variations in global palaeoclimatic conditions., Funding was obtained through the projects “Evidence from Quaternary Infills Palaeohydrogeology” (European Union, F14W/CT96/0031), “Evolución Paleoclimática de la Mitad Sur de la Península Ibérica” of ENRESA (National Company for Radioactive Waste Management, 703238) and “Paleoclima” of ENRESA and CSN (Spanish Nuclear Safety Council).

Almost exactly half a century after the eruption of the Teneguía Volcano on La Palma (26 October to 28 November 1971), a new eruption occurred on the island and lasted for 85 days from 19 September until 13 December 2021. This new eruption opened a volcanic vent complex on the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja rift zone, the N-S elongated polygenetic volcanic ridge that has developed on La Palma over the last c. 125 ka. The Cumbre Vieja ridge is the volcanically active region of the island and the most active one of the Canary Islands, hosting half of all the historically recorded eruptive events in the archipelago. The 2021 La Palma eruption has seen no direct loss of human life, thanks to efficient early detection and sensible management of the volcanic crisis by the authorities, but more than 2800 buildings and almost 1000 hectares of plantations and farmland were destroyed. Satellite surveillance enabled accurate mapping of the progressive buildup of the extensive and complex basaltic lava field, which together with monitoring of gas emissions informed the timely evacuation of local populations from affected areas. Lava flows that reached the sea constructed an extensive system of lava platforms, similar to events during earlier historical eruptions, such as in 1712, 1949 and 1971. Long-term challenges in the aftermath of the eruption include protection of drainage systems from potential redistribution of tephra during high rainfall events, the use of the large surplus quantities of ash in reconstruction of buildings and in agriculture, and the crucial concerns of where and how rebuilding should and could occur in the aftermath of the eruption. Finally, there remains strong financial concerns over insurance for properties consumed or damaged by the eruption in light of future volcanic hazards from the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge.

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB A 2-year-old male red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was presented for generalised tonic-clonic seizures, blindness, compulsive circling and behavioural changes that occurred since the animal was 2 months old. Neurological examination indicated a diffuse forebrain lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, a severe dilation of both lateral ventricles was identified. Congenital hydrocephalus was suspected and the fox was treated with methylprednisolone, omeprazole and phenobarbital. Sixteen months later, the neurological signs had improved: the frequency of seizures had decreased to one seizure every 3 months and compulsive circling was less pronounced.

An intact 1-year-old female rat (Rattus norvegicus) presented with a mass in the left axilla. Nodulectomy was subsequently performed, and biopsy results revealed a subcutaneous lymphangiosarcoma (LPS). Metronomic chemotherapy with toceranib and meloxicam was initiated. Three months later, a left axillary mass and an inguinal mass were observed. Histopathologic analysis confirmed the recurrence of a subcutaneous lymphangiosarcoma in the left axilla, and a mammary fibroadenoma in the inguinal area. The animal continued treatment with the same protocol of metronomic chemotherapy, and no tumor recurrence was observed. Lymphangiosarcoma is a rare, malignant neoplasm poorly described in animals. In the only previous report in rats, the LPS was located on the lumbosacral vertebrae. Lymphangiosarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous masses in rats.

On 10 October 2011, a submarine volcanic eruption began 2 km south of the island of El Hierro (Canary Islands, Spain). It was the first eruption after 40 years of quiescence in the Canarian archipelago. Since mid-July 2011, a multiparametric network has been deployed by the Instituto Geográfico Nacional (hereinafter IGN)to monitor volcanic processes. The data recorded by five stations, measuring the air and soil temperature, CO and radon concentration in the air inside four galleries and one well, are the focus of the present paper. Two important anomalies were found that improve comprehension of the volcanic process. First, a clear increase in CO concentration in one gallery (from 825 ± 19 to 2305 ± 35 ppm)which seems to be mainly controlled by ground deformation measured during the unrest period preceding the eruption. Second, a relationship between radon concentration in air in a well located in the northern side of the island with seismic energy release (several peaks with up to 115% increase), and ground deformation (50% growth in background level), also before the eruption onset. Lastly, changes in radon concentration during eruptive period seem to be modulated by seismic activity (increases up to 233%), which in turn is likely related to variations in magma rheology.

Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways execute essential functions in eukaryotic organisms by transducing extracellular stimuli into adaptive cellular responses. In the fission yeast model Schizosaccharomyces pombe the cell integrity pathway (CIP) and its core effector, MAPK Pmk1, play a key role during regulation of cell integrity, cytokinesis, and ionic homeostasis. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, another fission yeast species, shows remarkable differences with respect to S. pombe, including a robust yeast to hyphae dimorphism in response to environmental changes. We show that the CIP MAPK module architecture and its upstream regulators, PKC orthologs Pck1 and Pck2, are conserved in both fission yeast species. However, some of S. pombe’s CIP-related functions, such as cytokinetic control and response to glucose availability, are regulated differently in S. japonicus. Moreover, Pck1 and Pck2 antagonistically regulate S. japonicus hyphal differentiation through fine-tuning of Pmk1 activity. Chimeric MAPK-swapping experiments revealed that S. japonicus Pmk1 is fully functional in S. pombe, whereas S. pombe Pmk1 shows a limited ability to execute CIP functions and promote S. japonicus mycelial development. Our findings also suggest that a modified N-lobe domain secondary structure within S. japonicus Pmk1 has a major influence on the CIP signaling features of this evolutionarily diverged fission yeast.

The Rho family of GTPases represents highly conserved molecular switches involved in a plethora of physiological processes. Fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has become a fundamental model organism to study the functions of Rho GTPases over the past few decades. In recent years, another fission yeast species, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, has come into focus offering insight into evolutionary changes within the genus. Both fission yeasts contain only six Rho-type GTPases that are spatiotemporally controlled by multiple guanine–nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and whose intricate regulation in response to external cues is starting to be uncovered. In the present review, we will outline and discuss the current knowledge and recent advances on how the fission yeasts Rho family GTPases regulate essential physiological processes such as morphogenesis and polarity, cellular integrity, cytokinesis and cellular differentiation.

Quorum sensing (QS) has been described in prokaryotes as a mechanism that generates coordinated responses dependent on cell population density. Autoinducers, also named quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs), are accumulated into the medium in parallel to the increase of cell population density. Later work has also established its presence in a number of pathogenic and nonpathogenic filamentous fungi as well as in yeast cells. QSMs have a crucial impact in major aspects of fungal development, including morphogenesis, sexual differentiation, consortia behavior, and apoptosis. Significantly, QS is closely linked to fungal pathogenesis by modulating yeast to hyphae transition and biofilm assembly. In this chapter, we describe current advances in QS mechanisms in fungal species and also discuss the potential use of QSMs in biotechnological applications and as antifungal agents.

Here we provide valuable information about the palaeoenvironmental evolution of Southwestern Mediterranean region during the last ca. 320 ka through a biomarker-based study of the longest continuous continental Quaternary record in the Iberian Peninsula. The n-alkane content and δ13C values of these lipids were measured in 300 samples taken from the uppermost 55 m of the Padul Basin (PB) record. The δ13C signal of long-chain n-alkanes was a reliable proxy for C4/C3 terrestrial vegetation composition in the basin, as emergent macrophytes made a minor contribution to these homologues. In contrast, the δ13C values of C23 and C25 alkanes reflected mainly phases of increasing water level of the lacustrine/palustrine water body since aquatic macrophytes contain a large proportion of these compounds. Low δ13C values were attributed to a marked contribution of plants using the C3 photosynthetic pathway. Intervals with the lowest δ13C values were attributed to an important input of angiosperms, although they could also be explained by changing environmental conditions or environmental stress, as large shifts in δ13C occurred in long-chain homologues typically abundant in terrestrial plants. Shifts in δ13C of medium-chain homologues reflected limited CO2 availability induced by water temperature, salinity, pH, enhanced productivity, low atmospheric pCO2, or stagnant barriers, rather than the abundance of aquatic macrophytes. Our results also suggest enhanced isotopic fractionation during lipid synthesis by aquatic macrophytes within MIS 7 and the Holocene, leading to increased δ13C values of bulk OM and of long-chain n-alkanes. Hence, the δ13C logs were ideal for studying the contribution of aquatic macrophytes to the lipid and isotopic composition of sediments and for the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental conditions. These results confirmed that C4 plants had a low presence in the PB. Comparison with biomarker analysis and pollen data of the PB and other records of the Southwestern Mediterranean revealed that δ13C values of bulk OM and of long-chain n-alkanes reflected global climatic oscillations during MIS 7 and the episodes Heinrich Events 3, 2, 1 and Younger Dryas., Funding was obtained through the projects “Evidence from Quaternary Infills Palaeohydrogeology” (European Union, F14W/CT96/0031), “Evolución Paleoclimática de la Mitad Sur de la Península Ibérica” of ENRESA (National Company for Radioactive Waste Management, 703238) and “Paleoclima” of ENRESA and CSN (Spanish Nuclear Safety Council). We thank one anonymous reviewers for their valuable and helpful comments on the manuscript.

A multiproxy study based on sedimentology, mineralogy, magnetic susceptibility, organic geochemistry and fossil content allowed to establish the sedimentary evolution of palustrine basins and to study the interplay between tectonic and climatic forcings in the sedimentation and facies arrangement that can be extrapolated to other coal-bearing basins. The reinterpretation of the data from 18 cores allowed to determine the facies distribution and to model the sedimentary evolution of the Padul Basin, with the longest continuous continental Quaternary record in the Southwestern Mediterranean region. The Padul Basin sediment record and facies successions provide an outstanding example of tectonically and environmentally controlled sedimentation. The sedimentary characteristics of the cores and thickness distribution revealed that recent tectonics was a more important forcing than other processes (e.g. climate). The influence of recent tectonics was determinant in facies arrangement, that is to say that the activity of a rotated fault produced a differential subsidence, causing more than 100 m of palustrine deposits to stack. On the basis of the sedimentological record combined with data on the mineralogy, fossil content, magnetic susceptibility and total organic carbon, three main sedimentary units were identified, linked to diverse subsidence rates and paleoenvironmental oscillations. The magnetic susceptibility was likely to have been controlled by the organic matter content (TOC values), linked to oxic/anoxic conditions. In the lower part of the record, Unit A (107.0–68.7 m), shallow lacustrine conditions were dominant, with an important influx associated with considerable runoff from active alluvial fans, linked to a higher subsidence rate. Unit B (68.7–37.6 m) had a transitional character, with a considerable decrease in the influence of the alluvial fan system. The lake recharge through overland flow markedly diminished and pre-existing groundwater recharge was dominant. A sudden change to peaty materials indicated that surface runoff was directly diverted to the recently excavated Dúrcal River gorge, thereby precluding the basin from becoming a swampy environment with stagnant waters. Unit C (upper 37.6 m) was almost exclusively fed by bicarbonate groundwater and subsurface runoff through the highly permeable coarse alluvial fan deposits. Within these main sedimentary units, minor mud-peat shallowing-upward sequences were identified. © 2020, Funding was obtained through the projects “Evidence from Quaternary Infills Palaeohydrogeology” (European Union, F14W/CT96/0031), “Evolución Paleoclimática de la Mitad Sur de la Península Ibérica” of ENRESA (National Company for Radioactive Waste Management, 703238) and “Paleoclima” of ENRESA and CSN (Spanish Nuclear Safety Council).

The volcanic Cape Verde archipelago constitutes one of the few sites in low latitude eastern Atlantic Ocean, where a long record of Pleistocene sea-level indicators develops, particularly beach deposits and marine terraces. The extreme aridity of the easternmost islands (Sal, Boa Vista and Maio) allows the exposure of long sedimentary sequences, the altitudinal and spatial distribution of which must be related both to sea level behaviour in low latitude settings and also to the volcanic nature of the archipelago.The particular case of Maio Island reveals the occurrence of a flight of at least 18 marine terraces, between +85 and 0m. The chronology has been approached by a paleomagnetic sequence (Early - Middle Pleistocene transition), U-series measurements (Last Interglacial deposits) and 14C (Holocene units). The results have revealed a differential behaviour in the vertical motion of the island along the Pleistocene, with unequal uplift rates during Early and Middle Pleistocene. An anomalously low-lying MIS5 unit in this island fits well with the predictions done by GIA models of Crevelling et al., (2017) although the proper evolution of volcanic islands cannot be discarded.A comparison with Sal (Zazo et al., 2007, 2010) and Boa Vista islands is done, especially in what the MIS5 sea level record is concerned. MIS 5e deposits are scarce along the coasts of Maio and Boa Vista, and always at very low heights above mean sea level (0-0,5 m). On the island of Sal the deposits corresponding to the MIS 5e are located at a maximum height of +2.5m asml, in its most southern sector, being also very frequent to find them at 0m (Zazo et al., 2010). The geomorphological distribution of the Pleistocene sedimentary sequences along these three islands reveals a complex history of uplift and subsidence that must be conciliated with the far-field sea level behavior, especially for the MIS5 units.Creveling et al., 2017. QSR 163.Zazo et al., 2007. QSR 26.Zazo et al., 2010. GPCh 72.Acknowledgements: This work has been supported by FEDER-MINECO Spanish project CGL15-69919-R.

El volcán Teide es la montaña más elevada del territorio español, alcanzando los 3.718 m.s.n.m. Es un estratovolcán doble; el volcán de Pico Viejo (3.100 m.s.n.m) presenta un cráter amplio, mientras que el volcán Teide, en posición más oriental, tuvo su última erupción hace posiblemente 1,2 ka (Lavas Negras). Por debajo de estos flujos lávicos recientes aflora la estructura del Teide Antiguo, un edificio gigante cuyos materiales más recientes han sido datados en 30 ka. Presenta laderas muy empinadas (por encima de 40o) y muestra algunos barrancos, siendo los más importantes el Corredor de La Bola y el Corredor de La Corbata. Este último ha sido parcialmente rellenado por las Lavas Negras. En su cabecera presenta una coloración pálida, con forma de triángulo, producida por una intensa alteración fumaroliana afectando a la roca traquítica. La actividad de este barranco no ha sido muy importante no existiendo referencias de ella para los últimos 30 años. Sin embargo, el 22 de septiembre de 2010 una lluvia intensa produjo la removilización de materiales desde la mancha pálida (localizada por encima de los 3.200 m.s.n.m.), formando un debris flow impresionante. En el presente artículo mostramos los resultados del estudio morfométrico, sedimentológico y climático, haciendo hincapié en las inusuales condiciones meteorológicas que produjeron el desencadenamiento de este proceso como clave para interpretar otros debris flow anteriores y prevenir el riesgo derivado de los futuros.