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Copyright of GeSec: Revista de Gestao e Secretariado is the property of Sindicato das Secretarias e Secretarios do Estado de Sao Paulo (SINSESP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este estudio examina la transición hacia la movilidad sostenible en Guayaquil, Ecuador, especialmente en la adopción de vehículos eléctricos mediante estrategias empresariales. Se destaca la importancia de concienciar sobre la conservación ambiental y superar desafíos como la viabilidad económica y la disponibilidad de infraestructura de carga. Se enfatiza la colaboración entre diferentes sectores para fomentar la aceptación de los vehículos eléctricos y se señala la necesidad de inversión estatal en electrolineras públicas para mejorar la accesibilidad. Estas medidas no solo impulsarían la movilidad sostenible, sino que también posicionarían a Guayaquil como líder en tecnologías limpias en el mercado automotriz.

Retro-innovation consists of the reintroduction of traditional techniques and processes to conserve the environment and exploit it economically in a sustainable manner. In the case of the dehesas of Extremadura, there are precedents of rational and sustainable exploitation, carried out by the hieronymite monks of the Monastery of Guadalupe between 1389 and 1835. By applying their techniques and processes in some of the current extremaduran dehesas, it has been possible to make their sustainable economic use viable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En los sistemas ganaderos de la Región Semiárida Pampeana, las forrajeras anuales invernales o también llamados “verdeos de invierno”, son un recurso forrajero clave. En condiciones de baja productividad, el costo por kg de biomasa puede incrementarse y verse afectada la producción de carne, si no son estratégicamente fertilizados. En este sentido, se propone realizar el análisis económico desde distintos enfoques metodológicos, vinculados entre sí. Se evaluó el efecto en el costo de implantación y en el costo unitario de materia seca (CU) de distintos niveles de fertilización nitrogenada; se calculó la eventual ganancia económica por una mayor producción adicional de carne y se estableció un umbral de relación insumo-producto (RIP) como indicador de la factibilidad de fertilizar con criterio económico. Con datos de producción de un ensayo con nueve cultivares de cuatro especies y con tres niveles de fertilización, en Anguil La Pampa, se realizó un análisis económico basado en la evolución de precios para tres períodos de una serie de 10 años. Los precios relativos y los costos de implantación de cada período influyen en el CU del forraje. La viabilidad económica de la fertilización se alcanza cuando es menor la productividad inicial y mayor la respuesta al fertilizante. La eficiencia agronómica es superior a la RIP para un 70 a 80 % de los tratamientos, por lo que es factible fertilizar los verdeos de invierno con un criterio económico.

Cool season annual forage grasses biomass production and derived meat production can be affected if they are not fertilized. Based on biomass production from different levels of nitrogen fertilization it is proposed to carry out an economic analysis from different methodological approaches, linked to each other. First, the effect on implantation cost and on the unit cost (CU) of dry matter was assessed. The economic gain was calculated for additional meat production, and finally a threshold was established of an input-output relationship (RIP) indicator looking for the feasibility of fertilizing with economic criteria. Production data from a trial carried out at Anguil, La Pampa, including 9 cultivars of 4 species and with 3 levels of fertilization were used for economic analysis carried out based on the evolution of prices within three periods of a 10-years long series. Relative prices and implantation costs of each period influence the CU of the forage production. The economic viability of fertilization is reached when the initial productivity is lower and the response to fertilizer is higher. The agronomic efficiency is higher than the RIP for 70 to 80 % of the treatments, so it is feasible to fertilize with economic criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Runas. Journal of Education & Culture is the property of CICSHAL - Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades desde America Latina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hasta principios del siglo XXI, los diccionarios eran, en general, obras de consulta ordenadas alfabéticamente. Los editores de esas obras lexicográficas en papel definíamos un proyecto en función de un plan previo de viabilidad económica y procurábamos amortizar los trabajos editoriales reutilizándolos en varios proyectos y evitando incurrir en actos de piratería. De hecho, la evolución digital nos llevó a aprender que la publicación en papel o en soporte digital eran solo dos versiones finales de un mismo trabajo de redacción y de edición, siempre que se hubiera trabajado con la herramienta informática adecuada. Sin embargo, en pocos años, los usuarios cambiaron sus hábitos de consulta y pasaron a acceder a la información en internet directamente desde los buscadores, sin necesidad de parar en obras de consulta intermedias. La misión de los lexicógrafos, por tanto, ha cambiado de forma radical. Si queremos que nuestro trabajo siga siendo significativo para la sociedad actual, nuestra responsabilidad social va mucho más allá de cuidar los valores ideológicos subyacentes en nuestros trabajos. De nosotros depende que el desarrollo de herramientas lingüísticas de IA (inteligencia artificial) y de PLN (Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural) esté en manos de equipos interdisciplinares que cuenten con buenos lingüistas entre sus filas, o que quede al arbitrio de logaritmos y desarrollos técnicos que desestimen que es el lenguaje lo que nos constituye como seres humanos.

Aquaponics, a production system that integrates aquaculture and hydroponics, stands out for its ability to produce food sustainably, promoting the recycling of nutrients, the efficient use of water and generating high quality and safe foods. For this reason, the objective of this review article was to compile the most relevant concepts and advances achieved in the application of this productive technique, through exploration and systematization of research published in indexed journal databases during the decade between 2012 to 2022. Results obtained were organized into four large categories: 1. Aquaponics from a biological perspective; 2. viability and profitability of aquaponic systems; 3. engineering developments, new trends and technologies in aquaponics; and 4. environmental and social aspects of aquaponics. The information presented below will allow to know the potential feasibility and adaptability of aquaponic systems in the context of environmental, social, and economic changes. In this sense, bibliometrics, carried out in 55 selected publications, allows to identify the year 2020 as the highest scientific production in aquaponic systems with 23% of total production in the decade studied and that 63% of research was published in the last 5 years (2018 to 2022). Finally, by thematic area, it was found that 44% of the research carried out corresponds to the "engineering developments, new trends and technologies" category, followed by "biological perspective", and "environmental and social aspects" (28% and 20%, respectively). The area with the lowest quantity of publications corresponded to "viability and profitability" (8% of the total references). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social housing programs and their economic viability in Portoviejo become a priority in the urban and rural context of Portoviejo. Social housing programs are challenged by the high cost of land acquisition, construction materials, and labor, as well as the lack of access to loans or adequate financing, and the lack of adequate infrastructure and basic services in certain areas. Portoviejo, which become a challenge for the economic viability of social housing projects. The objective is to analyze the social housing programs and their economic viability in Portoviejo, by comparing costs, for the proposal of a social housing at a lower value than those offered in the local market. For the concretion of the same methods of the theoretical level were used: analysis - synthesis, inductive - deductive and historical - logical, for the incursion of the theoretical essences that base the article. A survey aimed at civil engineers was also used, with closed response options, with a Likert scale from 1 to 5, and documentary review. The main results focused on low user satisfaction, inaccessible costs that demand a solution, as well as the construction of social housing with sandwich panels that the construction time would be shorter compared to other traditional types of construction. Conclusively, it is feasible to build the aforementioned houses to satisfy the demand that exists in the canton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal Civil Engineering / Revista de Ingeniería Civil is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Community of the City and Land of Segovia has challenged Decree 18/2020 of the Government Council of the Community of Madrid, which approves the Master Plan for the Use and Management of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. However, the Madrid High Court has rejected the grounds for appeal, arguing that the established procedure and citizen participation were complied with. In addition, the arguments regarding the economic unfeasibility of the plan and the economic regime and compensations in the areas of socioeconomic influence are dismissed. The sentence also addresses the regulation of drone use and the compensations for imposed limitations. It is highlighted that the regulation of airspace and limitations on the use of drones fall under the jurisdiction of the State, and the autonomy of the Community of Madrid to prohibit the use of drones in areas sensitive to overflight is annulled. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Mercados y Negocios is the property of Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Economico Administrativas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tras la crisis económica del año 2008, con gran impacto en el sector inmobiliario, la rehabilitación de viviendas se potenció como modelo urbanístico frente a la ciudad expansiva y de salida de la crisis. Por ello, este trabajo tiene por objetivo analizar la viabilidad económica del proceso de rehabilitación en España, en concreto a través de casos seleccionados de bloques de viviendas rehabilitados en la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón. La metodología de estudio analiza los diferentes costes que incurren en el proyecto, las ayudas públicas recibidas para la rehabilitación y los flujos de caja que se originan, contrastándolo con los plazos de ejecución de todo el proceso. Este estudio establece estimaciones económicas y temporales para futuros análisis de viabilidad. Además, para poder optar a otras vías complementarias de financiación, mediante la incorporación del sector privado, el estudio fija las necesidades económicas y márgenes de beneficio o perdida. Abstract After the 2008 economic crisis, which had a great impact on the real estate sector, housing renovation was promoted as an urban development model in contrast to the urban sprawl and as a means of overcoming the crisis. As such, this paper seeks to analyze the economic feasibility of the renovation process in selected examples of renovated residential blocks in Spain, specifically in the region of Aragon. The study methodology analyzes the different costs incurred in the project, the government grants received for renovation and the cash flows that are generated, contrasting them with the completion times for the whole process. This study establishes economic and time estimates for future feasibility analyses. In addition, in order to be eligible for additional financing routes, by including the private sector, the study sets out the financial needs and profit or loss margins.

Purpose: Evaluate the sensitivity and economic viability of the feedlot system used for fattening cattle using reference a property located in the northern region of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Methodology: We used a multidimensional approach to evaluate the sensitivity. The economic result was analyzed through cash flow, the net present value (NPV) being the viability indicator. The risks were incorporated with the Monte Carlo simulation for the prices of feed, purchase and sale of animals that were the discrete random variables, the value measure was the NPV, calculated with the minimum attractiveness rate of 7,55% per semester and the probabilities were estimated by relative frequency. Results: The probability of feedlot being an economically attractive activity was 30,2%, consequently the system was not viable in 69,8%. In the context of sensitivity, the feedlot was more vulnerable to fluctuations in the sale price, the 1% increase in the price fed cattle of generates on increased of 46% in NPV, being followed by feeder cattle price, the 1% increase in the feeder cattle price leads to a 29% reduced in NPV, and by the feeding price, the 1% increase in the feeding price leads to a 12% decreased in NPV. Contributions of the study: The results found in this research may support new evaluations in representative samples, incorporate the studies on this topic and assist decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La elaboración del informe de sostenibilidad de un proyecto de ingeniería es ya una práctica habitual en todas las empresas importantes del sector TIC. Los ingenieros que formamos ahora en las universidades deberán, sin duda, incluir informes de sostenibilidad en sus proyectos cuando ejerzan profesionalmente. La enseñanza necesaria para elaborar un buen informe de sostenibilidad de un Trabajo de Fin de Grado ya no es una opción, es una necesidad si queremos formar ingenieros de calidad. Desgraciadamente, no todos los profesores han tenido la experiencia necesaria para poder orientar a los estudiantes en la elaboración de un informe de sostenibilidad de un proyecto. Esto provoca que, a menudo, los estudiantes se encuentren perdidos al elaborar dicho informe, y acaben realizándolo sin hacer ninguna reflexión profunda sobre la sostenibilidad de su proyecto. Con el fin de orientar al estudiante en la valoración de la sostenibilidad de su Trabajo de Fin de Grado, en la Facultat de Informática de Barcelona, se ha diseñado una guía para la elaboración del informe de sostenibilidad de un Trabajo de Fin de Grado. En este artículo se presenta con detalle esta herramienta. La guía para elaborar el informe de sostenibilidad no sólo es de utilidad para los estudiantes, sino que también es una referencia para los directores y miembros de tribunal de los Trabajos de Fin de Grado.

El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer los métodos de valoración económica ambiental y su aplicación en el sector ganadero cubano. Para ello se toma como referencia la teoría del Valor Económico Total, y se identifican los métodos y técnicas más empleados de acuerdo con el concepto de valor adoptado. Se reseña un grupo de investigaciones sobre la aplicación de la valoración económica ambiental en Cuba, y se analizan cuatro casos de interés en el sector ganadero. El tema de la aplicación de la valoración económica ambiental en el sector ganadero no es muy frecuente en la literatura científica. Esta solo se limita a determinar las principales funciones ambientales y la magnitud de su impacto, pero no se tiene en cuenta su valor económico. Se concluye que la teoría del Valor Económico Total es una de las más utilizadas para la valoración económica del medio ambiente. Además, existen diversas técnicas de gran utilidad para valorar económicamente el impacto ambiental de la actividad ganadera en Cuba.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evitar la pérdida de peso en los ovinos que pastan sobre pasto natural, con el suministro de caña-picada sola y caña picada + urea. Evaluar el efecto de la suplementación con caña +urea, con relación a la suplementación caña sola, sobre el desempeño, el consumo y la conversión alimentaría, además del comportamiento ingestivo y costo de producción en ovinos, mantenidos con pasto natural en el período seco. Fueron utilizados 9 ovinos, con peso corporal medio inicial de 21,2 ± 2 kg y media de 10-14 meses de edad. El período experimental fue de 90 días. Los animales fueron distribuidos en tres tratamientos, los cuales pastaban pasto natural (G3) diferido, y consumían los suplementos de caña de azúcar + urea (G1) y caña de azúcar +pasto (G2). Los consumos fueron afectados (P

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ager: Journal of Depopulation & Rural Development Studies / Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural is the property of Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective of the study: to present the analysis of the collected data referring to the characteristics of affluent sewage of the Serraria Sewage Treatment Station, in Porto Alegre/RS. Methodology / approach: descriptive research with a quantitative approach and centralized in the case study of the biogas exploration generated for the production of electric energy. Originality / relevance: this study focuses on the technical and economic feasibility for generating electricity from biogas effluent for use at the station itself, serving most of the local loads, as well as the energy conversion technology used from of the internal combustion Cycle Otto, with its accessories. Main results: installation, operation and maintenance costs for five years are estimated at around R$ 4.500.000,00. In addition, the return on invested capital occurs, at most, in 4 years and 7 months. Theoretical / methodological contributions: there is a tendency to increase electricity from the network tariff and the flow of inputs in the UASBs, making self-generation even more viable. Currently, biogas is flared and the sludge generated is deposited in landfills, which makes it possible to produce electricity and supply it to the distribution network. Conclusion: sewage treatment plants consisting of an upstream flow anaerobic sludge deposit followed by active sludge aims to treat effluents, that is, to promote the separation of gases, solids and liquids as a form of sustainable treatment and, in addition, to provide sustainable benefits and resources for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on the new economic order, agricultural businesses have the same importance and dynamics than other sectors of the economy, and demand from the producer a new vision of business administration. Thus, it is necessary to perform an economic analysis of the activity that is beginning, in order to understand in detail and use efficiently and economically the production factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic viability of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) under irrigation and cultivated in organic and conventional production systems. The organic fertilizer used was vinasse and lithothamnium in five doses and three repetitions, with a 5x5x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, where 5 is the dose of vinasse and lithothamnium and 2 the irrigation management (irrigation and non-irrigation). In order to estimate the production cost, conceptualized as the sum of the values of all the resources and operations in the productive process of the activity, the calculation of depreciation and alternative cost was used. The sugarcane production system under irrigation and fertilized with vinasse and lithothamnium was found to be an economically viable option. The production cost had a positive liquid value per hectare and was 52% higher than in the conventional system. The internal return rate was 100% higher than the minimal profitability rate compared to the traditional system, while the recovery period of the capital happens in 3 years less than the conventional system. Likewise, the indicators of economic efficiency were all favorable in the alternative system of organic production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources have reported an unprecedented increase of global installed renewable power capacity. Against the advantages provided by this renewable power generation technology it should be taken into account an important issue: these intermittent energy sources supply a fluctuating output which is difficult to manage. Pumped-storage hydro power plants reappear in these circumstances as an efficient form of energy storage which allows to use reserves when necessary, enabling power generation output to cover continuously this energy demand. The present paper shows a simplified feasibility study of the partial conversion of hydropower plant La Barca, in Asturias, into a reversible storage through the development of an algorithm to simulate its operation according to electricity market prices. For this purpose, the operation in the deviation management market is considered and the technical modifications required for the conversion are shown. The estimation of costs and incomes present a feasible scenario.

Copyright of Journal of Management for Global Sustainability is the property of Ateneo de Manila University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the complexity of the planning development process, translating to euros the decisions adopted may increase the transparency of this process. As jurisprudence highlights, not only complex mathematical formulae should be considered, but also it is important to show through numbers the fact that planning may be profitable. Unfortunately, plan’s economic documents are sometimes not taken into account, or even if they exist, they prove to be inadequate, which enhance the annulment of the plan by tribunals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present the environmental economic appraisal methods and their application in the Cuban animal husbandry sector. For such purpose the Total Economic Value theory is taken as reference, and the most widely used methods and techniques are identified according to the adopted concept of value. A group of studies about the application of the environmental economic in Cuba is reviewed, and four cases of interest in the animal husbandry sector are analyzed. The topic of the application of the environmental economic appraisal in the animal husbandry sector is not very frequent in scientific literature. This is only limited to determining the main environmental functions and the magnitude of their impact, but their economic value is not taken into consideration. It is concluded that the Total Economic Value theory is one of the most widely used for the economic appraisal of the environment. In addition, there are diverse highly useful techniques for economically appraising the environmental impact of animal husbandry in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Ecuador existe un elevado porcentaje de viviendas con problemas ambientales, debido a la falta de una práctica habitual de incorporar criterios de confort y eficiencia energética, que patentiza la necesidad de implementar estrategias sustentables en los procesos de construcción. El estudio aquí expuesto analiza una vivienda unifamiliar en la ciudad de Cuenca (Ecuador) y determina los costos referenciales de construcción (por metro cuadrado) de los diferentes niveles sustentables que pudiera alcanzar la vivienda con respecto a su semejante convencional. El trabajo se desarrolla en tres etapas: (1) desarrollo de una metodología apropiada para identificar los costos; (2) estudio cualitativo sobre la percepción de la vivienda sustentable; (3) estudio cuantitativo de los costos de construcción y el valor agregado ecuatoriano (VAE). A las distintas opciones de viviendas sustentables se las clasifica en una escala de A a C, dependiendo de la cantidad de estrategias que se incorporen, mientras que a la vivienda convencional se le asigna la clasificación D. Se concluye que las viviendas sustentables presentan un incremento de costo, con respecto a la convencional, del 33.14% (A), 15.56% (B) y 4.32% (C), con una reducción del VAE del 15.75%, 4.01% y 3.74%, respectivamente.

Objetivo. Evaluar la viabilidad económica y financiera de los sistemas silvopastoriles tradicionales para la producción de Biocombustibles como aporte a la sostenibilidad del proyecto “Piñón para Galápagos”. Materiales y Métodos. Se llevaron a cabo encuestas a 450 pequeños productores ganaderos de 10 cantones de la provincia de Manabí con la finalidad de colectar información agronómica, manejo, costos implicados en establecimiento y producción de los sistemas silvopastoriles vigentes de Piñón (Jatropha curcas L.)/Saboya (Megathyrsus maximus). Para recopilar datos de producción del Piñón establecido en cercas vivas de Piñón INIAP CP041 e igualmente se registró la producción de sistemas en 10 sitios, desde el año 2009. Con estos datos se calcularon los siguientes indicadores financieros radio beneficio/costo (B/C), valor actual neto (VAN), tasa interna de retorno (TIR) y valor de expectativa de la tierra (VET). Resultados. El estudio mostró una disminución de la producción del Piñón con el transcurso del tiempo. El sistema silvopastoril mejorado con Piñón INIAP CP041 mostró B/C 1.07, VAN de USD$ 404.11, VET USD$ 970.23 y TIR de 18%. Seguido del sistema silvopastoril con Piñón local con un B/C 1.06, VAN de USD$ 363.66, VET USD$ 873.10 y TIR de 17% y finalmente sistema silvopastoril sin cosecha del Piñón con un B/C 1.05, VAN de USD$ 285.72, VET USD$ 685.99 y TIR de 15%. Conclusiones. La alternativa de producción de biocombustibles con sistemas silvopastoriles Piñón (INIAP CP041)/Saboya en Manabí es el sistema de mayor rentabilidad y no competiría por superficies de cultivo para la producción de alimentos, sin afectar a la seguridad alimentaria.