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Analiza rizika predstavlja proces kojim se sistematski procenjuju potencijalni negativni efekti po zdravlje ljudi u lancu hrane i njima upravlja. Analiza rizika se sastoji od tri komponente, procene rizika, upravljanja rizikom i obaveštavanja (komunikacijom) o riziku. Procena rizika je naučno zasnovan proces koji obuhvata identifikaciju i karakterizaciju opasnosti, procenu izloženosti, kao i karakterizaciju rizika, a može se ocenjivati kvalitativno (opisno) ili kvantitativno (numerički). Nakon procene rizika i izbora odgovarajućih preventivnih i kontrolnih mera, potrebna je interaktivna razmena informacija. U kompleksnim sistemima kao što je lanac hrane, dobra komunikacija između pojedinaca koji su odgovorni za upravljanje rizikom, subjekta u poslovanju hranom i potrošača je neophodna. Krajnji cilj obaveštavanja o riziku je bolja informisanost, pristupačnost informacijama, a time i poboljšanje procene i upravljanja rizicima. Zbog svega navedenog, obrazovanje veterinara, koji se bave bezbednošću hrane, iz oblasti analize rizika je od ključnog značaja u cilju dobijanja proizvoda bezbednih za zdravlje ljudi.

Horsemeat can be considered a good alternative for conventional meats due to its potential dietetic and health benefits linked with its specific nutritional composition. The aim of this review was to provide information on the carcass and meat quality of horses, as well as meth‑ ods for their examination based on currently available scientific literature in order to expand knowledge in this field and determine the direction of future research. The most important horse carcass quality indicators are the carcass conformation and carcass fat cover, while the most important horsemeat quality traits are pH, colour, water‑holding capacity and texture. However, more research is needed to establish a classification system for horse carcasses as well as threshold values for colour and water‑holding capacity traits that might be used for horsemeat classification into quality classes.

The production and consumption of rabbit meat are declining worldwide, even though rabbit meat offers a nutritional profile that satisfies modern consumer aspirations. Consumers are not sufficiently familiar with the dietetic properties of rabbit meat and have prejudices about its consumption. From a nutritional and technological aspect, rabbit meat is suitable for the production of different meat products as well as products with added value. Therefore, this paper highlights the importance of rabbit meat, its nutritional and technological character‑ istics, and promotes the development of rabbit meat products that, due to their nutritional value, should conquer the market and break consumers’ prejudices.

This study was conducted to determine the microbiological status of 390 beef and pork minced meat samples collected over three years from 52 retailers in the territory of Belgrade. The numbers of aerobic colony counts, Escherichia coli, and the presence of Salmonella spp. are prescribed criteria for this group of meat semi‑products. Salmonella spp. was confirmed in one sample of minced beef meat (0.8%), while unsatisfactory E. coli counts were only determined in pork meat samples (2.7%). In 2021, all samples complied with the microbiological criteria for minced meat The highest occurrence of positive samples was observed during the III quarter of 2022 (P=0.04) with a frequency of 9.3%. The level of contamination of minced pork with E. coli bacteria in the same quarter was significantly higher compared to the II quarter of 2022 (627±75 vs. 292±9 cfu/g, P=0.009). Improvement of process hygiene and revision of process control, along with permanent education of food staff on the principles of GMP and GHP, are necessary for maintaining food safety and public health.

Nowadays, we are more aware than ever that intensive livestock and meat production and consumption have negative, sometimes detrimental effects on the environment and ani‑ mal and human health. Habitats, biodiversity and soil quality have been greatly affected by the growth of agriculture. Good animal welfare and proper protection are essential for producing high‑quality meat. For the past few decades, production from the poultry and pig sector expanded much faster than the bovine or ovine sector. Despite many bar‑ riers, global meat production is still a growing sector. Therefore, there is a need for a sustainable approach to the production of meat and meat products. The meat sector has to transform in such a manner as to be an industry that cares for the environment, animals and consumers.

Yersiniosis caused by Yersinia enterocolitica is the third most common zoonosis transmitted from asymptomatic, healthy pigs to humans through raw or insufficiently cooked meat. The occurrence of Y. enterocolitica on a farm can vary, depending on different risk factors, including production system and biosecurity level. At the slaughterhouse, the contamination level of carcasses depends to a great extent on practices during lairage, along with the handling and processing of the head, tongue, tonsils, and rectum of slaughtered pigs. A comprehensive approach for further Y. enterocolitica farm/slaughterhouse categorization, improved hygiene practices, and mandatory surveillance for underestimated pathogens within the food chain is necessary for maintaining the One Health concept.

Poslednjih decenija uzgoj prepelica je u velikoj ekspanziji, zbog njihove male veličine, otpornosti na bolesti, brzog rasta, rane polne zrelosti, visoke produktivnosti i manjih zahteva i relativno niske cene proizvodnje. Jaja japanskih prepelica predstavljaju visoko nutritivnu namirnicu sa velikim brojem pozitivnih efekata na zdravlje potrošača. Uprkos tome, mogu da predstavljaju rizik po zdravlje potrošača ukoliko se konzumiraju u sirovom ili neadekvatno termički obrađenom stanju. Zbog toga su od velike važnosti stalni nadzor i efikasna kontrola, zajedno sa unapređenjem tehnologije proizvodnje, u cilju dobijanja konkurentnih i kvalitetnih jaja i proizvoda od jaja prepelica čiji kvalitet zadovoljava zahteve potrošača kako za domaće tržište tako i za izvoz. Informacije o kvalitetu i bezbednosti jaja prepelica nisu bitne samo sa aspekta zadovoljavanja zahteva potrošača, već i primarnim proizvođačima pružaju dragocene podatke o kvalitetu i bezbednosti procesa proizvodnje, a samim tim i o zdravstvenom stanju jata. Osim toga, potrebno je da se u budućnosti u okviru zakonske regulative i pravilnika definišu pokazatelji kvaliteta, ne samo jaja kokošaka, već i jaja druge vrste živine, uključujući i jaja japanske prepelice.

In this study, the primers and the probe were designed, and a completely new real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol for detecting the invA gene of Salmonella in food was optimised and validated in-house. The inclusivity test used 76 different Salmonella isolates with no false-negative results. The exclusivity was tested using 45 non-Salmonella microorganisms with no false-positive results. The method was also successfully applied while examining five different artificially contaminated food categories. The results were compared to the standard method (ISO 6579-1) and two previously validated real-time PCR methods. The developed assay is sensitive and specific for rapidly detecting Salmonella in food.

Iskorišćavanje lokalnih magaraca za proizvodnju mleka i mesa je veoma značajno za promovisanje i zaštitu agrobiodiverziteta i očuvanje autohtonih rasa, što može da doprinese i valorizaciji lokalnih proizvodnih sistema, zbog visoke adaptivne sposobnosti magaraca i njihove otpornosti na bolesti. Najčešći kvantitativni i kvalitativni pokazatelji koji se uzimaju u obzir prilikom ocene kvaliteta trupova magaraca su telesna masa, masa trupa, randman, konformacija trupa, prekrivenost trupa masnim tkivom i linearne mere trupa. U cilju ocenjivanja tehnološkog kvaliteta mesa magaraca ispituju se pH vrednost i temperatura, boja mesa i masnog tkiva, sposobnost vezivanja vode i tekstura mesa. Kako u Evropskoj uniji ne postoji zvanični sistem klasifikacije trupova kopitara na osnovu konformacije, kao i da ONIBEV (Office National Interproffessionnel du Betail et des Viandes) sistem iz 1979. godine ima brojne nedostatke i da se u praksi ne primenjuje, postoji potreba za uspostavljanjem novog sistema za određivanje konformacije trupova kopitara kao najznačajnijeg pokazatelja količine mesa u trupu. S obzirom na to da u dostupnoj naučnoj literaturi ne postoje podaci o graničnim vrednostima za pokazatelje kvaliteta mesa kopitara (izuzev pH vrednosti i teksture), neophodna su dalja istraživanja čime bi se utvrdile karakteristike mesa magaraca kako dobrog tako i slabijeg kvaliteta.

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs and to quantify their relationships with different animal characteristics, pre-slaughter factors, blood measurements, performance indices, carcass composition and meat quality traits. Data was recorded for 30 journeys referring to 1080 market-weight pigs that originated from 15 commercial small-scale finishing farms. Carcass lesions were visually assessed on the slaughterline in different parts of the carcass, i.e., anterior, middle and posterior, using a three-point scale. Complete blood count was investigated. The following performance indices and carcass composition traits were measured: average lifetime daily weight gain, live, hot and cold carcass weights, cooler shrinkage, dressing percentage, backfat thickness and meatiness. Meat pH and temperature were measured 45 minutes postmortem. Of the 1080 pigs slaughtered in 30 batches, 70.28% displayed some degree of lesions on the carcass (moderate – 30.00%; severe – 40.28%). The carcass lesions were the most prevalent (50.20%) in the posterior part of the pig carcass. RYR1 genotype, live weight, loading density, lairage time, lairage density and slaughter season affected the carcass lesion prevalence. The presence of carcass lesions, irrespective of severity, was associated with alterations in blood measurements in slaughtered pigs, indicating compromised animal welfare. The presence of severe carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs was significantly associated with increased meat pH45min, which led to the highest occurrence of dark, firm and dry pork. In contrast, there was strong evidence of association between the presence of moderate carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs and both decreased meat pH45min and increased meat T45min, which led to the highest occurrence of pale, soft and exudative pork among the carcass lesion groups. In conclusion, this study showed a high prevalence of carcass lesions in slaughtered pigs, where

Alaria alata je trematoda iz porodice Diplostomidae koja parazitira u tankom crevu domaćih i divljih mesojeda. U životnom ciklusu Alaria alata postoje najmanje tri domaćina: pravi domaćin (mesojedi), prvi i drugi prelazni domaćin (puževi i žabe), kao i parateni domaćini (gmizavci, divlje ptice, glodari, divlje svinje, domaće svinje i ljudi). Stadijum mezocerkarije ovog parazita može da inficira skoro sve kopnene i poluvodene vrste kičmenjaka, a posebno svaštojede, kao što su divlje svinje. Specifinosti staništa i načina ishrane divljih svinja, doprinose da meso divljih svinja predstavlja glavni izvor alarioze za ljude, pri čemu divlje svinje imaju mnogo veću ulogu u širenju Alaria alata od domaćih svinja. Međutim, sve veća popularnost slobodnog uzgoja životinja povećava mogućnost infekcije domaćih svinja koje se drže na otvorenom. Konzumiranjem sirovog ili nedovoljno kuvanog mesa prelaznih ili paratenih domaćina ovog parazita, koje sadrže larvene oblike Alaria alata, ljudi postaju parateni domaćini i mogu ispoljiti simptome alarioze. Do sada je alarioza ljudi dijagnostikovana u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i Kanadi, pri čemu je uzročnik bio Alaria americana. Ipak, neosporno je da Alaria alata takođe ima patogeni i zoonozni potencijal. Simptomi ove bolesti obično nisu specifični, pa je veoma teško da se postavi dijagnoza. S obzirom da pregled mesa na prisustvo Alaria alata nije obavezan, ova trematoda se uglavnom otkriva tokom pregleda mesa divljih i domaćih svinja na prisustvo Trichinella spiralis, pri čemu se u slučaju nalaza u mesu otkriva stadijum mezocerkarije (Distomum musculorum suis). Do sada su mezocerkarije u mesu utvrđene metodom veštačke digestije i kompresije, a razvijena je i metoda migracije mezocerkarija. Imajući u vidu stepen patogenosti, zoonozni potencijal i rasprostranjenost trematode Alaria alata, postoji potreba da se ovom parazitu posveti dodatna pažnja zbog očuvanja javnog zdravlja. Stoga je cilj ovog rada da se istakne značaj Alaria alata k

It has been demonstrated that long transportation could increase susceptibility to infection and triggering the onset of health problems in horses, such as transport pneumonia and gastrointestinal diseases [1–4]. However, there is no study reporting welfare and meat quality outcomes after shortdistance transportation of slaughtered horses with different health status. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of short transportation on blood metabolites and meat quality of slaughtered horses with and without lung lesions

The present study evaluated the quality of table eggs in relation to shell colour. The study was conducted on 60 table eggs with shells coloured white, green, blue and brown (15 eggs per colour) obtained from laying hens from the same backyard farm. The following external quality traits of table eggs were measured: egg weight, percentage of dirty and cracked eggs, egg width and length, egg shape index, eggshell colour, eggshell weight and percentage, and eggshell thickness. The following internal quality indicators of table eggs were determined: albumen weight and percentage, albumen pH value, albumen width, length and height, Haugh index, albumen index, yolk weight and percentage, yolk pH value, yolk width and height, yolk index and yolk colour. Green eggs had the lowest weight, as well as the lowest width and length. White eggs had the highest eggshell dirtiness scores and egg shape index, while brown eggs had the highest eggshell thickness and weight. Green and brown eggs had the highest albumen index and Haugh index. In addition, green eggs had the lowest yolk width and the highest yolk index. White eggs had the highest albumen and yolk width, the greatest albumen length and the lowest albumen height. Yolks of white and blue eggs had a higher sensory colour score, as well as lower L* and b* values compared to the yolks of green and brown eggs. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that green and brown table eggs are of better overall quality compared to white and blue table eggs.

Procena izloženosti hazardima u hrani, pored identifikacije opasnosti, karakterizacije opasnosti i karakterizacije rizika, predstavlja jednu od četiri osnovne komponente procene rizika u okviru analize rizika. Procena izloženosti se definiše kao kvalitativna i/ili kvantitativna procena verovatnoće da će određeni hazard biti unet putem hrane, kao i njegov potencijal da dovede do štetnih efekata po zdravlje konzumenta. Procena izloženosti može da se vrši u različite svrhe, kao što je identifikacija tačaka u kojima je moguće primeniti određene korektivne mere; radi procene efikasnosti primenjenih mera za kontrolu opasnosti u hrani; poređenja izloženosti usled različitih puteva kontaminacije; radi definisanja ciljeva naučnih istraživanja itd. Postoji veliki broj pristupa koji se mogu primeniti u procesu procene izloženosti, od kvalitativnog pristupa koji procenu izloženosti daju samo opisno, kao zanemarljivu, nisku, srednju i visoku izloženost; do kvantitativne procene izloženosti, uz pomoć koje, korišćenjem složenih matematičkih modela, izloženost opasnostima može da se odredi numerički. Poslednjih godina razvijeni su kompjuterski programi, uz pomoć kojih se može izvršiti procena rizika kod opasnosti u hrani. U okviru ovih kompjuterskih programa, kao sastavni deo, može se izvršiti i procena izloženosti hazardima u hrani., Food hazard exposure assessment, in addition to hazard identification, hazard characterization, and risk characterization, is one of the four basic components of risk assessment within risk analysis. Exposure assessment is defined as a qualitative and / or quantitative assessment of the likelihood that a particular hazard will be ingested through food, as well as its potential to lead to adverse health effects in consumers. Exposure assessment is conducted for various purposes, such as identifying points where certain corrective measures can be applied; to assess the effectiveness of applied hazard control measures; comparison of exposure from different contamination routes; to define the goals of scientific research, etc. There are a number of approaches that can be applied in the exposure assessment process, from a qualitative approach that provides exposure assessment only descriptively; to a quantitative assessment of exposure. In the quantitative risk exposure, exposure to hazards can be determined numerically using complex mathematical models. Recently, computer programs have been developed with a main goal to perform risk assesment in certain types of food. As an integral part of these computer programs, an assessment of food hazard exposure can be performed.

The present study evaluated the quality of marketed table eggs originating from enriched cage, barn, organic or free-range production systems. Table eggs from the free-range production system had the highest diameter, the lowest shape index and the highest frequency of normal-shaped table eggs. In addition, the lightest shell colour was found in table eggs from the free-range production system. The highest shell thickness was found in table eggs from the enriched cage production system, while the lowest shell thickness was found in table eggs from the free-range production system. Table eggs from organic and free-range production systems had better internal quality and freshness (lower albumen and yolk pH values, and a higher albumen and Haugh index) compared to table eggs from enriched cage and barn production systems. Compared to the other production systems, the best physical quality traits were recorded in table eggs from the free-range production system (the highest egg weight, weight and proportion of yolk, but the lowest weight and proportion of shell and albumen). In addition, the lightest yolk colour was found in table eggs from the organic production system. In conclusion, table eggs from organic and free-range production systems are of better overall quality compared to those from enriched cage and barn production systems., Cilj istraživanja ovog rada bio je da se ispita kvalitet konzumnih jaja poreklom iz kaveznog, podnog, organskog i slobodnog proizvodnog sistema. Konzumna jaja iz slobodnog uzgoja imala su najveću dužinu, najmanji indeks oblika i najveću učestalost jaja normalnog oblika. Osim toga, najsvetlija boja ljuske utvrđena je kod konzumnih jaja iz slobodnog uzgoja. Najveća debljina ljuske je utvrđena kod konzumnih jaja iz kaveznog uzgoja, dok su najmanju debljinu ljuske imala konzumna jaja iz slobodnog uzgoja. Konzumna jaja iz organskog i slobodnog uzgoja imala su bolji unutrašnji kvalitet i svežinu (manja pH vrednost belanca i žumanca, a veći indeks belanca) u poređenju sa onim iz kaveznog i podnog uzgoja. U poređenju sa ostalim proizvodnim sistemima, najbolje fizičke karakteristike su utvrđene kod konzumnih jaja iz slobodnog uzgoja (najveća masa jaja i masa i procenat žumanca, a najmanja masa i procenat ljuske i masa belanca). Pored toga, najsvetlija boja žumanca je utvrđena kod konzumnih jaja iz organskog uzgoja. Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanja može da se zaključi da su konzumna jaja iz organskog i slobodnog uzgoja boljeg kvaliteta u odnosu na ona iz kaveznog i podnog uzgoja.

Pandemija izazvana virusom COVID-19 u 2020. godini je suočila svet sa zdravstvenom krizom koja je ostavila nemerljive zdravstvene, socijalne i ekonomske posledice, ugrozila nacionalne ekonomije i izvršila udar na bezbednost stanovništva. Kao odgovor na krizu, države su u početku preduzimale određene restriktivne mere u cilju prevencije, kontrolisanja i zaustavljanja pandemije. Mere su varirale od zatvaranja granica, restrikcija međudržavnog saobraćaja, ograničavanja rada pojedinih objekata, do karantina i policijskog časa. Pandemija ne predstavlja samo zdravstvenu katastrofu koju treba savladati i sanirati, već je i ozbiljan faktor destabilizacije svih društvenih sistema, svih grana privrede, pa i bezbednosti namirnica. Organizacije za bezbednost hrane širom sveta, kao što su Evropska agencija za bezbednost hrane (EFSA) i Uprava za hranu i lekove Sjedinjenih Država (FDA) objavile su da još uvek nema podataka o prenošenju ovog virusa putem hrane, ali se i dalje prikupljaju dokazi o potencijalnom postojanošću virusa na hrani. Koronavirus može kontaminirati sveže prehrambene proizvode ili pakovanja hrane preko zaražene osobe koja kija ili kašlje direktno na njih. Zabeležen je i negativan uticaj pandemije COVID-19 na glad u svetu, sa čak 10 miliona gladnih ljudi više nego u 2019. godini. Sa druge strane, smanjena izloženost ljudi kontaminiranoj hrani, usled zatvaranja restorana i smanjenog uvoza i izvoza dovela je do pada broja prijavljenih epidemija prenosivih hranom za 47 procenata u odnosu na 2019. godinu. Najveći pad među prijavljenim uzročnicima prenosivih hranom u 2020. god. zabeležen je za Norovirus i Hepatitis A, gde se broj prijavljenih slučajeva smanjio za 72, odnosno 65 procenata, prema podacima EFSA. Potrošači su i dalje zabrinuti za bezbednost hrane, pa je razumevanje rizika od opasnosti od suštinskog značaja za izbegavanje potencijalnih negativnih uticaja u lancu proizvodnje hrane u doba nakon pandemije Covid-19.

One of the strategies for overcoming global climate change threatening to decrease maize yield is early sowing. To contribute to the development of cold-tolerant hybrids this research focused on the genetic background's comparative analysis in maize inbreds with good combining ability. Leaf whole-transcriptome sequencing of 46 maize genotypes revealed 77 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Lancaster and other heterotic groups (i.e. BSSS, Iowa dent, Ohio), referred to as non-Lancaster group, under optimal growing conditions. Cold test of the subset of four Lancaster and four non-Lancaster lines showed that the former were cold sensitive and the latter cold tolerant. Cold-induced expression analysis of seven DEGs in eight lines revealed different expression regulation dependent on the duration of cold exposure and genetic background for six out of seven analysed genes—chloroplast ATP-sulphurylase, photosystem II cytochrome b559 alpha subunit, CIPK serine-threonine protein kinase 15, glutamyl-tRNA reductase, photosystem II reaction centre protein I and Calvin cycle CP12-chloroplastic-like encoding genes. The results imply that differently regulated basic processes between Lancaster and non-Lancaster maize group involve, at least, photosynthesis and sulphate assimilation, contributing to their different cold response and different adaptation to low temperatures.

Poor animal welfare is a growing issue of concern all over the world. During pre-slaughter phases, some activities, if poorly performed, lead to stress reactions in animals. Animals responses to a great extent depend on species, breed, sex and age of animal. Food and water deprivation, exposure to unfavourable environmental conditions, improper handling and social mixing are just some indicators of compromised animal well-being. All these detrimental activities lead to the development of carcass and meat quality defects. Among them, important defects are untimely death of animals, body weight loss, carcass damage, and the two major meat quality defects, i.e. pale, soft, exudative (PSE) and dark, firm, dry (DFD) meats. Consumer dissatisfaction results, and with economic and financial losses, producers are placed in a disadvantageous position.