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El presente proyecto final de grado consiste en el desarrollo de un convertidor DC-DC con aislamiento galvánico, con topología Flyback que va a ser integrado en un sistema de espectroscopia remota basado en reflexión difusa. Dicha aplicación marcará los requisitos para la fuente. Además dicha fuente tiene que ser versátil e integrable directamente en el sistema sustituyendo la actual fuente de origen comercial El diseño del convertidor se ha hecho desde cero, con la idea de obtener un bus principal y a partir del mismo obtener diferentes salidas mediante reguladores de tensión. A través del proyecto se va explicando porque se ha diseñado así y como llevarlo a cabo. Es un trabajo muy completo y con el que se adquiere una gran formación puesto que se va desde el diseño del circuito, hasta el diseño de la PCB del mismo. Ingeniería Electrónica Industrial y Automática

In the first part of this thesis, I address the classical problem of asset price dynamics based on a new theoretical framework developed for nonequilibrium physical systems. This problem is mainly relevant for two reasons. First, because understanding the true distribution of returns is important for asset allocation, risk management, and option pricing. Second, because in spite of all the effort in determining the origin of non-Gaussian returns no conclusive result has been achieved yet. The most important result of this part is the demostration that the non-Gaussian shape and stable scaling of the returns distribution are due to slow, but significant, fluctuations in volatility. Futhermore, this result suggests that stock price fluctuations are universal, and that return distributions can be described by one functional form. In the second part, I present an empirical study about the execution of large orders in two stock exchanges: the London Stock Exchange, and the Spanish Stock Exchange. This type of orders can cause a tremendous impact because they are larger than the available liquidity in the order book at a time. For this reason, they are split to minimize transaction costs. Market price impact is the basic factor of these costs, so an accurate description of its functional form is necessary to any optimal execution. The most important result in this part is the empirical determination of this functional form in two markets and the finding of a common behavior in both markets that can be summarized into a concave temporary impact, roughly described by a square root function of the hidden order size, and a price reversion after the completion of the hidden order making permanent impact equal to roughly half of the temporary impact.