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Coastal rice production in Central Java, Indonesia, is hindered by elevated salinity levels. Salinity has an impact on the production of rice and the technical efficiency of farmers in the northern coastal region of Central Java. The Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model could distinguish the production function, technical efficiency, and inefficiency of rice farming on saline and non-saline soil. Environmental variables such as salinity level and rainfall greatly affect rice farming. The investigation employed data from 225 farmers growing both in saline and non-saline soil. Our investigation unveiled that soil salinity causes a decrease of 29.29 % in rice yield compared to non-salinity. The average technical efficiencies of rice production in saline only reach 73 %, while non-saline soil can reach 80 %. Inefficiency was significantly influenced by social factors such as farmers' age, education, and occupation. Experience and expertise assisted elderly farmers with salinity soil in improving their efficiency. The study emphasizes the importance of cultivating rice varieties with high salinity tolerance, improving irrigation infrastructure, and equipping farmers with up-to-date agricultural techniques. These treatments have the potential to enhance productivity and efficiency in areas that are impacted by salinity. It profoundly impacts Indonesia's strategy, and other nations encounter analogous challenges. Additional study is required to identify sustainable techniques for salinity management in rice agriculture across various locations.

The study aimed to estimate the level of the yield gaps of maize in major producing areas, point out the causes of yield gaps in farmers’ maize fields, and identify opportunities to the existing yield gaps through management practices of maize production in Central Java. This is the strategy for closing the existing yield gaps to achieve food self-sufficiency in agricultural land. Methods to estimates the yield gaps should cover data sources on physical conditions (weather and soil), management practices, and smallholder shapes. The relevant methods for estimating actual yields (Ya), potential (Yp), and water-limited (Yw) were compared. The yield gaps of maize under intensive cropping systems in rainfed ecosystems resulted in significant differences in all cultivation situations. The lowland rainfed maize showed Ya, Yp, and Yw values of 5.57, 12.83, and 12.47 ton/ha, respectively. The major causes of the yield gaps include variety, land preparation, and water issues concerned with the limited water inputs.

Increasing rice yield while improving resource use efficiency is of great importance. This study examines cropping systems globally to highlight areas where rice production can be improved by prioritizing R&D strategies.

The purpose of this study is to identify the important principles of publishing scientific research results, benefits, and systematic review of the constraints and solutions of scientific publications. The discussion of this research focuses on scientific errors in the form of falsification and fabrication. The identification of violations of scientific data distortion includes the character, causes, and prevention perspectives through a holistic approach. The research method used is qualitative research with the type of library research using keywords, namely scientific publication, manuscript, falsification, and fabrication. This study involved a systematic literature search from the online publishing database sources Sciencedirect, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar to find relevant articles published from 2000 to 2020. The study was conducted in September 2020. An electronic search revealed that there were 896 scientific publications published. relevant, of which 42 manuscripts are included in the bibliography. The synthesis of published data that was drawn was sourced from 88% of primary journals from all references, each of which was identified regarding the validity of the data for writing papers. A prospective design was used to maximize the homogeneity of the information extracted from the selected studies, as part of the research instrument. The results of the study found that the obstacles to scientific publications included the quality and novelty of research results, limited English skills, and minimal writing skills. Repeated violations of scientific thought include falsification and fabrication. This scientific error leads to distortion of research data. Individual falsification and fabrication errors are caused by unethical behavior, violations of applicable scientific norms and ethics.

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder disease characterized by a rise of blood sugar due to a decrease of insulin by the pancreas. The role of the family in caring for the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus is crucial in treatment. this study was aimed to know the ability of family in caring. a purposive sampling method was applied in this research. a total of 31 respondents were selected. the results showed that the majority of family's ability to recognize as a problem was good with 16 people ( 51,6 % ), in taking decisions for treatment was positive as much as 19 people (61.3%), in treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients were positive 25 people (80,6%), in modifying the environment for Treatment was negative 18 people (58.1%). therefore, Health education for the family related to modifying the environment for treatment was required to recover the patient.

Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a plant that has the potential for mainstream consumers, have a large enough market opportunity and a source of vegetable protein. “Perancis” varieties are local Central Java bean varieties are widely grown in the Bandungan area. “Perancis” varieties not currently provide enough characters clear and complete. Test objectives were (1) to characterize the “Perancis” varieties in order to have a complete character information varieties and (2) to determine distinctness, uniformity and stability of the “Perancis” varieties compared with varieties Gypsie, Spectacular, Balitsa 1, Balitsa 2 and PV 072 using guidelines for the conduct of test for distinctness, uniformity and stability reference beans. Implemented on the Garden Seed Testing Bandungan Horticulture, Central Java with an altitude of 560-800 meters above sea level the place. Materials testing consists of six varieties of beans are “Perancis” varieties and the varieties used for comparison Gypsie, Spectacular, Balitsa 1, Balitsa 2 and PV 072. This research used a randomized block design six varieties of beans are planted side by side on three experimental plots as replications. Parameters observed include 49 characters corresponding guidelines bean plants are divided into the plant character, leaves character, flower character, pods character and seed character. Test results based guidelines, “Perancis” varieties showed eight unique characters compared to varieties of Gypsie, Spectacular, Balitsa 1, Balitsa 2 and PV 072 ie. plant height, leaf color, leaf rugosity, long (including beak) pods, the degree of the pods curvature, the shape of distal part (excluding beak) pods, length of beak pods and curvature of beak pods and “Perancis” varieties have uniformity and stability.

Introduction: Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DDSP) is the most prevalent form of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and 25% of patients develop pain in their toes. DDSP is associated with increased cutaneous microvessel density (MVD), reduced skin blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and impaired fluid filtration with vasodilation. The Piezo family of mechanosensitive channels is known to be involved in the control of vascular caliber by converting mechanical force into intracellular signals. Furthermore, Piezo2 is particularly involved in peripheral pain mechanisms of DDSP patients. To date, very little is known about the number, structure, and PIEZO expression in cutaneous blood vessels (BVs) of individuals with DDSP and their relation with pain and time span of diabetes. Methods and results: We studied microvessels using endothelial markers (CD34 and CD31) and smooth cell marker (α-SMA) by indirect immunohistochemical assay in sections of the glabrous skin of the toes from patients and controls. MVD was assessed through CD34 and CD31 immunoreaction. MVD determined by CD34 is higher in short-term DDSP patients (less than 15 years of evolution), regardless of pain. However, long-term DDSP patients only had increased BV density in the painful group for CD31. BVs of patients with DDSP showed structural disorganization and loss of shape. The BVs affected by painful DDSP underwent the most dramatic structural changes, showing rupture, leakage, and abundance of material that occluded the BV lumen. Moreover, BVs of DDSP patients displayed a Piezo1 slight immunoreaction, whereas painful DDSP patients showed an increase in Piezo2 immunoreaction. Discussion: These results suggest that alterations in the number, structure, and immunohistochemical profile of specific BVs can explain the vascular impairment associated with painful DDSP, as well as the temporal span of diabetes. Finally, this study points out a possible correlation between increased vascular Piezo2 immunostaining and pain and decreased vascular Piezo1 immunostaining and the development of vasodilation deficiency., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Garcia-Mesa, Cabo, González-Gay, García-Piqueras, Viña, Martínez, Cobo and García-Suárez.)

Distal diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DDSP) is the most prevalent form of diabetic neuropathy, and some of the patients develop gradual pain. Specialized sensory structures present in the skin encode different modalities of somatosensitivity such as temperature, touch, and pain. The cutaneous sensory structures responsible for the qualities of mechanosensitivity (fine touch, vibration) are collectively known as cutaneous mechanoreceptors (Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel cell-axonal complexes), which results are altered during diabetes. Here, we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the density, localization within the dermis, arrangement of corpuscular components (axons and Schwann-like cells), and expression of putative mechanoproteins (PIEZO2, ASIC2, and TRPV4) in cutaneous mechanoreceptors of subjects suffering clinically diagnosed non-painful and painful distal diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. The number of Meissner corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, and Merkel cells was found to be severely decreased in the non-painful presentation of the disease, and almost disappeared in the painful presentation. Furthermore, there was a marked reduction in the expression of axonal and Schwann-like cell markers (with are characteristics of corpuscular denervation) as well as of all investigated mechanoproteins in the non-painful distal diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy, and these were absent in the painful form. Taken together, these alterations might explain, at least partly, the impairment of mechanosensitivity system associated with distal diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Furthermore, our results support that an increasing severity of DDSP may increase the risk of developing painful neuropathic symptoms. However, why the absence of cutaneous mechanoreceptors is associated with pain remains to be elucidated.

Chondroitin sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan involved in maintaining the morphofunctional properties of the extracellular matrix in peripheral nerves, but its distribution in human sensory corpuscles is unknown despite the role of extracellular matrix in mechanotransduction and axonal guidance. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to analyze the distribution of chondroitin sulfate in human cutaneous Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. Chondroitin sulfate expression was absent from Meissner corpuscles. In Pacinian corpuscles chondroitin sulfate was found associated to a CD34 positive endoneurial-related layer, interposed between the S100 protein positive inner core cells, and the vimentin positive inner core and outer core-capsule cells. Therefore, the intermediate CD34+/chondroitin sulfate+ intermediate layer present in Pacinian corpuscles isolates the neural segment of the corpuscles (axon and inner core) from the non-neural segments (outer core and capsule). These results suggest a role of chondroitin sulfate in the proper axonal growth and guidance, within the neuronal compartment of the Pacinian corpuscles during development and reinnervation, can be hypothesized. Moreover, a role of CS in mechanotransduction cannot be ruled out. Anat Rec, 302:325-331, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The cells of the intervertebral disc (IVD) have an unusual acidic and hyperosmotic microenvironment. They express acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), gated by extracellular protons and mechanical forces, as well as neurotrophins and their signalling receptors. In the nervous tissues some neurotrophins regulate the expression of ASICs. The expression of ASIC2 and TrkB in human normal and degenerated IVD was assessed using quantitative-PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, we investigated immunohistochemically the expression of ASIC2 in the IVD of TrkB-deficient mice. ASIC2 and TrkB mRNAs were found in normal human IVD and both increased significantly in degenerated IVD. ASIC2 and TrkB proteins were also found co-localized in a variable percentage of cells, being significantly higher in degenerated IVD than in controls. The murine IVD displayed ASIC2 immunoreactivity which was absent in the IVD of TrkB-deficient mice. Present results demonstrate the occurrence of ASIC2 and TrkB in the human IVD, and the increased expression of both in pathological IVD suggest their involvement in IVD degeneration. These data also suggest that TrkB-ligands might be involved in the regulation of ASIC2 expression, and therefore in mechanisms by which the IVD cells accommodate to low pH and hypertonicity.

The fish sensory epithelium contains three types of sensory cells denominated ciliated, microvillous, and crypt neurons. Each one differs from the other in its morphological, ultrastructural and molecular features, as well as in their projections to the central nervous system. Crypt neurons are present in both bony and cartilaginous fish and can be identified on the basis of their morphology and the expression of some specific proteins and genes. In this study we have investigated the morphology of crypt neurons, as well as the occurrence and co-localization of S100 protein, calretinin and TRPV4, three proposed markers for crypt cells, in the olfactory epithelium of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) using double immunofluorescence associated to laser confocal microscopy. A sparse population of superficial S100 protein positive cells was detected being identified as crypt neurons. The calretinin immunoreactive cells were more abundant, occasionally resembling the morphology of the crypt cells but never displaying co-localization of both proteins. The TRPV4 positive cells differed in morphology from crypt cells, thus excluding the occurrence of TRPV4 in those cells. These results demonstrate that only S100 protein immunoreactivity can be used to identify crypt cells. Because some calretinin positive cells showed localization and morphology similar to the crypt cells of the sensory epithelium, the occurrence of two subtypes of crypt cells, S100 protein and calretinin positive, cannot be excluded. The significance of these findings remains to be elucidated., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are a family of H(+)-gated voltage-insensitive ion channels that respond to extracellular acidification by regulating transmembrane Ca(2+) flux. Moreover, ASICs can also be gated by mechanical forces and may function as mechanosensors. The cells of the intervertebral disc (IVD) have an unusual acidic and hyperosmotic microenvironment. Changes in the pH and osmolarity determine the viability of IVD cells and the composition of the extracellular matrix, and both are the basis of IVD degeneration. In this study, the expression of ASICs (ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3 and ASIC4) mRNAs and proteins in human healthy and degenerated IVD was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. The distribution of ASIC proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNAs for all ASICs were detected in normal human IVD, and significantly increased levels were found in degenerated IVD. Western blots demonstrated the presence of proteins with estimated molecular weights of approximately 68-72 kDa. In both the annulus fibrosus (AF) and nucleus pulposus (NP) of normal IVD, ASIC2 is the most frequently expressed ASIC followed by ASIC3, ASIC1 and ASIC4. In the AF of degenerated IVD, there was a significant increase in the number of ASIC1 and ASIC4 positive cells, whereas in the NP, we found significant increase of expression of ASIC1, ASIC2 and ASIC3. These results describe the occurrence and localization of different ASICs in human healthy IVD, and their increased expression in degenerated IVD, thus suggesting that ASICs may be involved in IVD degeneration.

Nestin is an intermediate filament protein expressed in neuroepithelial stem cells during development and it is later replaced by cell specific neuronal or glial filaments. Nevertheless, nestin⁺ cells remain within adult tissues and they can be regarded as potential neural stem cell (NSC). Nestin⁺ cells have been detected in Schwann cells related with sensory corpuscles of rodent and they have been demonstrated to be NSC. We have investigated the existence of nestin⁺ in human cutaneous cells Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles through the use of immunohistochemistry techniques and in situ hybridization. S100 protein (also regarded as a marker for NSC) and vimentin (the intermediate filament of mature Schwann cells in sensory corpuscles) were also investigated. The results show that the adult human cutaneous sensory Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles contains a small population of Schwann-related cells (vimentin⁺) which on the basis of their basic immunohistochemical characteristics (S100 protein⁺, nestin⁺) can be potential NSCs. Cells sharing identical immunohistochemical profile were also found in the close vicinity of Meissner corpuscles. Because their localization they are easily accessible and may represent a peripheral niche of NSC to be used for therapeutic goals.