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Epanycles Butler, 1876 Epanycles Butler, 1876: 425 ���426, pl. 29, fig. 18; Butler, 1877: 48; M��schler, 1878: 645; Druce, 1884: 80; Druce, 1897: 358; Hampson, 1898: 382 ���383, fig. 191; Klages, 1906: 547; Zerny, 1912: 155; Strand, 1915: 26; Draudt, 1915: 128; Watson et al. 1980: 62; Cerda, 2017: 80 ���81. Type species: Euchromia imperialis Walker, 1854, by monotypy., Published as part of Araujo, Elias C., Pinheiro, L��via R. & Duarte, Marcelo, 2019, Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the tiger moth genus Epanycles Butler (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), with notes on related genera, pp. 187-199 in Zootaxa 4613 (1) on page 189, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4613.1.12, http://zenodo.org/record/3238035, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1876) On the subfamilies Antichlorinae and Charideinae of the lepidopterous families Zygaenidae and Arctiidae. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, 12 (63), 408 - 433. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1874. tb 01995. x","Butler, A. G. (1877) Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, xiii + 62 pp., 20 pls.","Hampson, G. F. (1898) Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the collection of the British Museum. In: Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae. London, Printed by Order of Trustees, 559 pp.","Klages E. A. (1906) On the Syntomid Moths of Southern Venezuela Collected in 1898 - 1900. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 29, 531 - 553. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.1434.531","Zerny, H. (1912) Syntomidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus. Pars 7. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124036","Strand, E. (1915) Uber einige exotische (exklus. asiatische) Syntomididen des Deutschen Entomologischen Museums. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1915, 19 - 29.","Draudt, M. (1915 - 1917) Family Syntomidae, In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. Vol. 6. A. Kernen, Stuttgart, pp. 33 - 230.","Watson, A., Fletcher, D. S. & Nye, I. W. B. (1980) Noctuoidea (Parte). In: Nye, I. W. B. (Ed.), The generic names of moths of the world. Vol. 2. Arctiidae, Cocytiidae, Ctenuchidae, Dilobidae, Dioptidae, Lymantriidae, Notodontidae, Strepsimanidae, Thaumetopoeidae, Thyretidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, 396 pp.","Cerda, J. A. (2017) Ctenuchina de Guyane Francaise (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini). (Partie 1). Published by the Societe Linneenne de Lyon, Lyon, 203 pp.","Walker, F. (1854) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Lepidoptera-Heterocera. London, 278 pp."]}

Attallea speciosa Mart. (babassu) fruit contains a mesocarp that is rich in carbohydrates with immunomodulatory effects. The induction of the tolerogenic response is a tumor escape mechanism, and immunomodulator adjuvants have been studied to reestablish host immunogenicity. This study evaluates the adjuvant potential of babassu mesocarp carbohydrates in a tumor model. The babassu mesocarp extraction (BME) yield was 75.54%, and the total sugar concentration was 29.79 mg ml-1 containing monosaccharides, reducing sugars, polysaccharides and 0.506 mg ml-1 total protein. Chromatography analysis identified glucose, sucrose and fructose. Sensitization increased the spleen weight in the tumor group compared with the control, and a comparatively lower frequency of T helper and higher frequency of B-lymphocytes was also observed. The tumor+BME group had more cytotoxic T lymphocytes compared with the control. After co-culture with cancer cells, the tumor splenocytes showed lower proliferation, lower frequency of T helper cells and higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 and IL-10. However, the tumor+BME splenocytes presented results similar to the control, suggesting a reduction in the regulatory response of the tumor group. These results demonstrated that BME sensitization with cancer cells modulated an immune response in Balb/c animals, indicating an immunogenic effect. Key words: Arecaceae, Attallea speciosa Mart., adjuvant, carbohydrate, antitumor.

Episcepsis aelia Schaus, 1889, revis. stat. (Figs. 1A; 4A���I) Heliura aelia Schaus, 1889: 90. Holotype male, by monotypy. [MEXICO, Veracruz], Paso de San Juan (USNM) [examined]. Kirby, 1892: 164 [Heliura]; Hampson, 1898: 388 [synonym of E. venata]; Zerny, 1912: 113 [synonym of E. venata]; Draudt, 1915: 130 [synonym of E. venata]; Turrent, 2013 [as E. venata]. Diagnosis. Externally indistinguishable from E. venata and E. atlantica sp. nov. Differences in male genitalia that allow recognition of E. aelia when compared to E. venata are: caecum straight, in contrast to slightly curved upwards in E. venata. Saccus developed and with pointed apex in E. aelia, and only weakly developed, with round apex and dorsally curved in E. venata. Manica shorter than valvae in E. venata, while the opposite happens in E. aelia. Sacculus developed in E. aelia, and only slightly developed and densely covered with long scales in E. venata. Cucullus considerably shorter than valvula in E. venata, and only slightly shorter than valvula in E. aelia. In female genitalia, the species differ in the following characters: Dorsal surface of papillae anales with few setae in E. venata and lacking setae in E. aelia. Posterior apophyses slightly longer than anterior apophyses in E. venata, and almost the same length in E. aelia. Corpus bursae twisted only in E. aelia. The latter species lacks signa, while there are signa restricted to a small area in E. venata. When compared to E. atlantica sp. nov, E. aelia differs in the following aspects: Caecum slightly curved upwards in E. aelia, and straight in E. atlantica sp. nov. Saccus with short pointed apex (V-shaped) in E. aelia and and strongly produced (Y-shaped) in E. atlantica sp nov. Valvae with three lobes in E. aelia, but only two in E. atlantica sp. nov. Cucullus slightly shorter than valvula in E. aelia, and longer than valvula in E. atlantica sp. nov. In female genitalia, we find the following differences between the species: signa absent in E. aelia, while there are signa in the left ventral side in E. atlantica sp. nov. Ductus seminalis arising from ductus bursae on the right side in E. aelia, and on the left side in E. atlantica sp. nov. Redescription ♂ and ♀. Abdomen. T8 of males almost square, as sclerotized as previous tergites, with anterior margin heavily sclerotized, with two membranous projections shorter than the length of T8. S8 of males as sclerotized as previous sternites, anterior margin also heavily sclerotized, in a rather irregular shape. Intersegmental membrane 7-8 lacking coremata. T7 of females rectangular, twice longer, and as sclerotized as previous tergites. S7 of females singularly shaped, as long and as sclerotized as previous sternites, with two heavily sclerotized lateral pouches with modified scales. Male genitalia. Aedeagus much longer than wide, straight. Ejaculatory duct inserted dorsally. Caecum round. Vesica longer than aedeagus, dorsal surface with a longitudinal line of cornuti, proximal cornuti very long, and distal cornuti very short. Ventral surface with a longitudinal sclerotized plate. Saccus developed, slightly asymmetrical, left arm somewhat longer than right arm, and slightly curved dorsally, with pointed apex. Vinculum straight, very narrow. Tegumen densely covered with scales, longer than wide. Anterior margin of tegumen with a deep, V-shaped invagination. Dorsal surface of tegumen with a X-shaped sclerotization. Lateral posterior surfaces of tegumen densely scaled. A small, slightly sclerotized, and sparsely setose projection posterior to X-shaped sclerotization. Intersegmental membrane 9-10 visible only dorsally. Uncus with an inverted Y-shape. Base of uncus glabrous, and much wider than its lobe. Lobe of uncus somewhat cylindrical, finger-like, with a few tiny setae on dorsal surface, and a sharp apex. Transtilla membranous. Manica membranous, longer than valvae. Juxta sclerotized, glabrous, longer than wide. Valvae symmetrical, with three lobes: a proximal-ventral lobe perhaps correspondent to sacculus, developed, flat, round and heavily sclerotized; and two distal lobes, correspondent to cucullus and valvula. Cucullus weakily sclerotized and densely covered with scales, with round apex, and slightly shorter than valvula. Valvula heavily sclerotized, with few setae and a sharp apex. Female genitalia. T9 uniformly sclerotized. Papillae anales with short setae on most of their surface. Dorsal surface lacking setae. Pseudopapillae anales conspicuous, finger-like. Anterior apophyses with almost the same length of posterior apophyses. Pheromone glands undeveloped. Postvaginal lamella predominantly sclerotized. Ventral portion of posterior margin membranous, medial portion with a highly sclerotized tubercle. Antevaginal lamella slightly sclerotized, lacking setae or spines. Ostium and antrum centralized. Ductus bursae heavily sclerotized and flattened, very short. Corpus bursae approximately round, twisted, most of its surface corrugated. Signa absent. Ductus seminalis arising from ductus bursae on the right side. Additional material examined (1 ♂ and 3 ♀). GUATEMALA, Suchitepequez, Pte. Ixtacapa, 28.vi.1966, Flint & Ortiz leg., 1 female (USNM), S. Antonio Such., 6.vii.1965, Paul J. Spangler leg., LRP721, 1 female (USNM); HONDURAS, San Pedro Sula, mountain, 15.viii.1972, black light, Robert Lehman leg., 1 female; Yuscar��n, 6.viii.1972, black light, Robert Lehman leg., LRP720, 1 male (USNM). Distribution. Episcepsis aelia is known to occur in Mexico (Veracruz), Honduras and Guatemala., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R. & Araujo Junior, Elias C., 2017, Taxonomic notes and a new species of Episcepsis Butler, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), pp. 231-240 in Zootaxa 4365 (2) on pages 233-235, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1117582, {"references":["Schaus, W. (1889) Descriptions of new species of Mexican Heterocera. Entomologica Americana, 5, 87 - 90.","Kirby, W. F. (1892) A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Vol. I. Sphinges and Bombyces. London: Gurney & Jackson. xii + 951 p.","Hampson, G. F. (1898) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, vol. I: Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, xxi + 559 pp., foldout phylogeny chart, 285 figs., pls. 1 - 17.","Zerny, H. (1912) Syntomidae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Pars 7. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 179 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124036","Turrent-Diaz, R. & Pescador Rubio, A. (2013). La fauna de las tribus Euchormini [sic] y Ctenuchini (Lepidoptera, familia Erebidae) de la region de Chajul Chiapas (Marques de Comillas). Revista de la Sociedad Mexicana de Lepidopterologia, Nueva Serie, 1 (1), 1 - 15."]}

Episcepsis venata Butler, 1877 (Figs. 1D; 3A���I) Episcepsis venata Butler, 1877: 49, pl. 16, fig. 7. Lectotype male, by subsequent designation (Hampson, 1898: 388): [BRAZIL, Amazonas], Rio Jutahy, near Rio Curnem (sic), January 29, 1875 (J. W. H. Trail); Druce, 1897: 358; Kirby, 1892: 175; Hampson, 1898: 388; Zerny, 1912: 113; Draudt, 1915: 130; Watson et al., 1980: 64. Heliura venata; Schaus, 1892: 7; pl. 1, fig. 20. Diagnosis. Moths predominantly brown. Head and thorax brown scaled, with purple iridescence. Abdomen brown scaled, with blue iridescence. Head entirely brown, except for few white scales on first palpomere and on scape and pedicel, and for two bright red spots on post-occiput. Thorax and legs entirely brown, except for a bright red scale tuft near patagia, and for the anterior surface of prothoracic coxae, also bright red. Forewings light brown with dark brown scales on proximal and distal portions of anal margin, on post-discal bar, and on apex. Hindwings entirely brown scaled, proximal area partially semi-hyaline. Abdominal tergites brown with blue iridescence; abdominal sternites brown. Aedeagus with a dorsal line of variously sized cornuti. Valvae trilobed. Corpus bursae twisted, corrugated, and lacking signa. Redescription ♂ and ♀. Head. Proboscis dark brown. Labial palpi predominantly brown, exceeding vertex in length. Outer surface of first palpomere with a few white scales. Third palpomere approximately twice longer than wide. Frontoclypeous approximately as long as wide, brown. Vertex, scales immediately posterior to antennal socket, ocular ring and post-occiput brown, the latter with two bright red spots. Scape and pedicel brown, except for a few white scales on outer surface. Antennomeres entirely brown. Male medial pectinations approximately twice longer than the length of the antennomere���s shaft. Female medial pectinations shorter than the length of the antennomere���s shaft. Thorax. Dorsal surface of thorax, including patagia and tegulae, uniformly brown. Lateral surface of thorax also brown, except for a tuft of bright red scales adjacent to the patagia. Anterior surface of prothoracic coxae bright red. All other segments of all pairs of legs brown. Forewings. Entirely scaled. Dorsal surface with a pattern composed of a background of light brown scales, with dark brown scales on the following areas: on veins, on proximal and distal portions of anal area, a wide patch on transversal vein, and on apex. Ventral surface similar, but with dark brown scales restricted to costal margin and apex. Venation as in figure 2: R1 arising before transversal vein. R2 arising at transversal vein. R3 and R4 sharing a common stalk. M2 and M3 also sharing a common stalk. Hindwings. Entirely brown scaled, and sexually dimorphic in shape: anal area expanded in males, forming an acute angle with outer margin. In males, proximal area of cell CuP-1A with a reduced density of scales, rendering a semi-hyaline appearance. Dorsal surface of anal margin of males with a hairbrush concealed on a wing fold. Venation as in figure 2: Sc reduced, but present in both sexes. M2 present. M3 and CuA1 fused. Females with two frenular bristles. Abdomen. Abdominal tergites brown with blue iridescence. Abdominal sternites brown lacking iridescence. T8 of males almost square, as sclerotized as previous tergites, with anterior margin heavily sclerotized, with two membranous projections shorter than the length of T8. S8 of males as sclerotized as previous sternites, anterior margin also heavily sclerotized, in a rather irregular shape. Intersegmental membrane 7-8 lacking coremata. T7 of females rectangular, twice longer, and as sclerotized as previous tergites. S7 of females singularly shaped, longer, but as sclerotized as previous sternites, bearing two heavily sclerotized lateral pouches with modified scales. Male genitalia. Aedeagus much longer than wide, straight. Ejaculatory duct inserted dorsally. Caecum round, slightly curved upwards. Vesica with a longitudinal line of cornuti; proximal cornuti very long, and distal cornuti very short. Ventral surface with a longitudinal sclerotized plate. Saccus weakly developed, slightly asymmetrical, with left arm somewhat longer than right arm, and curved dorsally, with round apex. Vinculum straight, very narrow. Tegumen longer than wide. Anterior margin of tegumen with a deep, V-shaped invagination. Dorsal surface of tegumen with an X-shaped sclerotization. Lateral posterior surfaces of tegumen densely covered with scales (brushed for photographs). A wide, slightly sclerotized, and sparsely setose projection posterior to Xshaped sclerotization. Intersegmental membrane 9-10 visible only dorsally. Uncus with an inverted Y-shape. Base of uncus glabrous, and much wider than its lobe. Lobe of uncus somewhat cylindrical, finger-like, with few tiny setae on dorsal surface, and a sharp apex. Transtilla membranous. Manica membranous, shorter than valvae. Juxta sclerotized, glabrous, wider than long. Valvae symmetrical, with three lobes: a flat, round and heavily sclerotized proximal-ventral lobe perhaps correspondent to sacculus, slightly developed, densely covered with long scales; and two distal lobes, correspondent to cucullus and valvula. Cucullus weakily sclerotized, densely covered with scales, with round apex, and considerably shorter than valvula. Valvula heavily sclerotized, with few setae and a sharp apex. Female genitalia. T9 uniformly sclerotized. Papillae anales with short setae on most of their surface. Proximal portion of the dorsal surface with few setae. Pseudopapillae anales conspicuous, finger-like, with short setae. Posterior apophyses slightly longer than anterior apophyses. Pheromone glands undeveloped. Postvaginal lamella predominantly sclerotized. Posterior margin with a medial invagination. Antevaginal lamella slightly sclerotized, lacking setae or spines, posterior margin sinuous. Ostium centralized. Ventral surface of antrum with a triangular sclerotization, dorsal surface membranous. Ductus bursae heavily sclerotized and flattened, longer than wide. Corpus bursae approximately spherical, corrugated, predominantly membranous. Posterior surface partially sclerotized, with signa restricted to a small area. A second bursa, entirely membranous. Ductus seminalis arising from accessory bursa. Additional material examined (1 ♂ and 1♀). VENEZUELA, Caura Valley (USNM). Distribution. To the current knowledge, this species is restricted to the Amazonian Forest in Brazil and Venezuela., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R. & Araujo Junior, Elias C., 2017, Taxonomic notes and a new species of Episcepsis Butler, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), pp. 231-240 in Zootaxa 4365 (2) on pages 232-233, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1117582, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1877) Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum 1. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, xiii + 62 pp. [pls. 1 - 20.]","Hampson, G. F. (1898) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, vol. I: Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, xxi + 559 pp., foldout phylogeny chart, 285 figs., pls. 1 - 17.","Kirby, W. F. (1892) A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera (Moths). Vol. I. Sphinges and Bombyces. London: Gurney & Jackson. xii + 951 p.","Zerny, H. (1912) Syntomidae. In: Wagner, H. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Pars 7. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 179 - 179. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 124036","Watson, A., Fletcher, D. S. & Nye, I. W. B. (1980) The Generic Names of Moths of the World, Vol. 2. British Museum, London, xiv + 228 pp.","Schaus, W. (1892) American Lepidoptera: illustrations of new and rare species. R. H. Porter, London, 24 pp. + 3 pl. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 53811"]}

Episcepsis atlantica Pinheiro & Araujo Jr., sp. nov. (Figs. 1B; 5A���I) Holotype ♂, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, Timb��, xi.1929, Dirings coll. (MZSP). Two paratypes, females: BRAZIL, Santa Catarina, [S��o Bento do Sul], Rio Vermelho, i.1958, Dirings coll. (MZSP); Bahia, Camacan, Serra Bonita, 5- 20.xi.2011, Sime��o Moraes, L��via Pinheiro & Gl��ucia Marconato leg., MZ 25.789, MOL 479 (MZSP). Diagnosis. Externally indistinguishable from E. venata and E. aelia. Differences in genitalia that allow recognition of E. atlantica sp. nov. when compared to E. aelia are: cornuti decreasing dramatically in size distally in E. aelia, and only slightly in E. atlantica. Saccus more developed and markedly more produced in E. atlantica sp. nov. Valvae with three lobes in E. aelia, but only two in E. atlantica sp. nov. Episcepsis aelia has the cucullus shorter than valvula, while the opposite happens in E. atlantica sp. nov. In female genitalia, both species differ in the following characters: corpus bursae not as twisted or corrugated in E. atlantica sp. nov. as in E. aelia. The latter species lacks signa, while there are few ventral signa in E. atlantica sp. nov. When compared to E. venata, the species differ in the following aspects: caecum slightly curved upwards in E. venata, and straight in E. atlantica sp. nov. Saccus developed and with apex almost sharp in E. atlantica sp. nov., and only weakly developed, with round apex and dorsally curved in E. venata. Tegumen densely covered with scales only in E. atlantica sp. nov. Episcepsis venata also has the cucullus shorter than valvula, while the opposite happens in E. atlantica sp. nov. In female genitalia, we found the following differences: Dorsal surface of papillae anales with few setae in E. venata and lacking setae in E. atlantica sp. nov. Antevaginal lamella with posterior margin sinuous only in E. venata. Ductus seminalis arising from ductus bursae on the left side in E. atlantica sp. nov. and from accessory bursa in E. venata. Description ♂ and ♀. Abdomen. T8 of males almost rectangular, as sclerotized as previous tergites, with anterior margin heavily sclerotized, with two membranous projections shorter than the length of T8. S8 of males less sclerotized than previous sternites, except for laterals of anterior margin, heavily sclerotized. Intersegmental membrane 7-8 lacking coremata. T7 of females rectangular, twice longer than previous tergites, and as sclerotized as them. S7 also rectangular and as sclerotized as previous sternites, but only slightly longer than S6. Male genitalia. Aedeagus much longer than wide, straight. Ejaculatory duct inserted dorsally. Caecum round. Vesica as long as aedeagus, dorsal surface with a longitudinal line of cornuti, proximal cornuti long, and distal cornuti shorter. Ventral surface with a longitudinal sclerotized plate. Saccus developed, slightly asymmetrical, apex almost sharp. Vinculum straight, very narrow. Tegumen longer than wide, densely covered with scales. Anterior margin of tegumen with a somewhat deep, V-shaped invagination. Dorsal surface of tegumen with a triangular sclerotization. Lateral posterior surfaces of tegumen densely scaled. Posterior margin of tegumen straight. Intersegmental membrane 9-10 visible only dorsally. Uncus with an inverted Y-shape. Base of uncus glabrous, and much wider than its lobe. Lobe of uncus somewhat cylindrical, finger-like, with a few tiny setae on dorsal surface and a sharp apex. Transtilla membranous. Juxta sclerotized, glabrous, wider than long. Valvae symmetrical, with two lobes, a cucullus weakily sclerotized and densely covered with scales, with round apex, and longer than valvula, and a valvula heavily sclerotized with a few setae and a sharp apex. Female genitalia. T9 uniformly sclerotized. Papillae anales with short setae on most of their surface. Dorsal surface lacking setae. Pseudopapillae anales conspicuous, finger-like, with short setae. Anterior apophyses almost the same length of posterior apophyses. Pheromone glands undeveloped. Postvaginal lamella predominantly sclerotized. Ventral portion of posterior margin membranous, with a highly sclerotized tubercle below. Antevaginal lamella slightly sclerotized, lacking setae or spines. Ostium and antrum centralized. Ductus bursae heavily sclerotized and flattened, very short. Corpus bursae approximately spherical, somewhat twisted, most of its surface lacking signa. Dorsal distal portion of corpus bursae corrugated. Left ventral side with a pair of signa. Ductus seminalis arising from ductus bursae on the left side. Distribution. Episcepsis atlantica is known only from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Etymology. The specific epithet atlantica refers to the biome where this moth occurs., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R. & Araujo Junior, Elias C., 2017, Taxonomic notes and a new species of Episcepsis Butler, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), pp. 231-240 in Zootaxa 4365 (2) on pages 237-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1117582

Episcepsis Butler, 1877 Type species: Episcepsis venata Butler, 1877: 49, pl. 16, fig. 7, by monotypy. Remarks. Episcepsis is comprised of a few more than 30 relatively small, predominantly brown species. The overall resemblance of its species is remarkable for a Ctenuchina genus, a group that fits well in Watson���s (1971) comment about Arctiina: a group with ���seemingly almost arbitrary generic placement of species.��� But still, the genus is probably not monophyletic. The character that possibly justified the assemblage, besides the overall similarity of the species, is the hindwing androconia and the peculiar shape of the hindwings, with the angle between the inner and outer margins pointed instead of round or elongated. However, neither the particular wing morphology nor the androconial organs are present in all species. Moreover, even in the species in which the latter are present, there are at least two types of hair brushes on the inner margin of the hindwings: dorsal, with only very long white androconial scales, and ventral, with scales as the former, plus a set of very short and wide yellow scales. They are probably not homologous, which is not unexpected, given that species of a few other unrelated genera also present hindwing androconia, i.e., this seems to be a trait that has evolved and disappeared multiple times within Ctenuchina. The type species of Episcepsis, E. venata, belongs to the group of species with dorsal hindwing androconia, which, according to our preliminary assessment, includes around half of all species currently placed in the genus., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R. & Araujo Junior, Elias C., 2017, Taxonomic notes and a new species of Episcepsis Butler, 1877 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), pp. 231-240 in Zootaxa 4365 (2) on page 232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1117582, {"references":["Butler, A. G. (1877) Illustrations of Typical Specimens of Lepidoptera Heterocera in the collection of the British Museum 1. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, xiii + 62 pp. [pls. 1 - 20.]"]}

Galethalea davidi Dognin, 1889, resur. stat. (Figures 1, 8��� 11) Galethalea davidi Dognin, 1889: 14. Syntype male: ECUADOR, Loja, August (NMNH) [photograph examined]. Nelphe davidi (Dognin, 1889); Kirby, 1892: 172; Kirby, 1892: 904. Eucereon davidi (Dognin, 1889); Hampson, 1898: 490. Eucereum davidi (Dognin, 1889); Zerny, 1912: 139; Draudt, 1915: 179, pl. 25, row e. Eucereum davidi clarius Draudt, 1915: 179. Diagnosis ♂. Antennae black, except for the lateral surfaces of the scape, white. Frontoclypeus black ventrally and white dorsally. Mesoscutellum with three white markings. Metascutellum black. FW predominantly black, with various white spots. HW partially hyaline. T 8 black. Redescription ♂. Head. Proboscis light brown. Palpi three segmented, reaching vertex. First and second segments black. Third segment approximately three times longer than wide, black, except for the dorsal apical surface, white. Antennae black, except for the scape, with few white scales anteriorly and posteriorly. Pectination starting in the second flagellomere. Frontoclypeus as wide as long, black ventrally and white dorsally; ventral half smooth-scaled, dorsal half rough-scaled. Vertex mainly black, white scales laterally. Occiput and ocular ring black. Cervical scales orange. Thorax. Mesothorax predominantly black, with three white areas, one anterior and two posterior, parallel. Metascutellum black. Patagia black, except for the external margin, white. Tegulae predominantly black, white scales at the anterior margin and near the external margin of the posterior portion. Epimera and episterna with long black scales. Ventral scales on the first pre-episternum black, like the surrounding scales. Anterior surface of the forecoxae predominantly black proximally, distal margin white. Lateral surface black. Forefemora black with a white proximal end, and two white mid-ventral spots. Foretibiae black with two white spots at the distal end. Foretarsi black. Midcoxae white anteriorly and laterally. Midfemora as forefemora, but with the white ventral spots more conspicuous. Midtibiae predominantly black, with a white dorsal subproximal area, and white distal end; spurs white. Midtarsi black, except for the distal end of the first segment, white. Hindcoxae as midcoxae. Hindfemora as the others, but with the distal end white. Hindtibiae black with white distal end and white spurs. Hindtarsi predominantly black, first segment white at both ends, and second segment white at the posterior end. FW. Entirely scaled. Axillary scales white. Dorsal surface predominantly covered by black scales. Pattern of the dorsal surface of the forewings consisting of various white spots. Fringe of the external margin with black scales, except for the area corresponding to cells CuA 1 -CuA 2 to CuA 2 -CuP and for the apex, with white scales. Pattern of the ventral surface simpler than that of the dorsal surface, composed of black scales and the following white areas: the distal portion of the discal cell, subproximal portion of cells R 5 -M 1 and M 1 -M 2, apex, subdistal portion of cell M 3 -CuA 1, and distal margin of cell CuA 1 -CuA 2. Venation as in Fig. 7: R 1 branching before the transversal vein, and R 2 after it. M 1 branching either beside the transversal vein, or together with it, with a short branch connecting both to the R stalk. M 2 and M 3 branching very near each other, without a common stalk. HW. Margins and veins with black scales, part of the central portion completely hyaline. Discal cell predominantly scaled, distal portion of the posterior half hyaline. Subproximal portion of cell M 1 -M 2 partially hyaline, as well the proximal portions of cells M 2 -M 3 and M 3 -CuA 1. Cells CuA 2 -CuP and CuP- 1 A entirely hyaline, except for the external margin. Cell 1 A- 2 A covered only by long brown scales. Venation as in Fig. 7: Sc rudimentary, but distinguishable. M 3 and CuA 1 not stalked. Abdomen. T 1���2 black. T 3���7 predominantly black, with two latero-posterior orange spots. T 8 black. Hair-like scales present on T 1���4. S 2���7 whitish ventrally and black laterally. S 8 black. Coremata present on ventral intersegmental membrane 7���8, but reduced in size. Anterior margin of T 8 with two small sacular projections. Male genitalia. Ejaculatory duct almost as long as the aedoeagus, inserted dorsally. Coecum rounded. Aedoeagus straight, approximately the same width throughout. Vesica as long as the aedoeagus when fully everted, mostly membranous, with a longitudinal sclerotization on the inner dorsal surface. Saccus developed, slightly asymmetrical; posterior margin somewhat pointed. Tegumen composed of two parallel plates connected by the posterior margin, which bears long setae laterally. Two dorsal projections arising from the intersegmental membrane 9���10, with apex somewhat pointed, hiding the uncus in dorsal view. Dorsal surface of the projections densely setose, ventral surface glabrous. Base of the uncus much wider than its lobe, with setae dorsally and laterally. Lobe of the uncus not compressed laterally or dorsally, with dorsal setae, longer than the dorsal projections of the tegumen in lateral view; apex pointed. Valvae subequal, exceeding the dorsal projections of the tegumen, with a single lobe. Most part of the inner and ventral surface of the valvae covered by setae, external side covered by shorter setae at the distal end of the valvae; apex sharp. Transtilla and juxta heavily sclerotized, the former bearing setae laterally, and the latter connected with the valvae. Material examined (12 ♂). BOLIVIA, Rio Songo, 750 m, Coll. Fassl (BMNH), 1 male; Chaco, Garl[epp] (BMNH), 1 male; ECUADOR, Napo Prov., km 23, via Santa Barbara-La Bonita, elev. 2400 m, 7���9 April 1986, Stuart McKamey (MZSP), 1 male; PERU, Oconeque, Carabaya, SE Peru, 7000 ft., G. Ockenden, J. Joicey bequest Brit. Mus. 1934 - 120 (BMNH), 3 males; idem, dry s., vii. 1904, G. Ockenden, Rothschild bequest B. M. 1939 - 1 (BMNH), 5 males; Agualani, Carabaya, 9000 ft., viii.[19]05, dry s., G. Ockendeni, Rothschild bequest B. M. 1939 - 1 (BMNH), 1 male; Huancabamba, Cerro de Pasco, 6���10000 ft., B��ttger, Rothschild bequest B. M. 1939 - 1 (BMNH), 1 male. Remarks. Galethalea davidi was described from an undetermined number of specimens, which is why the type specimen kindly photographed by Donald Harvey is here treated as a syntype. In his description, Dognin (1889) mentioned a similarity between this species and Nelphe confinis, especially because of the abdomen. In fact, this is true of all species currently placed in Nelphe, and many of the species placed in Eucereon, some of which were discussed in the introduction of this paper. It is unclear whether the poorly developed coremata are characteristic of the species, or if this is due to a developmental restraint caused by the low pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of the foodplant available to the larva, similarly to what Davenport & Conner (2003) described for another arctiid., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R., 2016, Description of three new species of Galethalea Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with comments on the genus, pp. 354-365 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 355-358, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.30, http://zenodo.org/record/264995, {"references":["Dognin, P. (1889) Diagnoses de Lepidopteres nouveaux. Le Naturaliste, 2 (3), 1 - 14.","Kirby, W. F. (1892) A Synonymic Catalogue of Lepidoptera-Heterocera. Gurney & Jackson, London, 951 pp.","Hampson, G. F. (1898 [Dec.]) Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalaenae in the British Museum, vol. I: Catalogue of the Syntomidae in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by the order of the Trustees of the British Museum, London, 559 pp.","Zerny, H. (1912) Syntomidae. In: Strand, E. (Ed.), Lepidopterorum Catalogus, Pars 7. W. Junk, Berlin, pp. 1 - 179.","Davenport, J. W. & Conner, W. E. (2003) Dietary alkaloids and the development of androconial organs in Estigmene acrea. Journal of Insect Science, 3 (1), 1 - 6."]}

Galethalea portoricensis sp. nov. (Figures 2, 5, 12���15) Holotype male, PUERTO RICO, Ciales, Cialitos ��� Cruces, 1050 m, 20.iii. 1974 (W. Plathsr. leg.); Dissection number 3416 (L. Pinheiro) kept in vial (SMNS). Two paratypes. PUERTO RICO, Ciales, 3200 ft., 7 km south, 2.ii��� 12.iii. [19] 73, EL light (Plath sr.) (SMNS), 1 male; Naguabo, Sierra de Luquillo, Pico del Oeste, 12.viii. 1985, B. Laianne & Casseu leg.(MNHN), 1 male. Diagnosis ♂. Antennae predominantly brown, with white scales on the subproximal flagellomeres and at the tip. Frontoclypeus black ventrally and white dorsally. Mesoscutellum predominantly white. Metascutellum brown with sparse orange scales. FW predominantly white, with various brown spots. HW entirely scaled. Posterior margin of T 8 white. Description ♂. Head. Proboscis light brown. Palpi three segmented, reaching vertex. First segment black with white distal margin. Second segment black proximally and white distally. Third segment twice longer than wide, black, except for the apical surface, white. Scape predominantly white, posterior surface black. Pedicel white. Most flagellomeres black, subproximal flagellomere white dorsally. Pectination starting in the first flagellomere. Frontoclypeus almost as wide as long. Ventral portion whitish medially and black laterally; dorsal portion white. Vertex white with few black scales medially. Occiput and ocular ring black. Cervical scales orange. Thorax. Mesothorax predominantly white, black dorsally in two longitudinal markings. Metascutellum black with few orange scales. Patagia predominantly white, with dark brown scales anteriorly on external lateral side and dorsally near posterior end. Tegulae predominantly white, posterior and external margins black. Epimera and episterna with long black scales. Anterior surface of forecoxae predominantly brown, white at proximal and distal ends. Forefemora white proximally and black distally. Foretibia predominantly white, with two black markings, one proximal, and the other one subdistal. Foretarsi predominantly brown, two proximal segments with white proximal and distal margins; third segment white at the proximal margin. Midcoxae white ventrally and laterally. Midfemora predominantly white, with two black markings, one at the proximal margin, the other one mid-ventral. Midtibia black medially and white at the proximal and distal ends; spurs white. Midtarsi as foretarsi. Hindcoxae and hindfemora as the respective segments of midlegs. Hindtibia black with white distal margin and spurs, and white ventral surface of the proximal margin. Hindtarsi predominantly black, first three segments white at both extremities, and fourth segment white at the distal margin. FW. Entirely scaled. Axillary scales white. Dorsal surface predominantly covered by white scales, with a complex pattern on the dorsal surface, consisting of various black spots. Fringe of the external margin with white scales, except for the area corresponding to the junction of the internal and external margins, and for the cell R 5 -M 1, with black scales. Pattern of the ventral surface similar to that of the dorsal surface, but with the distal black markings coalesced. Venation as in Fig. 5: R 1 branching before the transversal vein, and R 2 after it. M 1 branching together with the transversal vein, with a short branch connecting both to the R stalk. M 2 and M 3 branching from the transversal vein without a common stalk. HW. Margins and veins with black scales, central portion white. Discal cell entirely white. Proximal portions of cells M 1 -M 2 to CuA 2 -CuP with white scales, these cells largely black. Cell CuP- 1 A with brown scales near external margin, and white scales at the rest of its surface, interspersed with long, more sparse brown scales. Cell 1 A- 2 A densely covered by long brown scales, with white small scales in between. Venation as in Fig. 5: vein Sc present, veins M 3 and CuA 1 with a short common stalk. Abdomen. T 1���2 brown; T 3���7 predominantly brown with two latero-posterior orange/yellow spots; T 8 brown with white scales posteriorly. Hair-like scales on T 1���4. S 2���7, S 8 brown. Anterior margin of T 8 with two small sacular projections. Coremata present on ventral intersegmental membrane 7���8. Male genitalia. Ejaculatory duct longer than aedoeagus, inserted dorsally. Coecun rounded. Aedoeagus approximately the same width throughout. Vesica shorter than aedoeagus when fully everted, mostly membranous. Subterminal region of vesica slightly sclerotized. Saccus little developed, asymmetrical. Tegumen composed of two oblique plates connected by the posterior margin. Intersegmental membrane between tegumen and uncus with two dorsal projections, heavily sclerotized, with rounded apex densely covered by setae. Base of the uncus sclerotized, much wider than its lobe, short and turned ventrally. Both the base and lobe of the uncus with setae. Valvae exceeding uncus, with a single lobe, with the apex more or less rounded and setae concentrated mainly near the apex. Transtilla slightly sclerotized. Juxta almost as sclerotized as the valvae, longer than wide. Etymology. The name is a reference to the only known locality where this species occur. Remarks. Galethalea portoricensis sp. nov. shares with G. p i c a the predominance of white scales on the FW, as opposed to the predominance of black scales on the other species placed in the genus. Both species also share the white proximal end of the antennae, black in all other Galethalea species. The white posterior margin of the T 8 is unique to G. portoricensis sp. nov., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R., 2016, Description of three new species of Galethalea Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with comments on the genus, pp. 354-365 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on page 360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.30, http://zenodo.org/record/264995

Galethalea machadoi sp. nov. (Figures. 4, 20��� 23) Holotype male, ECUADOR, Zamora-Chinchipe, Rio San Francisco, Estaci��n Cient��fica San Francisco T 1-11 (18), 3 �� 58 'S, 79 ��04'W, 2675 m, 23.x. 2000, LF II 19:00��� 19: 30 (G. Brehm); SMNS - Lep 2001 -06. Dissection number 3417 (L. Pinheiro), kept in vial (SMNS). Five paratypes. ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe, Rio San Francisco, Estaci��n Cient��fica San Francisco, SW 1 (7), 3 �� 58 'S, 79 ��04'W, 1920 m, 3.xi. 2002, LF I 18: 45 ��� 19: 15 (N. Hilt & C. Schulze) (SMNS), 1 male; same, SW 2 (9), 1900 m, 13.iv. 2002, LF VI 21: 15���21: 45 (N. Hilt & D. Fetting) (SMNS), 1 male; same, SG 1 (8), 1912 m, 23.x. 2003, LF I 18: 45 ��� 19: 15 (N. Hilt & C. Ramenda) (SMNS), 1 male; same, SW 2 (9), 1900 m, 13.iv. 2002, LF II 19: 15���19: 45 (N. Hilt & D. Fetting) (SMNS), 1 male; same, GL 1 (11), 1863 m, 3.ix. 2003, LF VI 21: 15���21: 45 (N. Hilt & C. Ramenda) (SMNS), 1 male. Diagnosis ♂. Antennae black, except for the anterior and inner surface of the scape, white. Frontoclypeus almost entirely black. Mesoscutellum with one white area. Metascutellum black. FW predominantly black, with various white spots. HW with a very small hyaline area. T 8 black. Description ♂. Head. Proboscis light brown. Palpi three segmented, reaching vertex. First two segments black. Third segment twice as long as wide, black, except for the apical surface, white. Antennae black, except for the scape and pedicel, with few white scales anteriorly. Pectination starting in the second flagellomere. Frontoclypeus almost as wide as long, black. Vertex black with few white scales at its anterior margin. Occiput and ocular ring black. Cervical scales orange. Thorax. Mesothorax predominantly black, with a white medial area. Metascutellum black. Patagia black, with a white spot near the external margin. Tegulae predominantly black, with white scales at the anterior margin and medially. Epimera and episterna with long black scales. Ventral surface of the forecoxae black proximally and white distally. Lateral surface black. Forefemora black with a white midventral spot and white proximal margin. Foretibiae and tarsi black with white distal ends. Midcoxae white anteriorly and laterally. Midfemora black, except for the proximal and distal margins, and for a small mid-ventral spot, white. Midtibiae black with white proximal and distal margins, spurs either black or white. Midtarsi black with white distal ends, sometimes with the second segment also white at the distal end. Hindlegs as midlegs. FW. Entirely scaled. Axillary scales white. Dorsal surface predominantly covered by black scales. Pattern of the dorsal surface of the forewings consisting of various white spots. Fringe of the external margin with black scales, except for the area corresponding to cell CuA 2 -CuP and for the apex, with white scales. Pattern of the ventral surface simpler than that of the dorsal surface, composed of black scales and fewer white areas than the dorsal surface. Venation as in G. wolfei sp. nov. HW. Margins and veins with black scales, part of the central portion hyaline, with the hyaline portion bearing very small setae. Discal cell predominantly hyaline, a small area at the distal portion of the posterior half with sparsely distributed scales. Proximal portions of cells M 2 -M 3, M 3 -CuA 1, and CuA 2 -CuP also with sparsely distributed scales. Proximal half of cell CuP- 1 A hyaline. Cell 1 A- 2 A densely scaled, except for the region adjacent to vein 1 A, sparsely scaled. Venation also as in G. wolfei sp. nov. Abdomen. T 1���2 and T 8 black. T 3���7 predominantly black, with two latero-posterior orange spots. Hair-like scales on T 1���4. S 2���7 whitish ventrally and black laterally; S 8 black. Coremata present on ventral intersegmental membrane 7���8. Anterior margin of T 8 with two small sacular projections. Male genitalia. Ejaculatory duct longer than aedoeagus, inserted dorsally. Coecum rounded. Aedoeagus straight, approximately the same width throughout. Vesica slightly shorter than aedoeagus when fully everted, mostly membranous. Posterior region of vesica with a small sclerotized area and tiny cornuti. Saccus developed, slightly asymmetrical; posterior margin somewhat pointed. Tegumen composed of two oblique plates connected by the posterior margin. Two dorsal, glabrous, heavily sclerotized projections arising near the base of the uncus, with pointed apex and situated between the lobe of the uncus in ventral view. Base of the uncus sclerotized, with few setae, much wider than its lobe, which is short and turned ventrally. Valvae bilobed, asymmetrical, the right valve exceeding uncus, and the left valve reaching it. In both valvae, ventral lobe more sclerotized and longer than the dorsal lobe. Inner surface of each valve with a filiform projection. Ventral surface of both valvae densely covered by setae, dorsal suface with much less setae. Transtilla approximately as sclerotized as the juxta. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Dr. Angelo B. M. Machado on the occasion of his 80 th birthday. Remarks. Galethalea machadoi sp. nov. is similar to G. d a v i d i Dognin, 1889, which also has Ecuador as its type locality. The main external differences between G. machadoi sp. nov. and G. davidi are the proximal brown markings in the forewings, more extensive in G. machadoi sp. nov. than in G. d a v i d i, and the hindwings, more brown in the former around the edges of the wings. The genitalia of both species are quite distinct, the most remarkable differences being the densely setose dorsal projections in G. d a v i d i and the asymmetrical valvae in G. machadoi sp. nov., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R., 2016, Description of three new species of Galethalea Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with comments on the genus, pp. 354-365 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 362-364, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.30, http://zenodo.org/record/264995, {"references":["Dognin, P. (1889) Diagnoses de Lepidopteres nouveaux. Le Naturaliste, 2 (3), 1 - 14."]}

Galethalea wolfei sp. nov. (Figures 3, 6���7, 16��� 19) Holotype male, COLOMBIA, Caldas, Municipio Aguada. Quebrada Los Friales, 2400m, 5.6 ��N, 75.4 ��W, 1.iv. 1995, K. Wolfe et al. (LACM). Six paratypes. COLOMBIA, Caldas, Municipio Aguada. Quebrada Los Friales, 2400 m, 5.6 ��N, 75.4 ��W, 1.iv. 1995, K. Wolfe et al. (LACM), 2 males; Bogot��, Pueblo Guasca, F. Johnson donor (NMNH), 1 male; San Antonio, W Colombia, xii.[19]07, 580 ft., M. G. Palmer (BMNH); 3 males. Diagnosis ♂. Antennae black, except for the anterior and inner surface of the scape, white. Frontoclypeus almost entirely black. Mesoscutellum with four white markings. Metascutellum black. FW predominantly black, with various white spots. HW partially hyaline. T 8 black. Description ♂. Head. Proboscis light brown. Palpi three segmented, exceeding vertex. First segment black with few white scales at the external side, near the tip. Second segment entirely black. Third segment twice longer than wide, black, except for the dorsal apical surface, white. Antennae black, except for the scape, with few white scales anteriorly and at the inner surface. Pectination starting in the second flagellomere. Frontoclypeus almost as wide as long, black. Vertex black with few white scales laterally and at its anterior margin. Occiput and ocular ring black. Cervical scales orange. Thorax. Mesothorax predominantly black, with four white spots, the anterior pair smaller than the posterior pair. Metascutellum black. Patagia black, with white spot near the external margin. Tegulae predominantly black, white scales at the anterior margin and near the posterior margin. Epimera and episterna with long black scales. Ventral scales on the first pre-episternum white, surrounded by black scales laterally. Ventral surface of the forecoxae black proximally and white distally. Lateral surface black. Forefemora black with a white mid-ventral spot. Foretibiae and tarsi black. Midcoxae white anteriorly and laterally. Midfemora black, except for the proximal end and a small mid-ventral spot, white. Midtibiae black with a white dorsal area proximally and very few white scales at the distal margin, laterally. Midtarsi black. Hindlegs as midlegs, except for the tibiae, black with the whole circumference of the distal margin white. FW. Entirely scaled. Axillary scales white. Dorsal surface predominantly covered by black scales. Pattern of the dorsal surface of the forewings consisting of various white spots. Fringe of the external margin with black scales, except for the area corresponding to cell CuA 2 -CuP and for the apex, with white scales. Pattern of the ventral surface simpler than that of the dorsal surface, composed of black scales and the following white areas: the distal portion of the discal cell, subproximal portion of cells R 5 -M 1 and M 1 -M 2, apex, subdistal portion of cell M 3 -CuA 1, and distal margin of cell CuA 1 - CuA 2. Venation as in Figs 6���7: R 1 branching before the transversal vein, and R 2 after it. M 1 branching either beside the transversal vein, or together with it, with a short branch connecting both to the R stalk. M 2 and M 3 branching either from the transversal vein with a short common stalk, or very near each other, without a common stalk. HW. Margins and veins with black scales, part of the central portion completely hyaline. Discal cell predominantly scaled, distal portion of the posterior half hyaline. Subproximal portion of cell M 1 -M 2 partially hyaline, as well the proximal portions of cells M 2 -M 3 and M 3 -CuA 1. Cells CuA 2 -CuP and CuP- 1 A entirely hyaline, except for the external margin. Cell 1 A- 2 A covered only by long brown scales. Venation as in Figs 6���7: Sc rudimentary, but distinguishable. M 3 and CuA 1 either with a very short stalk, or not stalked. Abdomen. T 1���2 black. Post-spiracular hoods black, except for the anterior margin, grey laterally, and the posterior margin, with few white scales laterally. T 3���6 black with orange spots laterally at the posterior margin. T 7���8 black. Hair-like scales present on T 1���5. S 2���6 black laterally and white ventrally and at the posterior margin. S 7 as the previous sternites, but with the posterior margin black. S 8 black. Coremata present on ventral intersegmental membrane 7���8, but reduced in size. Anterior margin of T 8 with two small sacular projections. Male genitalia. Ejaculatory duct longer than aedoeagus. Coecum rounded. Aedoeagus slightly curved upwards, with approximately the same width across its length. Vesica shorter than aedoeagus when fully everted, mostly membranous, with a longitudinal sclerotization on the inner surface. Saccus developed, symmetrical; posterior margin somewhat pointed. Tegumen composed of two parallel plates connected by the posterior margin. Two dorsal, heavily sclerotized and densely setose projections arising from the intersegmental membrane 9���10, with apex somewhat pointed, hiding the uncus in dorsal view. Base of the uncus much wider than its lobe, with setae dorsally and laterally. Lobe of the uncus with dorsal setae, laterally compressed, and reaching the same length of the dorsal projections of the tegument; apex somewhat pointed. Valvae subequal, exceeding the dorsal projections of the tegumen, with a single lobe, very long and covered by setae ventrally at its whole length, and laterally at the tip; apex sharp. Transtilla and juxta heavily sclerotized, the former bearing setae, and the latter connected with the valvae. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Mr. Kirby Wolfe, American amateur lepidopterist and collector of part of the type series. Remarks. The black scales in Galethalea wolfei have a violet blue iridescence more intense than in any other examined species of Galethalea. However, because the iridescence can be lost due to photodecomposition or greasing, the lack of iridescence in other species may be due to an artifact. Sotavalta (1964) has already documented polymorphism in wing venation for Nearctic and Palearctic Arctiina, which led him to point out the problems of the use of such characters in taxonomy. His findings seem to apply to Neotropical Ctenuchina as well., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R., 2016, Description of three new species of Galethalea Butler, 1876 (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), with comments on the genus, pp. 354-365 in Zootaxa 4078 (1) on pages 361-362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4078.1.30, http://zenodo.org/record/264995, {"references":["Sotavalta, O. (1964) Studies on the variation of the wing venation of certain tiger moths. Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae, Series A, 74, 1 - 42."]}

Nelphe dominica Pinheiro, sp. n. (Figs. 2; 9���17) Holotype. DOMINICA (E. A. Agar), Rothschild bequest B. M. 1939���1 (BMNH), male. One paratype. DOMINICA, Jan���Feb [19]05 (E.A. Agar), Rothschild bequest B. M. 1939���1 (BMNH), 1 female. Diagnosis ♂ and ♀. Five dark brown markings each in forewing cell CuP���1A and on inner margin. Hindwings predominantly whitish, apex and external and internal margins light brown. Abdominal T3���5 with orange scales laterally, and brown scales dorsally. T6���7 orange, except for the anterior margin, brown. S2���6 whitish, S 7 in female, and S 7���8 in males brown. T7 and S7 of females with undeciduous setae. Aedeagus straight. Dorsal abdominal intersegmental membrane 9���10 with paired projections longer than the uncus in lateral view. Valvae with a simple apex, more or less round. Description ♂. Head. Proboscis light brown. Labial palpi exceeding vertex in lateral view. First palpi segment brown dorsally and laterally, and yellowish ventrally. Second and third palpi segments brown, except for the tips, yellowish. Third palpi segment twice as long as wide. Frontoclypeus slightly longer than wide, predominantly smooth-scaled, except for the dorsal portion, rough-scaled. Scales predominantly brown, dorsal margin, yellowish. Vertex brown medially and yellowish laterally. Occiput brown anteriorly and yellowish posteriorly. Ocular ring brown. Scape brown laterally and yellowish anteriorly and posteriorly. Pedicel predominantly brown, inner surface whitish. Proximal flagellomeres as the pedicel. Cervical scales orange. Thorax. Mesothorax predominantly yellowish in dorsal view, with two brown areas, anteriorly and posteriorly. Metascutellum orange. Patagia predominantly brown, with a broad yellowish stripe near the external margin, and a thin yellowish stripe at the inner margin. Anterior portion of tegulae yellowish, posterior portion brown with a yellowish stripe near external margin and an orange stripe at the internal margin. Epimera and episterna with long brown and yellowish scales. Forecoxae brown anteriorly, with some yellowish scales at the proximal portion of the external side. Forefemora brown dorsally and whitish ventrally. Foretibiae predominantly brown, with a yellowish stripe between the anterior surface and the external lateral. Foretarsi brown, except for the proximal margin of the first segment, whitish. Midcoxae yellowish anteriorly. Midfemora as forefemora. Midtibiae predominantly brown, except for the proximal margin and the spurs, yellowish. Midtarsi as foretarsi, except for the distal margin of the last segment, yellowish. Hindlegs as midlegs, except for the tibiae, brown with yellowish spurs. Forewings. Entirely scaled. Dorsal surface with veins predominantly covered with brown scales, some areas with yellowish scales. Pattern of the dorsal surface of the forewings consisting of various dark brown spots (darker than the brown scales covering the veins) surrounded by yellowish scales, separated from each other by whitish scales. Costal margin with five long dark brown spots. Discal cell with three spots. Cell R4���R5 with two spots, the distal slightly longer than the proximal. Cells R5���M1 to CuA1���CuA2 with three dark brown spots each. Cell CuA2���CuP with five distinguishable spots, the apical one being continuous with that of cell CuP���1A, which has five spots. Inner margin with three spots. Fringe of forewings alternating brown and whitish scales. Ventral surface with only two hues of scales, dark brown and whitish. Venation as in Nelphe trimaculata. Hindwings. Entirely scaled, predominantly whitish. Veins covered by brown scales. Anterior half of the discal cell, apex, external and internal margin light brown. Venation as in Nelphe trimaculata. Abdomen. T1, postspiracular hoods, and T2 entirely brown. T3���5 brown dorsally and orange laterally. T6���7 orange, except for the anterior margin, brown. T8 brown. Hair-like scales present on T1���4. S2���6 whitish. S7���8 brown. T8 and S8 of the male sclerotized. Ventral intersegmental membrane 7���8 with coremata. Male genitalia. Aedeagus smooth and straight, with approximately the same width throughout. Ejaculatory duct positioned dorsally, and longer than the Aedeagus. Coecum round. Vesica entirely membranous. Saccus slightly developed, asymmetrical. Tegumen glabrous, asymmetrical, the left side longer than the right side. Anterior margin with a ���U���-shaped indentation, posterior margin almost straight, perpendicular to the anterior-posterior body axis. Paired dorsal projections arising from the intersegmental membrane 9���10, bilobed, the ventral lobe densely covered with setae, the dorsal lobe with few lateral setae. Dorsal lobe reaching the ventral lobe in lateral view. Uncus symmetrical, compressed laterally, with few dorsal setae near its tip, and slightly longer than the ventral lobe of the dorsal projections. Apex sharp. Transtilla sclerotized, glabrous. Juxta sclerotized, broad. Anellus predominantly membranous, with two sclerotized areas, one ventral, the other on the right side. Valvae slightly asymmetrical, both exceeding the uncus, and with a simple apex, densely covered by setae. Internal surface of the valvae also with setae. Description ♀. (adult not figured) Characters as in the male, except for the following: Head. Proximal third of the antennae whitish on the internal surface. Apex whitish dorsally. Thorax. Hindwings with three frenular bristles. Abdomen. T8 orange anteriorly and brown posteriorly. T7 and S7 with undeciduous setae, more densely distributed in the latter. Female genitalia. T8 conspicuously corrugated. Antevaginal lamella (S8) glabrous, sclerotized, composed of two separated plates. T9 sclerotized. Post-vaginal lamella (S9) also sclerotized, with a medial ridge and few setae on its posterior margin. Anal papillae with a proximal protuberance, more densely covered by setae than the rest of their surface. Ostium centralized. Ductus bursae shorter than the corpus bursae, proximal portion slightly sclerotized. Corpus bursae predominantly membranous, approximately round, with very small signa medially and near the ductus bursae. Ductus seminalis arising from the corpus bursae, dorsally. Etymology. The specific epithet is to be considered in apposition, and is an allusion to the type locality of this species. Remarks. The antennae of the male are broken, so it is unknown whether their tips are whitish as in the female. Nelphe dominica sp. n. differs from the other species of the genus mainly in the abdominal tergites T6���7, with the orange scales covering the tergites not only laterally but also on the dorsal surface., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R., 2016, Description of two new species of Nelphe Herrich-Sch��ffer, with comments on the genus (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), pp. 487-494 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 491-493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1050873

Nelphe trimaculata Pinheiro, sp. n. (Figs. 1; 3���8) Holotype. HAITI, ex-Oberth��r coll. Brit. Mus. 1927-3 (BMNH), male. Diagnosis ♂. Three long dark brown markings each in forewing cell CuP-1A and on inner margin. Hindwings predominantly whitish, anterior half of discal cell, apex and external and internal margins light brown. Abdominal T3���7 with orange scales laterally, and brown scales dorsally. Abdominal sternites predominantly brown. Tip of the aedeagus turned downwards. Dorsal abdominal intersegmental membrane 9���10 with paired projections shorter than the uncus in lateral view. Valvae with a longitudinal membranous slit making their tip bifurcated. Description ♂. Head. Proboscis light brown. Labial palpi reaching vertex in lateral view. First palpi segment brown dorsally and laterally, and yellowish ventrally. Second and third palpi segments predominantly brown, ventral surface with some beige scales. Third palpi segment slightly longer than wide. Frontoclypeus slightly longer than wide, predominantly smooth-scaled, scales brown; lateral and dorsal margins yellowish; dorsal extremity rough-scaled. Vertex and occiput brown medially and yellowish laterally. Ocular ring brown. Scape brown laterally and yellowish anteriorly and posteriorly. Pedicel predominantly yellowish, brown posteriorly. Flagellomeres predominantly dark brown; proximal third of the antennal segments yellowish on the inner surface. Cervical scales orange. Thorax. Mesothorax predominantly yellowish in dorsal view, with a brown middorsal stripe. Metascutellum yellowish with a small dorsal patch of orange scales. Patagia brown, with a broad yellowish stripe near the external margin, and a thin yellowish stripe at the inner margin. Anterior portion of tegulae yellowish, posterior portion brown with two thin yellowish stripes near external margin and on the internal margin. Epimera and episterna with long brown scales. Forecoxae predominantly brown, with whitish scales at the proximal portion of the inner side. Forefemora brown dorsally and whitish ventrally. Foretibiae predominantly brown, proximal half of the dorsal surface whitish. Foretarsi brown, except for the proximal margin of the first segment, whitish. Midcoxae whitish anteriorly. Other midleg segments as in forelegs. Hindlegs as midlegs, except for the tarsi, with a whitish dorsal stripe covering all tarsal segments. Forewings. Entirely scaled. Dorsal surface with veins predominantly covered with brown scales. Pattern of the dorsal surface of the forewings consisting of various dark brown spots (darker than the brown scales covering the veins) surrounded by yellowish scales, separated from each other by whitish scales. Costal margin with five long dark brown spots, the most apical spot very small. Discal cell with three spots. Cell R4���R5 with two spots, the proximal much smaller than the apical. Cells R5���M1 to M3���CuA1 with three dark brown spots each. Cell CuA1���CuA2 with the two proximal spots approximate or connected. Cell CuA2���CuP with five distinguishable spots, the apical one being continuous with that of cell CuP���1A, which has three spots. Inner margin with two long spots. Fringe of forewings alternating brown and whitish scales. Ventral surface with only two hues of scales, dark brown and whitish. Venation as in figure 3: R1 arising before apex of discal cell. R2 arising between the transversal vein and R3, but closer to the former. M2 and M3 shortly stalked from the lower angle of the cell. Hindwings. Entirely scaled, predominantly whitish. Veins covered with brown scales. Apex, external and internal margin light brown. Venation as in figure 3: M2 free, complete, arising just above the lower angle of the discal cell, M3 and CuA1 stalked from the lower angle of the cell. Abdomen. T1 and postspiracular hoods entirely brown. T2 brown, except for white laterals of posterior margin. T3���7 brown dorsally and orange laterally. T8 brown. Hair-like scales present on T1���4. S2���7 brown with white scales laterally. S8 brown. T8 and S8 sclerotized. Ventral intersegmental membrane 7���8 with coremata. Male genitalia. Aedeagus approximately the same width throughout. Distal portion turned downwards. Ejaculatory duct positioned dorsally, and longer than the aedeagus. Coecum round. Vesica membranous, slightly sclerotized dorsally. Saccus developed, slightly asymmetrical. Tegumen glabrous, slightly asymmetrical, the left side somewhat longer than the right side. Anterior margin with a ���U���-shaped indentation, posterior margin almost straight, perpendicular to the anteriorposterior body axis. Paired dorsal projections arising from the dorsal intersegmental membrane 9���10, bilobed, the ventral lobe densely covered by setae, the dorsal lobe with few lateral setae. Dorsal lobe shorter than the ventral lobe. Uncus symmetrical, compressed laterally, with few dorsal setae near its tip, and slightly longer than the ventral lobe of the dorsal projections. Apex round. Transtilla sclerotized, glabrous. Juxta sclerotized, longer than wide. Anellus predominantly membranous, with two sclerotized areas, one ventral, the other on the right side. Valvae slightly asymmetrical, the left positioned more anteriorly than the right, and slightly less developed. Neither reaching the uncus, and both with a dorsal longitudinal membranous slit leading to two separate tips, the ventral with heavily sclerotized spines, the dorsal without spines. Tips and internal surface of the valvae with setae. Etymology. The specific epithet is an allusion to the most evident character that separates this species from the others placed in Nelphe (see below). Remarks. Nelphe trimaculata sp. n. differs from other species of the genus mainly by the three linear dark brown markings on cell CuP���1A and on the inner margin of the forewings. In most of the other species of Nelphe these are more round than long, and even when long, as in the case of N. moeschleri, they occur in a number other than three spots. It also differs from most species of this genus by the predominantly brown, instead of white, abdominal sternites., Published as part of Pinheiro, L��via R., 2016, Description of two new species of Nelphe Herrich-Sch��ffer, with comments on the genus (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Arctiini, Ctenuchina), pp. 487-494 in Zootaxa 4079 (4) on pages 488-491, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4079.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/1050873

This Technical Report provides guidance on the development of content for, and consistency in, the communication of information on safety, health and environmental matters in safety data sheets (SDS) for substances classified as manufactured nanomaterials and for chemical products containing manufactured nanomaterials. It provides supplemental guidance to ISO 11014:2009[1] on the preparation of SDSs generally, addressing the preparation of an SDS for both manufactured nanomaterials with materials and mixtures containing manufactured nanomaterials.

A preliminary study for lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) turbulent flows over wire-wrapped nuclear reactor bundles is performed. The 19-pin hexagonal bundle geometry, representative of NACIE-UP facility and adopted in the MYRRHA reactor [1, 2], is considered. The presence of the helical wire wrap has a strong effect on flow patterns inside the bundle geometry, with induced secondary flows and enhanced mixing [3]. From a computational point of view, the wire-wrapped geometry model is much more complex to realize than the bare rod configuration and simplified models are often used [4, 5]. In order to overcome the difficulties of the model generation, an hybrid body fitted immersed boundary method is used. A computational grid that fits the presence of bundle pins is generated, as for the case of the bare rod configuration, allowing a better control of mesh resolution in the regions close to wall boundaries. The immersed boundary method is used to model the presence of the helical wire wrap so that its effect on fluid motion can be taken into account.

Rubrene, among organic semiconductors, displays very high charge carrier mobility in the solid state and this is why it has become a very promising material for various device applications. Unfortunately, rubrene also exhibits a rather low stability, affecting device lifetime, because it is very prone to photo-oxidation. In order to limit this problem, a new substituted-rubrene was synthesized, which should be more stable, still having a good transport behaviour in the solid state. In this paper, we show how molecule degradation by reaction with oxygen under light makes the solutions and thin films become colorless, as observed by monitoring in time the evolution of absorbance. We found that the degradation of rubrene in both solutions and thin films is faster than that of the fluorine-substituted molecule. These results demonstrate that the introduction of fluorine can be a way to enhance the stability of rubrene to photo-oxidation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

We develop a new multiscale approach to investigate the heat transfer in a nuclear assembly. Fuel rods are represented as mono-dimensional (1D) inclusions into a three-dimensional (3D) bulk domain representing the coolant. More precisely, the interaction between the fuel rod grid and the coolant is modeled by means of projection operators that couple the 1D and 3D problem taking into account the actual dimension of the rods together with the cladding layers. Due to the dimensional reduction, the inclusions do not need to conform with the bulk computational grid. As a result, the computational challenges of the numerical discretization, due to the high geometrical complexity of the problem, are significantly reduced, as confirmed by the numerical simulations presented in this work.

In this paper we focus on an optimal control problem based on Lagrangian multipliers and adjoint variables applied to the steady state Fluid-structure interaction problem. FSI systems consist of one or more solid structures that deform by interacting with a surrounding fluid flow. We consider the Fluid-structure interaction problem written in variational monolithic form in order to balance automatically solid and liquid forces at the interface. The objective of the control problem is the minimization of a velocity matching functional and it is obtained with a distributed force control that deforms the shape of the solid domain. This distributed control for Fluid-structure interaction systems can be easily used to control the shape of the solid domain and the flow effects of the fluid-solid interactions. The optimality system is derived from the first order optimality conditions by taking the Fréchet derivatives of the Lagrangian with respect to all the variables involved. The optimal solution is then obtained through a steepest descent algorithm applied to the optimality system. To support this approach we report a few numerical tests where the distributed force deforms the solid structure in order to match the desired velocity profile. The results obtained show the feasibility and robustness of this approach and its possible use in many industrial relevant applications.