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This paper performs a meta-regression analysis to derive the role of techniques, data and variable's definition on the effect of the labor-market determinants on interregional migration. We use Spain as a case of study, a country with heterogeneous and even counterintuitive behavior of internal migration flows to its labor-market drivers. We use data from studies released over the last 40 years. The results show that migration flows respond to labor-market differentials in a theoretically consistent way. We find that the vast diversity in the studies' attributes is behind the significant heterogeneity of their estimated effects. Differences in aggregation level, variables measures, model specification, and the national economic context influence the identification of the push and pull effects.

The Spanish economy is characterized by significant and persistent regional disparities. The Great Recession caused a severe economic downturn, marked by declining wages and rising unemployment, influenced by the internal wage devaluation policies. We investigate the relationship between wage flexibility and regional labour market resilience. We estimate a spatial panel wage curve using microdata from social security records for the period 2002–19 using geographical and time weighted regression techniques. Our findings reveal that regions with higher wage flexibility exhibit higher resilience recovery indices, highlighting the importance of wage flexibility as a short-term adjustment mechanism in response to labour market shocks.

En esta nota se resumen los aspectos más destacados del octavo informe sobre la cohesión económica, social y territorial de la Unión Europea, que recientemente ha visto la luz., This note summarizes the highlights of the eighth cohesion report, on report on the economic, social and territorial cohesion of the European Union, which has recently come to light.

In this paper we study an association almost neglected in the literature, that between income inequality and resilience. In particular, we explore the response of employment rates in the face of the crisis of 2008 and how income inequality levels may have affected this response. To do so, we construct two measures of employment resilience—resistance and recoverability—using data on total employment and self-employment for 995 Spanish municipalities during the Great Recession. Our results provide evidence of the threats that high levels of inequality pose for employment resilience, showing that average income is the most important mediating factor of this association.

During the Great Recession international emigration skyrocketed while internal migration strongly declined. However, when the focus is on migration to the larger urban areas in Spain, an increase in population since the outbreak of the crisis is observed. This study determines the effect of labour market factors on migration flows to 45 Spanish functional urban areas for the recent recession period. The results indicate that wages and employment rates greatly influence migration to cities. The results are presented by considering both provinces and local labour market areas as flows’ origins. From the results, the strong role of labour markets in migration to cities can be confirmed.

This article investigates the incidence of agglomeration externalities in Ecuador, a small-sized, middle-income developing country. In particular, we analyze the role of the informal sector within these relations, since informal employment accounts for a significant part of total employment in the developing countries. Using individual level data and instrumental variable techniques, we investigate the impact of spatial externalities, in terms of population density, local specialization and urban size, on the wages of workers in Ecuadorian cities. The results show that spatial externalities matter also for a small developing country. Moreover, analysis of the interaction between spatial externalities and informality shows that, on average, workers employed in the informal sector do not enjoy significant benefits from agglomeration externalities. Finally, by investigating the possible channels behind spatial agglomeration gains we show that the advantages from agglomeration for formal sector workers may well be accounted for by better job-quality matches and, to a lesser extent, by learning externalities. For informal sector workers, our findings also suggest possible gains from job changes, which offset a penalty for remaining employed in the same occupation.

INTRODUCTION. This paper contributes to the study of peer interactions in the university classroom. METHOD. We evaluate the effects of teamwork on individual academic performance in four Team Based Learning (TBL) courses in the degrees of Economics and Business Administration. RESULTS. We found that the average grade of the rest of the team members has a significant and positive association with the grade of the individual student. The student’s personal test score increases about 0.65 points for every 1-point increase in the average score of their teammates. This association remains positive and significant even when we include socio-demographic variables to control for individual characteristics. We also tested the heterogeneity of peer effects in relation to the ability of individual and team performance. DISCUSSION. The results suggest there is no heterogeneity in individual ability; however, we found a positive or slightly negative difference in the magnitude of the peer effect for teams in the top/bottom quartile compared to teams in the middle of the distribution.

El crecimiento de la desigualdad en España tiene una dimensión territorial que va más allá de las diferencias entre regiones. Durante los periodos recesivos las ciudades reciben elevados flujos de población, aunque a costa de ampliar las diferencias de renta dentro de las ciudades y, en consecuencia, aumentando la desigualdad. En este artículo repasamos la literatura sobre las causas y consecuencias de la desigualdad, y visualizamos la desigualdad de ingresos en las Áreas Urbanas Funcionales españolas.

Despite being a controversial spectacle, bullfighting is a cultural event with relevant touristic and economic impacts. Consequently, local support for bullfighting may be influenced by perceptions of the economic returns generated as a result of hosting this spectacle. This paper characterises bullfight tourism, computes the economic effect of a bullfighting fair, and examines the extent to which perceived economic impacts affect its local support. As a case study, we investigate the bullfighting fair in Olivenza (Spain). After conducting a survey to nearly 700 attendees of the fair, we estimate this event's economic impact through an input-output model. An ordered probit regression and a logit model are next estimated to evaluate whether residents' support for the fair is connected with the perceived economic effect. Findings reveal that local support, especially from those attending the fair, is influenced by perceptions of positive impacts.

In this editorial, we summarize and comment on the six articles published in the Special Issue on Territorial Resilience: Mitigation and Adaptation. The first four articles focus on the analysis of resistance and recoverability after an economic shock. Scuderi et al analyse the relationship between location and resilience of firms by working with micro shops in Uganda. Botezat et al study the role of institutional change on economic and social resilience. Monastiriotis and Martelli (2020) and Geelhoedt et al (2020) analyse the labour market resilience of Greek and Spanish regions, respectively during the Great recession. The last two papers are devoted to renewal, a less studied dimension of resilience. Pontarollo and Serpieri (2020) introduce a novel conceptual framework related to regional economic resilience, namely the renewal capacity. Last, Jimenez-Medina et al provide an interesting case study of a small Spanish town that has successfully moved from being a mining industrial area to a mining heritage tourism place. From our perspective, these articles contribute to a better understanding of the complex sequence between mitigation and adaptation strategies, while they also leave open several questions that could clearly stimulate future research on the tòpic.

In this work, we build a Composite Index of European Identification. We analyse the main theoretical backgrounds explaining citizens' identification with Europe and the alternative types of identities (civic against the ethnic-cultural constructions) and the social psychology theory (based on awareness, emotional attachment and evaluation). We have found that neither of them report spatially homogeneous results over Europe. The proposed solution in this work is the use of fuzzy set techniques. This option is flexible enough to report an index of identification with Europe at the individual level. The Composite Index of European Identity a report an alternative specification to the self-reported perception given by individuals. In this work, we have reported a brief description of the index, which report higher values in Eastern European countries and Spain, and lower average figures in the United Kingdom, France, Sweden and the Netherlands. The index is clearly increasing with education, income and city size, and does not display any first-sight association with respondent's age and gender. The Composite Index is an important complement to the survey's scores, as it captures the grounds in which social identification is built and consequently displays a more robust picture of the determinants of European identity and particularly by the role played by regional policies.

espanolEste articulo revisa los argumentos teoricos proporcionados por la literatura existente para comprender el proceso de creacion de una identidad europea. Discutimos los fundamentos de los mecanismos y determinantes que impulsan la identificacion de los ciudadanos con Europa, destacando el papel de la dimension territorial en la formacion de la identidad europea. En concreto, nos centramos en la literatura que ha considerado el vinculo entre la identidad europea y las politicas de la UE que influyen en las condiciones socioeconomicas de los ciudadanos en general, y en la Politica de Cohesion en particular. Esta es una politica importante dentro de la UE, que represento unos 350 mil millones de euros en el periodo de programacion 2007-2013, aproximadamente un tercio del presupuesto total de la UE. En consecuencia, es de esperar que determine la forma en que los ciudadanos se identifican con el proyecto europeo, tanto en las regiones mas y menos beneficiadas por la politica. El estudio tambien considera argumentos que respaldan una division rural-urbana en la identidad europea, que podria interactuar con la influencia de la Politica de Cohesion. La evidencia descriptiva inicial de estas conexiones se proporciona en base a los resultados de una encuesta exhaustiva para 15 estados miembros de la UE. EnglishThis paper reviews the theoretical arguments provided by the extant literature for understanding the process of creation of a European identity. We discuss the grounds of mechanisms and determinants driving citizens’ identification with Europe, stressing the role of the territorial dimension on European identity formation. More precisely, our focus is on the literature that have considered the link between European identity and EU policies that influence the citizens’ socio-economic conditions, in general, and Cohesion Policy in particular. This is a major policy within the EU that accounted for some 350 billion euros in the 2007-2013 programming period, about a third of total EU budget. Consequently, it is expected to determine the way citizens identify with the European project, both in the regions more and less benefited by the policy. The study also considers arguments supporting a sort of urban-rural divide in European identity, which could interact with the influence of the Cohesion Policy. Initial descriptive evidence on these links is provided based on results from a comprehensive survey for 15 EU member states.

Podeu consultar dades associades a l'article a: http://hdl.handle.net/2445/127614, Identifying integrated urban areas is an important issue for urban analysis and policy evaluation. In this paper, we provide a set of FUAs suitable for monitoring urbanization in Ecuador, a less developed country without commuting data. We do so substituting such socioeconomic flows by available information on road structure, which allow us to work with accessibility based on a varying travel time. In order to build Ecuadorean FUAs, we calibrate our methodology considering Colombian data. We perform several sensitivity analysis and robustness checks to Ecuador with alternative sources of socioeconomic flows. We conclude that the use of GIS data and the calibrated thresholds provide a set of FUAs close to the ones that would result of using commuting information.

The association between city size and productivity has been widely investigated in the academic literature. On the contrary, less is known about the link between city size and material living conditions. Recently, a strong emphasis has been put on the process of urbanization without growth and on the burst of large cities. The creation of slums and large areas with underdeveloped housing characteristics has become a major concern for urban planners. This is especially the case for developing economies. This work analyses the association between city size and material living conditions in Ecuador, a small developing country experiencing rapid urbanization and where slums constitute a relevant part of the urban landscape. Our findings show that living in denser areas is associated with lower levels of deprivation and overcrowding. Nonetheless, we also show evidence of congestion in larger cities.

The present work investigates the relationship between tourism presence and perceptions of urban quality of life of resident populations (UQOL). Nowadays, this topic is at the forefront since many European cities have started raising their voice against mass tourism. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed and submitted to resident population of two Mediterranean destinations. Following an integrative approach à la Sen, UQOL is analysed using the presence of the services/amenities (capabilities) as well as their accessibility (functionings). Findings indicate that both presence and mainly accessibility of services/amenities matter for UQOL and that a negative effect of tourism prevails.

As cities grow, both the productivity of their inhabitants and the income distribution among them is expected to change. While the empirical literature has widely shown how productivity (and income) changes with city size, the empirical evidence on the effects on income inequality remains very limited. The few papers that study the relationship between city size and city‐level inequality focus on a single country and do not provide international comparative evidence. In this paper, we study the relationship between city size and income inequality at city level for a sample of 153 functional urban areas (FUAs) across 11 OECD countries. A medida que las ciudades crecen, se espera que cambie tanto la productividad de sus habitantes como la distribucion de los ingresos entre ellos. Si bien la literatura empirica ha demostrado ampliamente como la productividad (y los ingresos) cambian con el tamano de la ciudad, las pruebas empiricas sobre los efectos en la desigualdad de los ingresos siguen siendo muy limitadas. Los pocos articulos que estudian la relacion entre el tamano de las ciudades y la desigualdad dentro de una misma ciudad se centran en un solo pais y no proporcionan pruebas comparativas con otros paises. En el presente articulo se estudia la relacion entre el tamano de la ciudad y la desigualdad de ingresos a escala de ciudad para una muestra de 153 zonas urbanas funcionales (ZUF) de 11 paises de la OCDE. 都市が成長するに従って、その都市の居住者の生産性と所得分配は変化するものと考えられている。実証的研究は、これまでに、生産性 (および所得)が都市の規模とともにどのように変化するかを広く示している一方で、所得不平等に対する影響に関する実証的エビデンスは依然として非常に限定的である。都市の規模と都市レベルでの不平等との関連性を検討した論文で、単一の国に注目した研究はほとんどなく、また国家間の比較によるエビデンスを提示しているものもない。本稿では、経済協力開発機構に加盟している11カ国の153の機能的都市圏を例に、都市の規模と不平等の関連性を都市レベルで検討する。

This paper reports an investigation of the effects of international migration on left-behind household overcrowding levels in Ecuador, a traditional migrating country. To do so, we use the universe of the Ecuadorian population collected in the Census of Population and Dwelling 2010. Using an instrumental variable regression model, we find a negative association between international migration and the overcrowding level of such household. Additionally, we verify the key role of remittances in order to ameliorate the overcrowding in the left-behind.

This article analyzes whether having more foreign players influences the performance of football clubs. We do so by comparing a cross section of close to 1,000 football clubs all over the world. We find that, on average, those clubs in leagues with more foreign players display better results in the world rankings. Nevertheless, within each league, where all clubs have the same regulations, having more foreign players has no effect. In the end, when all clubs have the same possibilities for importing better players from abroad, what matters is the financial power to choose the better ones.

In this paper, we connect two lines of research in the development economics literature: the analysis of the effect and transmission channels of inequality on economic development and the discussion about the necessity for a broader measure for development. We estimate the association between income inequality and the Human Development Index and its components in a panel of 117 countries over the period of 1970 to 2010. In doing so, we find evidence for (a) a negative long‐run association between inequality and human development and (b) different short‐run associations between inequality and different dimensions of human development: a positive one with economic development but a negative one with educational outcomes, hinting at particular transmission channels. In addition, we detect (c) that those associations can be even more pronounced in countries with low levels of development, reconciling seemingly conflicting findings in the literature.

The analysis of the relationship between tourism and human development points to a positive link between these activities, basically by means of the improvement of economic conditions. In the present study we analyze whether and to what extent this relationship remains positive under different circumstances. We examine a selection of 63 countries from 1996 to 2008 and consider the Human Development Index plus a composite indicator of the tourism market as a whole. Findings confirm that, on average, tourism is positively associated with human development, particularly education (i.e., literacy rate), although the association may be affected by circumstances.

In this paper, we examine determinants of internal migration flows between the 21 provinces of Ecuador from 1982 to 2010. Using specifications based on the gravity model, we identified push and pull factors. We considered multilateral resistance to migration by using various monadic and dyadic fixed effects structures. The study confirmed the concentration of the population in the two provinces that contain the country's main cities. However, in recent years, this trend has weakened, to the extent that the provinces with the greatest influx of migrants are not necessarily the most populated. This indicates that growth has become more balanced throughout the territory, and that small and medium-sized cities are increasingly important.

Objectives This article investigates the determinants of football1 success at the international level. We introduce three innovations as (a) we apply the model developed by Bernard and Busse (2004) to football, (b) we consider a wide panel of countries over a 33-year period, and (c) we supplement FIFA's classification with the Elo rating system. Methods We estimate a dynamic panel model using Blundell and Bond's (1998) system-generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator. Results The results are robust to several sensitivity analyses, showing that economics, demographics, weather, geography, and football institutions are good indicators of football success at the international level. Besides, the Elo rating is a better alternative indicator than the FIFA ranking. Conclusions The Elo rating may be used in the academic works that wish to analyze football success over a long period of time.

This paper provides evidence on the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) regions during the decade 2003–13. It combines household survey data and macroeconomic databases, covering over 200 comparable regions in 15 OECD countries. The econometric results, based on two alternative sets of instruments, highlight a general negative association between inequalities and economic growth since the start of the economic crisis. This relationship is sensitive to the type of urban structure. Higher inequalities seem to be more detrimental for growth in regions characterized by medium to large-sized cities, while regions characterized by small cities and rural areas are less affected.

Policies promoting development need to take into account the fact that globalisation has made space more rather than less important. To take full advantage of agglomeration economies that come with urban concentration, infrastructure plays a key role. For a long time development policies have focused on the provision of infrastructure. In this work, we analyse: first how urban concentration and infrastructure interact with each other for encouraging economic growth; and second whether policies promoting infrastructure have considered the spatial distribution of economic activity. As a case study, we focus on the European Investment Bank (EIB) projects financing infrastructures, for both the European Union and the EU neighbourhood. We perform panel data analysis considering different measures of infrastructure, and we also analyse the EIB projects. Our results suggest a relevant role of connectivity infrastructure (i.e. transport and communications) for agglomeration benefits to take place in European Neighbouring Policy countries. Our results also suggest that EIB funding in ENP countries ismostly country specific and displays no spatial dimension.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the agglomeration economies as pull factor of international migration between the European Union and the countries involved in the European Neighbouring Policy. Design/methodology/approach – The applied research is conducted in the 1970-2000 period by using a gravitational model and estimated by linear and non-linear models with a wide fixed-effects structure. Findings – The main finding of this work is the fact that increasing urbanisation matters more as a pull factor than improvements in GDP per capita. The interpretation of these results may be linked with the existence of opportunities arising in cities. Besides, immigrants not only look for monetary outcomes from migrating, but also non-economic territorial features. Originality/value – Few works have analysed previously the role of urbanisation on international migration flows.

Income inequality is both at the political and academic agenda. Because of the Great Recession, income inequality has experienced an increase in many parts of the world in general and in many European regions in particular. In addition, several academics have signalled inequality as a source of such crisis. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made for conducting the analysis at the regional level. In this work we analyse the main factors behind current trends in inequality in Europe over the last decade. We develop our analysis at the regional level, which adds a new dimension to the existing literature. Our results point to a large diversity in inequality patterns. Inequality is on average lower in more developed regions, but recent increases in inequality seem associated with economic growth. Our results suggest that tertiary specialisation, openness, and technological change, although likely to be associated with economic growth, are also associated with increasing inequalities.

Modern economic growth is apparently characterized by rising income inequalities and increasing urbanisation. By considering both these factors as the two-pronged expression (personal and spatial) of concentration of resources within countries, this paper has focused on how they are associated with the process of economic development. From the perspective of the current policy debate on whether countries should foster increasing spatial concentration even at the risk of higher inequalities, we have briefly revised the main theories interrelating inequality, urbanisation and economic growth. We have analysed the main stylized facts of the association between these variables by using a panel of 51 countries over the period 1970-2007.

Despite extensive research, there is still controversy on the effects of income inequality on economic growth. The literature proposes several transmission channels through which these effects may take place, and even the existence of two different forms of inequality. However, empirical studies have generally not distinguished between these channels, nor have their analyses included a consideration of the two forms of inequality and their separate effects on growth. In this paper we review the theory and the evidence on the different transmission channels through which inequality influences growth. We contribute to the literature by using a system of recursive equations, following a control function approach, to empirically assess the relevance of these channels and to differentiate between two forms of inequality. In this way we have captured in a single model not only a negative effect, but also a positive effect of inequality on long-run economic growth.

This chapter studies the impact of the Great Recession on the migration of graduates in Spain, a country with traditionally low international mobility for graduates. However, the strong impact of the Great Recession has dramatically altered the mobility patterns of residents in Spain. The chapter’s empirical analysis first adopts a macro approach and takes advantage of the recent publication of IAB brain-drain data. It analyses aggregate trends of the stock of Spanish migrants in twenty OECD destination countries by gender, country of origin and educational level, for the period 1980–2010. Next, it uses individual data from different surveys addressed to Catalan graduates and recent PhD holders carried out by the Catalan University Quality Assurance Agency (AQU) in order to provide new evidence on the drivers and impacts of changing trends in their migration behaviour. The chapter’s analysis shows that international migration of university graduates has boomed in recent years. Such flows are responsive to differences in incomes with other countries. Graduates with a higher propensity to migrate are those with higher grades in their degree, previous mobility experiences and foreign-language knowledge.

The aim of this paper is to examine whether football can be considered an indicator of development at the international level. An empirical econometric model is designed in order to analyse development in terms of GDP per capita as well as in terms of the Human Development Index. Cross-sectional and time-series information are used. The results suggest that FIFA rankings of national teams can be used to complement our understanding of multidimensional development, in particular, in those countries where the availability of information is not as good as researchers would like.