133 results on '"Viarouge, C."'
Search Results
2. Circulation of bluetongue virus 8 in French cattle, before and after the re‐emergence in 2015
- Author
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Courtejoie, N., Durand, B., Bournez, L., Gorlier, A., Bréard, E., Sailleau, C., Vitour, D., Zientara, S., Baurier, F., Gourmelen, C., Benoit, F., Achour, H., Milard, C., Poliak, S., Pagneux, C., Viarouge, C., and Zanella, G.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 that emerged on the French island of Corsica in December 2016
- Author
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Sailleau, C., Breard, E., Viarouge, C., Gorlier, A., Quenault, H., Hirchaud, E., Touzain, F., Blanchard, Y., Vitour, D., and Zientara, S.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Novel serotype of bluetongue virus in South America and first report of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Ecuador
- Author
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Verdezoto, J., Breard, E., Viarouge, C., Quenault, H., Lucas, P., Sailleau, C., Zientara, S., Augot, D., and Zapata, S.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Development of a Double‐Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay for Simultaneous Group and Serotype Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies
- Author
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Breard, E., Garnier, A., Despres, P., Blaise Boisseau, S., Comtet, L., Viarouge, C., Bakkali‐Kassimi, L., Pourquier, P., Hudelet, P., Vitour, D., Rossi, S., Belbis, G., Sailleau, C., and Zientara, S.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Evidence of transplacental transmission of bluetongue virus serotype 8 in goats
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Belbis, G., Bréard, E., Cordonnier, N., Moulin, V., Desprat, A., Sailleau, C., Viarouge, C., Doceul, V., Zientara, S., and Millemann, Y.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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7. Effect of Umami Taste of Monosodium Glutamate on Early Humoral and Metabolic Changes in the Rat
- Author
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Caulliez, R., Viarouge, C., Nicolaidis, S., Kurihara, Kenzo, editor, Suzuki, Noriyo, editor, and Ogawa, Hisashi, editor
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in French Corsica Island in September 2013
- Author
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Sailleau, C., Viarouge, C., Bréard, E., Perrin, J. B., Doceul, V., Vitour, D., and Zientara, S.
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- 2015
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- View/download PDF
9. Full-Genome Sequencing of Four Bluetongue Virus Serotype 11 Viruses
- Author
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Vandenbussche, F., Sailleau, C., Rosseel, T., Desprat, A., Viarouge, C., Richardson, J., Eschbaumer, M., Hoffmann, B., De Clercq, K., Bréard, E., and Zientara, S.
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- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. A One-year Follow-up of Antibody Response in Cattle and Sheep after Vaccination with Serotype 8- and Serotype 1-inactivated BT Vaccines
- Author
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Zanella, G., Bréard, E., Sailleau, C., Zientara, S., Viarouge, C., and Durand, B.
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- 2014
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- View/download PDF
11. Difficulties in the interpretation of bluetongue RT-PCR results in France
- Author
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Zientara, S., Amat, J. P., Sailleau, C., Viarouge, C., Desprat, A., Vitour, D., and Bréard, E.
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- 2012
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12. Bluetongue virus serotype 27: Experimental infection of goats, sheep and cattle with three BTV-27 variants reveal atypical characteristics and likely direct contact transmission BTV-27 between goats
- Author
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Bréard, E., primary, Schulz, C., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, Bernelin-Cottet, C., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Vitour, D., additional, Guillaume, B., additional, Caignard, G., additional, Gorlier, A., additional, Attoui, H., additional, Gallois, M., additional, Hoffmann, B., additional, Zientara, S., additional, and Beer, M., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Experimental infection of sheep, goats and cattle with a bluetongue virus serotype 4 field strain from Bulgaria, 2014
- Author
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Schulz, C., primary, Sailleau, C., additional, Bréard, E., additional, Flannery, J., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Zientara, S., additional, Beer, M., additional, Batten, C., additional, and Hoffmann, B., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Serological status for BTV-8 in French cattle prior to the 2015 re-emergence
- Author
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Courtejoie, N., primary, Durand, B., additional, Bréard, E., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, Vitour, D., additional, Zientara, S., additional, Gorlier, A., additional, Baurier, F., additional, Gourmelen, C., additional, Benoit, F., additional, Achour, H., additional, Milard, C., additional, Poliak, S., additional, Pagneux, C., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, and Zanella, G., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Complete genome sequence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 that emerged on the French island of Corsica in December 2016
- Author
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Sailleau, C., primary, Breard, E., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Gorlier, A., additional, Quenault, H., additional, Hirchaud, E., additional, Touzain, F., additional, Blanchard, Y., additional, Vitour, D., additional, and Zientara, S., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Circulation of bluetongue virus 8 in French cattle, before and after the re-emergence in 2015
- Author
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Courtejoie, N., primary, Durand, B., additional, Bournez, L., additional, Gorlier, A., additional, Bréard, E., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, Vitour, D., additional, Zientara, S., additional, Baurier, F., additional, Gourmelen, C., additional, Benoit, F., additional, Achour, H., additional, Milard, C., additional, Poliak, S., additional, Pagneux, C., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, and Zanella, G., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Novel serotype of bluetongue virus in South America and first report of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus in Ecuador
- Author
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Verdezoto, J., primary, Breard, E., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Quenault, H., additional, Lucas, P., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, Zientara, S., additional, Augot, D., additional, and Zapata, S., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Development of a Double-Antigen Microsphere Immunoassay for Simultaneous Group and Serotype Detection of Bluetongue Virus Antibodies
- Author
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Breard, E., primary, Garnier, A., additional, Despres, P., additional, Blaise Boisseau, S., additional, Comtet, L., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Bakkali-Kassimi, L., additional, Pourquier, P., additional, Hudelet, P., additional, Vitour, D., additional, Rossi, S., additional, Belbis, G., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, and Zientara, S., additional
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
19. Re-Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in France, 2015
- Author
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Sailleau, C., primary, Bréard, E., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Vitour, D., additional, Romey, A., additional, Garnier, A., additional, Fablet, A., additional, Lowenski, S., additional, Gorna, K., additional, Caignard, G., additional, Pagneux, C., additional, and Zientara, S., additional
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
20. Bluetongue virus serotype 27: Experimental infection of goats, sheep and cattle with three BTV‐27 variants reveal atypical characteristics and likely direct contact transmission BTV‐27 between goats.
- Author
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Bréard, E., Schulz, C., Sailleau, C., Bernelin‐Cottet, C., Viarouge, C., Vitour, D., Guillaume, B., Caignard, G., Gorlier, A., Attoui, H., Gallois, M., Hoffmann, B., Zientara, S., and Beer, M.
- Subjects
BLUETONGUE virus ,SEROTYPES ,VIRUS diseases ,VIRAL variation ,REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ,VIRUS disease transmission ,GOATS - Abstract
Summary: Bluetongue virus (BTV) hitherto consisted of 26 recognized serotypes, of which all except BTV‐26 are primarily transmitted by certain species of Culicoides biting midges. Three variants of an additional 27th bluetongue virus serotype (BTV‐27v01‐v03) were recently detected in asymptomatic goats in Corsica, France, 2014–2015. Molecular characterization revealed genetic differences between the three variants. Therefore, in vivo characteristics were investigated by experimental infection of a total of 15 goats, 11 sheep and 4 cattle with any one of the three variants in separated animal trials. In goat trials, BTV‐naïve animals of the same species were kept in a facility where direct contact was unhindered. Of the 15 inoculated goats, 13 and 14 animals were found positive for BTV‐RNA and antibodies (Ab), respectively, until the end of the experiments. Surprisingly, BTV‐Ab levels as measured with ELISA and neutralization test (SNT) were remarkably low in all seropositive goats. Virus isolation from whole‐blood was possible at the peak of viremia until 49 dpi. Moreover, detection of BTV‐27v02‐RNA and Ab in one contact goat indicated that—similar to BTV‐26—at least one of three BTV‐27 variants may be transmitted by contact between goats. In the field, BTV‐27 RNA can be detected up to 6 months in the whole‐blood of BTV‐27‐infected Corsican goats. In contrast, BTV RNA was not detected in the blood of cattle or sheep. In addition, BTV‐27 Abs were not detected in cattle and only a transient increase in Ab levels was observed in some sheep. None of the 30 animals showed obvious BT‐like clinical signs. In summary, the phenotypes observed for BTV‐27v01‐v03 phenotypes correspond to a mixture of characteristics known for BTV‐25 and 26. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Experimental infection of sheep, goats and cattle with a bluetongue virus serotype 4 field strain from Bulgaria, 2014.
- Author
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Schulz, C., Sailleau, C., Bréard, E., Flannery, J., Viarouge, C., Zientara, S., Beer, M., Batten, C., and Hoffmann, B.
- Subjects
SHEEP diseases ,BLUETONGUE virus ,VIRUS diseases in cattle ,EPIZOOTIC catarrh in cattle ,VIROLOGY ,REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction - Abstract
Summary: In 2014, a new bluetongue virus serotype 4 (BTV‐4) strain was detected in southern Greece and spread rapidly throughout the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent countries. Within half a year, more than 7,068 outbreaks were reported in ruminants, particularly in sheep. However, the reported morbidity and case fatality rates in ruminants varied. The pathogenesis of a Bulgarian BTV‐4 strain isolated from sheep during the BTV‐4 epizootic was studied in different species. Therefore, four sheep, three goats and three cattle were experimentally infected with the isolate BTV‐4/BUL2014/15 and monitored for clinical signs up to several weeks. Serum and whole‐blood samples were collected at regular intervals and subjected to serological and virological analyses. In this context, BTV‐4‐specific real‐time RT‐PCR assays were developed. The infection kinetics were similar to those known for other traditional BTV serotypes, and only mild BT‐like clinical signs were observed in goats and sheep. In cattle, no obvious clinical signs were observed, except a transient increase in body temperature. The study results contrast with the severe clinical signs reported in sheep experimentally infected with an African BTV‐4 strain and with the reports of BT‐like clinical signs in a considerable proportion of different ruminant species infected with BTV‐4 in the Balkan region and Italy. The discrepancies between the results of these animal trials and observations of BTV‐4 infection in the field may be explained by the influence of various factors on the manifestation of BT disease, such as animal breed, fitness and virus strain, as described previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Schmallenberg virus: experimental infection in goats and bucks
- Author
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Laloy, E., primary, Riou, M., additional, Barc, C., additional, Belbis, G., additional, Bréard, E., additional, Breton, S., additional, Cordonnier, N., additional, Crochet, D., additional, Delaunay, R., additional, Moreau, J., additional, Pozzi, N., additional, Raimbourg, M., additional, Sarradin, P., additional, Trapp, S., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Zientara, S., additional, and Ponsart, C., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Exposure of Wildlife to the Schmallenberg Virus in France (2011-2014): Higher, Faster, Stronger (than Bluetongue)!
- Author
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Rossi, S., primary, Viarouge, C., additional, Faure, E., additional, Gilot-Fromont, E., additional, Gache, K., additional, Gibert, P., additional, Verheyden, H., additional, Hars, J., additional, Klein, F., additional, Maillard, D., additional, Gauthier, D., additional, Game, Y., additional, Pozet, F., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, Garnier, A., additional, Zientara, S., additional, and Bréard, E., additional
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Optimisation of viral vectors for oral vaccine delivery
- Author
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Suleman, Muhammad, Viarouge C Gavard, F, Galea, Sandra, Eloit, Marc, Klonjkowski, Bernard, Barry, Mamdou Billo, Corthésy, B, Tartour, E, Richardson, Jennifer, Virologie, École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort (ENVA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments (AFSSA), and Inconnu
- Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience
- Published
- 2008
25. Exposure of Wildlife to the Schmallenberg Virus in France (2011-2014): Higher, Faster, Stronger (than Bluetongue)!
- Author
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Rossi, S., Viarouge, C., Faure, E., Gilot ‐ Fromont, E., Gache, K., Gibert, P., Verheyden, H., Hars, J., Klein, F., Maillard, D., Gauthier, D., Game, Y., Pozet, F., Sailleau, C., Garnier, A., Zientara, S., and Bréard, E.
- Subjects
- *
SCHMALLENBERG virus , *ANIMAL diseases , *SEROPREVALENCE , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
The Schmallenberg virus ( SBV) has recently emerged in Europe, causing losses to the domestic livestock. A retrospective analysis of serodata was conducted in France for estimating seroprevalence of SBV among six wildlife species from 2011-2012 to 2013-2014, that is during the three vector seasons after the emergence of the SBV in France. Our objective was to quantify the exposure of wildlife to SBV and the potential protective effect of elevation such as previously observed for bluetongue. We also compared the spatiotemporal trends between domestic and wild animals at the level of the departments. We tested 2050 sera using competitive ELISA tests. Individual and population risk factors were further tested using general linear models among 1934 individuals. All populations but one exhibited positive results, seroprevalence up to 30% being observed for all species. The average seroprevalence did not differ between species but ranged from 0 to 90% according to the area and period, due to the dynamic pattern of infection. Seroprevalence was on average higher in the lowlands compared to areas located up to 800 m. Nevertheless, seroprevalence above 50% occurred in areas located up to 1500 m. Thus, contrary to what had been observed for bluetongue during the late 2000s in the same areas, SBV could spread to high altitudes and infect all the studied species. The spatial spread of SBV in wildlife did not fully match with SBV outbreaks reported in the domestic livestock. The mismatch was most obvious in mountainous areas where outbreaks in wildlife occurred on average one year after the peak of congenital cases in livestock. These results suggest a much larger spread and vector capacity for SBV than for bluetongue virus in natural areas. Potential consequences for wildlife dynamics are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in French Corsica Island in September 2013
- Author
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Sailleau, C., primary, Viarouge, C., additional, Bréard, E., additional, Perrin, J. B., additional, Doceul, V., additional, Vitour, D., additional, and Zientara, S., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Full-Genome Sequencing of Four Bluetongue Virus Serotype 11 Viruses
- Author
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Vandenbussche, F., primary, Sailleau, C., additional, Rosseel, T., additional, Desprat, A., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, Richardson, J., additional, Eschbaumer, M., additional, Hoffmann, B., additional, De Clercq, K., additional, Bréard, E., additional, and Zientara, S., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. A One-year Follow-up of Antibody Response in Cattle and Sheep after Vaccination with Serotype 8- and Serotype 1-inactivated BT Vaccines
- Author
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Zanella, G., primary, Bréard, E., additional, Sailleau, C., additional, Zientara, S., additional, Viarouge, C., additional, and Durand, B., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Re-Emergence of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in France, 2015.
- Author
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Sailleau, C., Bréard, E., Viarouge, C., Vitour, D., Romey, A., Garnier, A., Fablet, A., Lowenski, S., Gorna, K., Caignard, G., Pagneux, C., and Zientara, S.
- Subjects
BLUETONGUE virus ,SEROTYPES ,DISEASE prevalence ,SHEEP as laboratory animals ,PHYLOGENY - Abstract
At the end of August 2015, a ram located in central France (department of Allier) showed clinical signs suggestive of BTV (Bluetongue virus) infection. However, none of the other animals located in the herd showed any signs of the Bluetongue disease. Laboratory analyses identified the virus as BTV serotype 8. The viro and sero prevalence intraherd were 2.4% and 8.6% in sheep and 18.3% and 42.9% in cattle, respectively. Phylogenetic studies showed that the sequences of this strain are closely related to another BTV-8 strain that has circulated in France in 2006-2008. The origin of the outbreak is unclear but it may be assumed that the BTV-8 has probably circulated at very low prevalence (possibly in livestock or wildlife) since its first emergence in 2007-2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Umami taste of monosodium glutamate enhances the thermic effect of food and affects the respiratory quotient in the rat
- Author
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Viarouge, C., primary, Caulliez, R., additional, and Nicolaidis, S., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Effects on metabolic and hormonal parameters of monosodium glutamate (umami taste) ingestion in the rat
- Author
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Viarouge, C., primary, Even, P., additional, Rougeot, C., additional, and Nicolaïdis, S., additional
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Evaluation of humoral response and protective efficacy of two inactivated vaccines against bluetongue virus after vaccination of goats
- Author
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Bréard, E., Belbis, G., Hamers, C., Moulin, V., Lilin, T., Moreau, F., Millemann, Y., Montange, C., Sailleau, C., Durand, B., Desprat, A., Viarouge, C., Hoffmann, B., de Smit, H., Goutebroze, S., Hudelet, P., and Zientara, S.
- Subjects
- *
BLUETONGUE virus , *IMMUNE response , *ANIMAL vaccination , *GOATS , *SEROTYPES , *IMMUNIZATION , *TREATMENT effectiveness , *VIRAL vaccines , *ANIMAL health - Abstract
Abstract: Bluetongue serotype 8 has become a major animal health issue in the European Union and the European member States have agreed on a vaccination strategy, which involves only inactivated vaccines. In this study, the efficacy of two inactivated vaccines against bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) used in Europe since 2008, BTVPUR ALSAP® 8 (MERIAL) and BOVILIS® BTV8 (Intervet/SP-AH), was evaluated in goats immunized and challenged with BTV-8 field isolates under experimental conditions. Serological, virological and clinical examinations were conducted before and after challenge. Three groups of 10 goats each (groups A, B and C) were randomly constituted and 2 groups (A and C) were subcutaneously vaccinated twice with one dose of the two commercial vaccines BTVPUR ALSAP 8 (group A) or BOVILIS BTV8 (group C) respectively. Animals of the groups A, C and B (B: controls) were challenged with a virulent inoculum containing BTV-8. During the experiment, it was found out that the BTV-8 challenge inoculum was contaminated with another BTV serotype. However, results demonstrated that vaccination of goats with two injections of BTVPUR ALSAP 8 or BOVILIS BTV8 provided a significant clinical protection against a BTV-8 challenge and completely prevented BTV-8 viraemia in all vaccinated animals. Qualitative data showed no difference in the kinetics and levels of the humoral response induced by these two inactivated vaccines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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33. Insight on Bluetongue virus transmission in small ruminants in Senegal.
- Author
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Gahn MCB, Seck MT, Ciss M, Lo MM, Ndiaye M, Fall M, Biteye B, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Postic L, Zientara S, Bréard E, and Fall AG
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Goats, Male, Phylogeny, Ruminants, Senegal epidemiology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sheep, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus, Goat Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious, arthropod-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The disease causes animal mortality, production decrease and commercial limits for herds. Despite the active circulation of the disease in the world, few studies have been carried out in Senegal. The objective of this study was to assess the current prevalence of BT in small ruminants and the serotypes circulating in Senegal. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the fourteen regions of Senegal. After the sampling campaign, sera collected in sheep and goats herds were screened for the presence of Bluetongue virus (BTV) specific antibodies using c-Elisa. The whole blood of seropositive animals was further analyzed by RT-qPCR and positive samples were typed to identify BTV serotypes. Analysis of several risk factors such as age, sex and species of animals was performed using logistic regression. The overall seroprevalence of BTV in Senegal was 72.6% (95% CI: 70.3-74.9%) with 75.9% (95% CI: 72.2-79.5%) in goat and 70.6% (95% CI: 67.5-73.6%) in sheep. Female (prevalence=77.1%) and adult (prevalence=80%) animals showed the highest seropositivity to BTV compared respectively to male (55.7%, p=6.133e-09) and young (49.4%, p < 2.2e-16). The RT-qPCR results showed the presence of BT viral genome in 359 small ruminants. The results obtained from serological and genotyping studies showed an active spread of the Bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants and phylogenetic analysis showed that the BTV-2 is one of the circulating serotypes in Senegal. This study allows having baseline information for controlling Bluetongue in Senegal., (Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Development and Validation of an ELISA for the Detection of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 4-Specific Antibodies.
- Author
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Bréard E, Turpaud M, Beaud G, Postic L, Fablet A, Beer M, Sailleau C, Caignard G, Viarouge C, Hoffmann B, Vitour D, and Zientara S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Bluetongue virology, Europe, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Serogroup, Sheep, Vaccinia virus immunology, Bluetongue diagnosis, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay methods
- Abstract
In this article, we describe the development and evaluation of a double antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) able to detect serotype 4-specific antibodies from BTV-4 infected or vaccinated animals using a recombinant BTV-4 VP2 protein. The coding sequence of VP2 was inserted into a pVote plasmid by recombination in the Gateway
® cloning system. Vaccinia virus (VacV) was used as a vector for the expression of the recombinant VP2. After production in BSR cells, recombinant VP2 was purified by immunoprecipitation using a FLAG tag and then used both as the coated ELISA antigen and as the HRP-tagged conjugate. The performance of the ELISA was evaluated with 1186 samples collected from BTV negative, infected or vaccinated animals. The specificity and sensitivity of the BTV-4 ELISA were above the expected standards for the detection of anti-BTV-4 VP2 antibodies in animals reared in Europe or in the Mediterranean basin. Cross-reactions were observed with reference sera for serotypes 10 and 20, and to a lesser extent with serotypes 12, 17 and 24, due to their genetic proximity to serotype 4. Nevertheless, these serotypes have never been detected in Europe and the Mediterranean area. This ELISA, which requires only the production of a recombinant protein, can be used to detect BTV serotype 4-specific antibodies and is therefore an attractive alternative diagnostic method to serum neutralization.- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The VP3 Protein of Bluetongue Virus Associates with the MAVS Complex and Interferes with the RIG-I-Signaling Pathway.
- Author
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Pourcelot M, Amaral Moraes R, Fablet A, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Postic L, Zientara S, Caignard G, and Vitour D
- Subjects
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing genetics, Bluetongue genetics, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus genetics, DEAD Box Protein 58 genetics, HeLa Cells, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Humans, Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 genetics, Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 metabolism, Interferon-beta genetics, Interferon-beta metabolism, Protein Binding, Receptors, Immunologic genetics, Signal Transduction, Viral Core Proteins genetics, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing metabolism, Bluetongue metabolism, Bluetongue virus metabolism, DEAD Box Protein 58 metabolism, Receptors, Immunologic metabolism, Viral Core Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), an arbovirus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges, is a major concern of wild and domestic ruminants. While BTV induces type I interferon (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/β]) production in infected cells, several reports have described evasion strategies elaborated by this virus to dampen this intrinsic, innate response. In the present study, we suggest that BTV VP3 is a new viral antagonist of the IFN-β synthesis. Indeed, using split luciferase and coprecipitation assays, we report an interaction between VP3 and both the mitochondrial adapter protein MAVS and the IRF3-kinase IKKε. Overall, this study describes a putative role for the BTV structural protein VP3 in the control of the antiviral response.
- Published
- 2021
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36. The Genome Segments of Bluetongue Virus Differ in Copy Number in a Host-Specific Manner.
- Author
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Moreau Y, Gil P, Exbrayat A, Rakotoarivony I, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Zientara S, Savini G, Goffredo M, Mancini G, Loire E, and Gutierrez S
- Subjects
- Animals, Bluetongue transmission, Ceratopogonidae virology, DNA Copy Number Variations, Gene Dosage, Host Specificity, Insect Vectors virology, Sheep, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus genetics, Genome, Viral genetics
- Abstract
Genome segmentation is mainly thought to facilitate reassortment. Here, we show that segmentation can also allow differences in segment abundance in populations of bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV has a genome consisting in 10 segments, and its cycle primarily involves periodic alternation between ruminants and Culicoides biting midges. We have developed a reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) approach to quantify each segment in wild BTV populations sampled in both ruminants and midges during an epizootic. Segment frequencies deviated from equimolarity in all hosts. Interestingly, segment frequencies were reproducible and distinct between ruminants and biting midges. Beyond a putative regulatory role in virus expression, this phenomenon could lead to different evolution rates between segments. IMPORTANCE The variation in viral gene frequencies remains a largely unexplored aspect of within-host genetics. This phenomenon is often considered to be specific to multipartite viruses. Multipartite viruses have segmented genomes, but in contrast to segmented viruses, their segments are each encapsidated alone in a virion. A main hypothesis explaining the evolution of multipartism is that, compared to segmented viruses, it facilitates the regulation of segment abundancy, and the genes the segments carry, within a host. These differences in gene frequencies could allow for expression regulation. Here, we show that wild populations of a segmented virus, bluetongue virus (BTV), also present unequal segment frequencies. BTV cycles between ruminants and Culicoides biting midges. As expected from a role in expression regulation, segment frequencies tended to show specific values that differed between ruminants and midges. Our results expand previous knowledge on gene frequency variation and call for studies on its role and conservation beyond multipartite viruses., (Copyright © 2020 Moreau et al.)
- Published
- 2020
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37. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detection of epizootic haemorrhagic disease antibodies in domestic and wild ruminant sera.
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Bréard E, Viarouge C, Donnet F, Sailleau C, Rossi S, Pourquier P, Vitour D, Comtet L, and Zientara S
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- Animals, Bluetongue diagnosis, Cattle, Deer, Goats, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic veterinary, Reoviridae Infections diagnosis, Reoviridae Infections virology, Serologic Tests veterinary, Sheep, Antibodies, Viral blood, Bluetongue virology, Capsid Proteins immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic immunology, Reoviridae Infections veterinary, Ruminants virology
- Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) are vector-borne viral diseases affecting domestic and wild ruminants. Both are notifiable under OIE rules. BT and EHD viruses (BTV and EHDV) are closely related Orbiviruses with structural, antigenic and molecular similarities. Both viruses can produce analogous clinical signs in susceptible animals. Serological tests are commonly used for BT and EHD diagnosis and surveillance. Competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) is the most widely used serological test for the specific detection of BTV or EHDV viral protein 7 (VP7) antibodies (Abs). The specificity and sensitivity of the BTV c-ELISA kits available on the market are recognized for the detection of BTV Abs. Concerning EHD, a single commercial EHDV c-ELISA kit (ELISA A kit) commonly used for diagnosis in Europe and Africa was available between 2011 and 2018 but is now no longer on the market. In this study, we evaluated a new commercial c-ELISA to detect ruminant EHDV VP7 Abs in 2,199 serum samples from cattle, sheep, goats, wild deer and zoo animals. The results showed that this ELISA kit is specific and can detect the presence of IgG anti-EHDV VP7 with a very good diagnostic specificity and a satisfactory sensitivity in domestic ruminants, zoo animals and wild deer. Therefore, the evaluated c-ELISA can detect the introduction of EHDV into an area where BTV-seropositive domestic animals are present. The performance of this kit is similar to that of the c-ELISA A kit and can thus be used for diagnosis., (© 2020 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
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- 2020
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38. Clinical cases of Bluetongue serotype 8 in calves in France in the 2018-2019 winter.
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Vinomack C, Rivière J, Bréard E, Viarouge C, Postic L, Zientara S, Vitour D, Belbis G, Spony V, Pagneux C, Sailleau C, and Zanella G
- Subjects
- Animals, Bluetongue congenital, Bluetongue virology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Female, France epidemiology, Pregnancy, Seasons, Serogroup, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases virology, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical veterinary
- Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) caused an epizootic in Europe in 2006/09. Transplacental transmission of BTV-8 was demonstrated leading to abortions, congenital malformations or nervous clinical signs in newborn calves. BTV-8 re-emerged in France in 2015. Although the re-emergent strain is nearly genetically identical to the one that had circulated in 2006/2009, it has caused very few clinical cases. However, from mid-December 2018 to April 2019, cases of calves with congenital malformations or displaying nervous clinical signs occurred in some departments (French administrative unit) in mainland France. Blood samples from these animals were sent to local laboratories, and the positive ones were confirmed at the French Bluetongue reference laboratory (BT-NRL). Out of 580 samples found positive at the local laboratories, 544 were confirmed as RT-PCR BTV-8 positive. The 36 samples found positive in the local laboratories and negative in the BT-NRL were all at the limit of RT-PCR detection. Hundred eighty-eight of the confirmed samples were also tested for the presence of Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection: 4 were found positive for BVDV and none for SBV. The main clinical signs recorded for 244 calves, for which a reporting form was completed by veterinarians, included nervous clinical signs (81%), amaurosis (72%) and decrease/ no suckling reflex (40%). Hydranencephaly and microphthalmia were reported in 19 calves out of 27 in which a necropsy was practiced after death or euthanasia. These results indicate that the re-emergent strain of BTV-8 can cross the transplacental barrier and cause congenital malformations or nervous clinical signs in calves., (© 2019 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
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- 2020
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39. "Frozen evolution" of an RNA virus suggests accidental release as a potential cause of arbovirus re-emergence.
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Pascall DJ, Nomikou K, Bréard E, Zientara S, Filipe ADS, Hoffmann B, Jacquot M, Singer JB, De Clercq K, Bøtner A, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Batten C, Puggioni G, Ligios C, Savini G, van Rijn PA, Mertens PPC, Biek R, and Palmarini M
- Subjects
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus genetics, Disease Outbreaks, Europe epidemiology, France, Livestock virology, Mutation, Phylogeny, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus physiology, Genome, Viral
- Abstract
The mechanisms underlying virus emergence are rarely well understood, making the appearance of outbreaks largely unpredictable. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8), an arthropod-borne virus of ruminants, emerged in livestock in northern Europe in 2006, spreading to most European countries by 2009 and causing losses of billions of euros. Although the outbreak was successfully controlled through vaccination by early 2010, puzzlingly, a closely related BTV-8 strain re-emerged in France in 2015, triggering a second outbreak that is still ongoing. The origin of this virus and the mechanisms underlying its re-emergence are unknown. Here, we performed phylogenetic analyses of 164 whole BTV-8 genomes sampled throughout the two outbreaks. We demonstrate consistent clock-like virus evolution during both epizootics but found negligible evolutionary change between them. We estimate that the ancestor of the second outbreak dates from the height of the first outbreak in 2008. This implies that the virus had not been replicating for multiple years prior to its re-emergence in 2015. Given the absence of any known natural mechanism that could explain BTV-8 persistence over this long period without replication, we hypothesise that the second outbreak could have been initiated by accidental exposure of livestock to frozen material contaminated with virus from approximately 2008. Our work highlights new targets for pathogen surveillance programmes in livestock and illustrates the power of genomic epidemiology to identify pathways of infectious disease emergence., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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- 2020
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40. Experimental infection of calves with seven serotypes of Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus: production and characterization of reference sera.
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Sailleau C, Breard E, Viarouge C, Belbis G, Lilin T, Vitour D, and Zientara S
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Neutralizing analysis, Cattle, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, RNA, Viral analysis, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction veterinary, Reoviridae Infections virology, Serogroup, Cattle Diseases virology, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic physiology, Reoviridae Infections veterinary
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to produce reference sera against the seven serotypes of Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV‑1, EHDV‑2, EHDV‑4, EHDV‑5, EHDV‑6, EHDV‑7, and EHDV‑8). In a high containment unit, seven Prim 'Holstein calves were inoculated at day 0 (D0) with the selected strains (1 EHDV serotype per calf ). Blood samples (EDTA and whole blood) were periodically taken from D0 until the end of the experiment (D31). Sera were tested with two commercially available EHDV competitive ELISAs (c‑ELISA). Viral genome was detected from EDTA blood samples using in‑house real‑time RT‑PCR. Sera taken on D31 post infection (pi) were tested and characterized by serum neutralization test (SNT) and virus neutralization test (VNT) (for calibration of reference sera). Viral RNA was first detected at D2 pi in five calves. All infected animals were RT‑PCR positive at D7 pi. Seroconversion was observed between D10 and D23 pi depending on the EHDV serotype. SNT and VNT have allowed to determine the neutralizing antibody titers of each serum and the potential cross‑reactions between serotypes. The two c‑ELISA used in this study showed similar results. The calibrated sera are now available for the serological identification of an EHDV isolated on tissue culture or to be used as positive control in seroneutralization assay.
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- 2019
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41. Red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) Did Not Play the Role of Maintenance Host for Bluetongue Virus in France: The Burden of Proof by Long-Term Wildlife Monitoring and Culicoides Snapshots.
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Rossi S, Balenghien T, Viarouge C, Faure E, Zanella G, Sailleau C, Mathieu B, Delécolle JC, Ninio C, Garros C, Gardès L, Tholoniat C, Ariston A, Gauthier D, Mondoloni S, Barboiron A, Pellerin M, Gibert P, Novella C, Barbier S, Guillaumat E, Zientara S, Vitour D, and Bréard E
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Domestic virology, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Antibodies, Viral, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue transmission, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus immunology, Ceratopogonidae classification, Disease Outbreaks, Female, France epidemiology, Livestock virology, Male, Ruminants virology, Vector Borne Diseases virology, Animals, Wild virology, Bluetongue virus physiology, Ceratopogonidae virology, Deer virology, Disease Reservoirs virology
- Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a Culicoides -borne pathogen infecting both domestic and wild ruminants. In Europe, the Red Deer ( Cervus elaphus ) (RD) is considered a potential BTV reservoir, but persistent sylvatic cycle has not yet been demonstrated. In this paper, we explored the dynamics of BTV1 and BTV8 serotypes in the RD in France, and the potential role of that species in the re-emergence of BTV8 in livestock by 2015 (i.e., 5 years after the former last domestic cases). We performed 8 years of longitudinal monitoring (2008-2015) among 15 RD populations and 3065 individuals. We compared Culicoides communities and feeding habits within domestic and wild animal environments (51,380 samples). Culicoides diversity (>30 species) varied between them, but bridge-species able to feed on both wild and domestic hosts were abundant in both situations. Despite the presence of competent vectors in natural environments, BTV1 and BTV8 strains never spread in RD along the green corridors out of the domestic outbreak range. Decreasing antibody trends with no PCR results two years after the last domestic outbreak suggests that seropositive young RD were not recently infected but carried maternal antibodies. We conclude that RD did not play a role in spreading or maintaining BTV in France.
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- 2019
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42. Presence of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses in Egypt in 2016 and 2017.
- Author
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Ahmed S, Mahmoud MAE, Viarouge C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, and Breard E
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Egypt epidemiology, Phylogeny, RNA, Viral genetics, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases virology, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic isolation & purification
- Abstract
BTV and EHDV are closely-related orbiviruses that are transmitted between domestic and wild ruminants via the bites of hematophagous midges. Previous studies have reported seropositivity against BTV antibodies in sheep and goats in two Egyptian governorates (Beni Suef and Menoufia). However, no recent data are available on the BTV serotype(s) circulating in Egypt and the likely presence of EHDV has never been explored. This study investigated the presence of BTV and EHDV among cattle which had been found BTV-seropositive by ELISA method. These cattle living in proximity to sheep and goats previously found BTV-seropositive. These cattle displayed no clinical signs of BT but reproductive problems had been reported in herds. A total of 227 cattle blood samples were therefore collected in 2016 and 2017. Ninety-four of the 227 animals tested by a BTV ELISA were positive for BTV antibodies (41.4%). Of these 94 ELISA-positive cattle, only 83 EDTA-blood samples were available and therefore tested for BTV and EHDV genome detection by RT-PCR and sequencing. Of the cattle sampled in 2016, results revealed that two were RT-PCR-positive for BTV and seven for EHDV. Sequencing showed the presence of EHDV-1 and BTV-3 genome sequences. EHDV-1 S2 shared 99.5% homology with an EHDV-1 S2 from a strain isolated in 2016 in Israel. BTV-3 S2 and S8 sequences shared >99.8% nucleotide similarity with the BTV-3 Zarzis S2 and S8 sequences (Tunisian BTV, also detected in 2016). Of the 66 blood samples tested following their collection in 2017, they were all EHDV-negative by RT-qPCR while five were BTV- positive by RT-qPCR. However, attempts to identify the BTV serotype of these five samples were unsuccessful. Only part of BTV S8 was sequenced and it showed 79% nucleotide similarity with S8 of atypical BTV serotypes (particularly with BTV-26 and another BTV serotype strain isolated from a sheep pox vaccine). Overall, these findings demonstrate that both BTV and EHDV were circulating in Egypt in 2016 and 2017., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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43. Novel Function of Bluetongue Virus NS3 Protein in Regulation of the MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathway.
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Kundlacz C, Pourcelot M, Fablet A, Amaral Da Silva Moraes R, Léger T, Morlet B, Viarouge C, Sailleau C, Turpaud M, Gorlier A, Breard E, Lecollinet S, van Rijn PA, Zientara S, Vitour D, and Caignard G
- Subjects
- Animals, Bluetongue virus pathogenicity, Cell Line, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Interferons metabolism, Phosphorylation, Protein Binding, Protein Transport, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf genetics, Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf metabolism, Transcription Factors, Virulence Factors, Virus Replication, Bluetongue metabolism, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus physiology, Host-Pathogen Interactions, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Viral Nonstructural Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by blood-feeding midges to a wide range of wild and domestic ruminants. In this report, we showed that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), is able to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway, as assessed by phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2 and the translation initiation factor eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). By combining immunoprecipitation of BTV-NS3 and mass spectrometry analysis from both BTV-infected and NS3-transfected cells, we identified the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF), a crucial player in the MAPK/ERK pathway, as a new cellular interactor of BTV-NS3. BRAF silencing led to a significant decrease in the MAPK/ERK activation by BTV, supporting a model wherein BTV-NS3 interacts with BRAF to activate this signaling cascade. This positive regulation acts independently of the role of BTV-NS3 in counteracting the induction of the alpha/beta interferon response. Furthermore, the intrinsic ability of BTV-NS3 to bind BRAF and activate the MAPK/ERK pathway is conserved throughout multiple serotypes/strains but appears to be specific to BTV compared to other members of Orbivirus genus. Inhibition of MAPK/ERK pathway with U0126 reduced viral titers, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own replication. Altogether, our data provide molecular mechanisms that unravel a new essential function of NS3 during BTV infection. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is responsible of the arthropod-borne disease bluetongue (BT) transmitted to ruminants by blood-feeding midges. In this report, we found that BTV, through its nonstructural protein NS3 (BTV-NS3), interacts with BRAF, a key component of the MAPK/ERK pathway. In response to growth factors, this pathway promotes cell survival and increases protein translation. We showed that BTV-NS3 enhances the MAPK/ERK pathway, and this activation is BRAF dependent. Treatment of MAPK/ERK pathway with the pharmacologic inhibitor U0126 impairs viral replication, suggesting that BTV manipulates this pathway for its own benefit. Our results illustrate, at the molecular level, how a single virulence factor has evolved to target a cellular function to increase its viral replication., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Microbiology.)
- Published
- 2019
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44. Bluetongue Virus in France: An Illustration of the European and Mediterranean Context since the 2000s.
- Author
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Kundlacz C, Caignard G, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Postic L, Vitour D, Zientara S, and Breard E
- Subjects
- Animals, Bluetongue prevention & control, Bluetongue virus classification, Communicable Diseases, Emerging epidemiology, Communicable Diseases, Emerging virology, Europe epidemiology, France epidemiology, Mediterranean Region epidemiology, Public Health Surveillance, Serogroup, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virology, Bluetongue virus physiology
- Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a non-contagious animal disease transmitted by midges of the Culicoides genus. The etiological agent is the BT virus (BTV) that induces a variety of clinical signs in wild or domestic ruminants. BT is included in the notifiable diseases list of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) due to its health impact on domestic ruminants. A total of 27 BTV serotypes have been described and additional serotypes have recently been identified. Since the 2000s, the distribution of BTV has changed in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin, with continuous BTV incursions involving various BTV serotypes and strains. These BTV strains, depending on their origin, have emerged and spread through various routes in the Mediterranean Basin and/or in Europe. Consequently, control measures have been put in place in France to eradicate the virus or circumscribe its spread. These measures mainly consist of assessing virus movements and the vaccination of domestic ruminants. Many vaccination campaigns were first carried out in Europe using attenuated vaccines and, in a second period, using exclusively inactivated vaccines. This review focuses on the history of the various BTV strain incursions in France since the 2000s, describing strain characteristics, their origins, and the different routes of spread in Europe and/or in the Mediterranean Basin. The control measures implemented to address this disease are also discussed. Finally, we explain the circumstances leading to the change in the BTV status of France from BTV-free in 2000 to an enzootic status since 2018.
- Published
- 2019
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45. Evidence of bluetongue and Epizootic Haemorrhagic disease circulation on the island of Mayotte.
- Author
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Dommergues L, Viarouge C, Métras R, Youssouffi C, Sailleau C, Zientara S, Cardinale E, and Cêtre-Sossah C
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Comoros epidemiology, Cross-Sectional Studies, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic isolation & purification, Reoviridae Infections epidemiology, Sheep virology
- Abstract
A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the epidemiological situation in Mayotte regarding two orbiviruses: Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV). In all, 385 individual asymptomatic cattle were blood-sampled (one EDTA and one serum tube per animal) between February and June 2016. Antibody (ELISA) and genome prevalence (PCR) was assessed. Almost all the selected cattle showed antibodies against both BTV and EHDV, at 99.5% (CI95% [98.00, 100]) and 96.9% (CI95% [94.5, 98.3]), respectively. Most of the cattle acquired antibodies in their first years of age. EHDV and BTV genomes were detected in 25.2% (CI95% [21.1, 29.8]) and 18.2% (CI95% [14.6, 22.4]) of samples, respectively. Coinfection with BTV and EHDV was observed in 9.4% of samples (CI95% [6.8, 12.7]). Cattle under three years old were more frequently reported as positive for genome detection by PCR than older cattle. Five serotypes of BTV and one serotype of EHDV were identified from eight samples: BTV-4, BTV-9, BTV-11, BTV-15, BTV-19 and EHDV-6, of which some were reported in neighbouring areas. BTV and EHDV both circulate in Mayotte and in its surrounding territories., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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46. Bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus survey in cattle of the Galapagos Islands.
- Author
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Vinueza RL, Cruz M, Bréard E, Viarouge C, and Zanella G
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Viral blood, Bluetongue diagnosis, Bluetongue virology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Cattle Diseases virology, Ecuador epidemiology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Prevalence, Reoviridae Infections diagnosis, Reoviridae Infections epidemiology, Reoviridae Infections virology, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases epidemiology, Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Epizootic isolation & purification, Reoviridae Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) have both been reported in mainland Ecuador, but their occurrence was unknown in the Galapagos Islands, an Ecuadorian province. We aimed to detect BTV or EHDV in cattle from the 3 main cattle-producing Galapagos Islands at a between-herd design prevalence of 20% and a within-herd design prevalence of 15%. Blood samples were collected from 410 cattle in 33 farms and tested for antibodies against BTV and EHDV by competitive ELISAs. All results were negative, suggesting that BTV and EHDV are not present in the Galapagos Islands.
- Published
- 2019
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47. Evaluation of an IGM-specific ELISA for early detection of bluetongue virus infections in domestic ruminants sera.
- Author
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Bréard E, Gorlier A, Viarouge C, Donnet F, Sailleau C, Schulz C, Hoffmann B, Comtet L, Beer M, Zientara S, and Vitour D
- Subjects
- Animals, Bluetongue immunology, Bluetongue virology, Cattle, Cattle Diseases diagnosis, Cattle Diseases immunology, Cattle Diseases virology, Early Diagnosis, Goat Diseases diagnosis, Goat Diseases immunology, Goat Diseases virology, Goats, Retrospective Studies, Ruminants, Serogroup, Serologic Tests methods, Sheep, Sheep Diseases diagnosis, Sheep Diseases immunology, Sheep Diseases virology, Animals, Domestic virology, Antibodies, Viral blood, Bluetongue diagnosis, Bluetongue virus immunology, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay veterinary, Immunoglobulin M blood, Viral Core Proteins immunology
- Abstract
Competitive-ELISA (c-ELISA) is the most widely used serological test for the detection of Bluetongue virus (BTV) viral protein 7 (VP7) antibodies (Ab). However, these BTV c-ELISAs cannot to distinguish between IgG and IgM. IgM Ab are generated shortly after the primary immune response against an infectious agent, indicating a recent infection or exposure to antigens, such as after vaccination. Because the BTV genome or anti-VP7 Ab can be detected in ruminant blood months after infection, BTV diagnostic tools cannot discriminate between recent and old infections. In this study, we evaluated an IgM-capture ELISA prototype to detect ruminant anti-BTV VP7 IgM on 1,650 serum samples from cattle, sheep, or goats. Animals were BTV-naive, infected, or/and vaccinated with BTV-1, -2, -4, -8, -9, -16, or -27, and we also included 30 sera from cattle infected with the Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) serotype 6. Results demonstrated that this ELISA kit is specific and can detect the presence of IgM with satisfactory diagnostic specificity and sensitivity from 1 to 5 weeks after BTV infection in domestic ruminants (for goats and cattle; for sheep, at least up to 24 days). The peak of anti-VP7 IgM was reached when the level of infectious viruses and BTV RNA in blood were the highest. The possibility of detecting BTV-RNA in IgM-positive sera allows the amplification and sequencing of the partial RNA segment 2 (encoding the serotype specific to VP2) to determine the causative BTV serotype/strain. Therefore, BTV IgM ELISA can detect the introduction of BTV (or EHDV) in an area with BTV-seropositive domestic animals regardless of their serological BTV status. This approach may also be of particular interest for retrospective epidemiological studies on frozen serum samples., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2019
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48. Emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 4 in mainland France in November 2017.
- Author
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Sailleau C, Breard E, Viarouge C, Gorlier A, Leroux A, Hirchaud E, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Vitour D, Grandcollot-Chabot M, and Zientara S
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, France epidemiology, Genome, Viral, Serogroup, Bluetongue epidemiology, Bluetongue virus isolation & purification, Cattle Diseases virology, Disease Outbreaks veterinary
- Abstract
In November 2017, a 15-day-old calf located in France (Haute-Savoie department) was found positive for bluetongue virus (BTV) RNA by RT-PCR. Laboratory investigations allowed the isolation and identification of the serotype: BTV-4. The analysis of the full viral genome showed that all the 10 genome segments were closely related to BTV-4 strains involved in a large BT outbreak in the Balkan Peninsula, in Italy since 2014 and in Corsica since the end of October 2016. These results together with epidemiological data suggest that BTV-4 has been introduced to mainland France from Corsica or Italy where BTV-4 outbreaks have been reported in summer and autumn 2016. This is the first report of the introduction of BTV-4 in mainland France., (© 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.)
- Published
- 2018
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49. Fetopathic effects of experimental Schmallenberg virus infection in pregnant goats.
- Author
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Laloy E, Bréard E, Trapp S, Pozzi N, Riou M, Barc C, Breton S, Delaunay R, Cordonnier N, Chateau-Joubert S, Crochet D, Gouzil J, Hébert T, Raimbourg M, Viarouge C, Vitour D, Durand B, Ponsart C, and Zientara S
- Subjects
- Animals, Bunyaviridae Infections mortality, Bunyaviridae Infections virology, Female, Fetus virology, Goat Diseases mortality, Goats, Orthobunyavirus genetics, Placenta virology, Pregnancy, Viremia veterinary, Viremia virology, Bunyaviridae Infections veterinary, Goat Diseases virology, Orthobunyavirus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an emerging virus responsible for congenital malformations in the offspring of domestic ruminants. It is speculated that infection of pregnant dams may also lead to a significant number of unrecognized fetal losses during the early period of gestation. To assess the pathogenic effects of SBV infection of goats in early pregnancy, we inoculated dams at day 28 or 42 of gestation and followed the animals until day 55 of gestation. Viremia in the absence of clinical signs was detected in all virus-inoculated goats. Fetal deaths were observed in several goats infected at day 28 or 42 of gestation and were invariably associated with the presence of viral genomic RNA in the affected fetuses. Among the viable fetuses, two displayed lesions in the central nervous system (porencephaly) in the presence of viral genome and antigen. All fetuses from goats infected at day 42 and the majority of fetuses from goats infected at day 28 of gestation contained viral genomic RNA. Viral genome was widely distributed in these fetuses and their respective placentas, and infectious virus could be isolated from several organs and placentomes of the viable fetuses. Our results show that fetuses of pregnant goats are susceptible to vertical SBV infection during early pregnancy spanning at least the period between day 28 and 42 of gestation. The outcomes of experimental SBV infection assessed at day 55 of gestation include fetal mortalities, viable fetuses displaying lesions of the central nervous system, as well as viable fetuses without any detectable lesion., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Ring trial 2016 for Bluetongue virus detection by real-time RT-PCR in France.
- Author
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Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Breard E, Vitour D, and Zientara S
- Abstract
Since the unexpected emergence of BTV-8 in Northern Europe and the incursion of BTV-8 and 1 in France in 2006-2007, molecular diagnosis has considerably evolved. Several real-time RT-PCR (rtRT-PCR) methods have been developed and published, and are currently being used in many countries across Europe for BTV detection and typing. In France, the national reference laboratory (NRL) for orbiviruses develops and validates 'ready-to-use' kits with private companies for viral RNA detection. The regional laboratories network that was set up to deal with a heavy demand for analyses has used these available kits. From 2007, ring tests were organized to monitor the performance of the French laboratories. This study presents the results of 63 regional laboratories in the ring trial organized in 2016. Blood samples were sent to the laboratories. Participants were asked to use the rtRT-PCR methods in place in their laboratory, for detection of all BTV serotypes and specifically BTV-8. The French regional laboratories are able to detect and genotype BTV in affected animals. Despite the use of several methods (i.e. RNA extraction and different commercial rtRT-PCRs), the network is homogeneous. The ring trial demonstrated that the French regional veterinary laboratories have reliable and robust BTV diagnostic tools for BTV genome detection.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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