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New and innovative technology has changed the way we do things in all parts of our lives. Intelligent machines that can mimic human cognition and exceed its brainpower are on an uprise in all domains of the society we live in today. The concepts of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning is increasing in popularity, especially in the field of medical practice and research. Areas such as radiology have come a long way in using AI and ML to diagnose and decide on treatments but many other areas in healthcare are still behind in the research and usage of this technology. This study aimed to investigate AI management in relation to medical professionals and their current professional practice. This was done through a case study format of a project currently developing an AI application for future use in primary healthcare. Interviews with project members and physicianswere conducted and provided a foundation for analysis. The thesis shows that the current understanding of AI and its application is limited amongst the professionals, and the attitudes and trust are highly individual. Our conclusions highlight the need for a holistic view of the management of AI in healthcare, where perspectives from all actors involved in the change need to be raised and utilized in future developments and implementations.

Examensarbetet består av en kvantitativ del, en tidsstudie av drivarprototypen Komatsu X19 med funktion för snabbyte av skördaraggregat och grip, och en kvalitativ del, en intervju av de två förare som körde drivaren. Kranarbete var den arbetskategori som utfördes i störst utsträckning under de två studerade lassen med en medelduration på 1 453 s/lass (39 % av den totala tiden). Arbetsmomenten kran ut och kran in hade längst medeldurationer, kran ut utfördes 648 s/lass och kran in 434 s/lass. Under 71,4 % av den produktiva arbetstiden utfördes bara ett arbetsmoment åt gången, som mest utfördes fyra arbetsmoment. Överlapp mellan arbetsmoment, och produktivitetshöjning, skulle kunna ske i högre utsträckning genom utveckling av autonoma funktioner. Lastbärararbetet var arbetskategorin med högst andel överlapp, det utfördes simultant med andra arbetskategorier under 82 % av tiden medan kranarbete skedde simultant med andra kategorier under 55 %. Potentiella tidsbesparingar kunde uppskattas i de avverknings-/lastningscykler och lossningscykler som utfördes. Sammantaget var den uppskattade potentiella tidsbesparingen genom delautomation i avverknings-/lastningscyklerna och lossningscyklerna 5,2 % av totaltiden för lass 1 och 5,5 % för lass 2. I den kvalitativa studien framkom bl.a. vikten av att maskinen skulle bära med sig gripen för att möjliggöra utläggning av massaved över partier med låg bärighet. Även ökad rotationsvidd för hytten, hydraulisk breddning av lastbäraren och en kran med förbättrad rörelsegeometri nära maskinen bedömdes som önskvärt. Ytterligare studier behövs kring automationspotentialen bl.a. när det gäller vilka av förarens arbetsuppgifter som främst bör automatiseras för att förbättra både effektivitet och arbetsmiljö., This report contains a quantitative part, a time study made of the harwarder prototype Komatsu X19 with the possibility to change from grapple head to harvester assembly, and a qualitative part consisting interviews with the two operators driving the machine. Crane operation was the largest operation category during the two studied loads with a mean duration of 1 453 s/load (39 % of the total duration). The work elements crane out and crane in had the longest mean durations, crane out was performed during 648 s/load and crane in 434 s/load. During most of the productive work time, 71.44 %, no overlaps between work elements were performed. However, all of the work elements overlapped with another work element at least once during the study. Four work elements were executed simultaneously at the most. Overlaps between work elements could take place more often, which would result in a reduced time consumption per volume of wood harvested and extracted. Load carrier operation was the operation category executed simultaneously with other operation categories during the largest proportion of its total time (82 %). Crane operation was executed simultaneously with other operation categories during 55 % of its total time. Potential time savings were estimated in the executed harvesting-/loading cycles and unloading cycles. The time saving trough automation of some parts in those cycles were estimated to 5.2 % of the total time for load 1 and 5.5 % for load 2. In the qualitative study the importance of carrying the grapple head on the cab to make it possible to place pulpwood on wet areas with low carrying capacity was one of the things discussed. Increased rotation range for the cab, hydraulic widening of the load carrier and improved crane geometry were also some of the improvements pointed out as desirable by the operators. Further studies are warranted to build on to the detail knowledge of harwarder’s work and automation potential to make it possible to draw conclusions

Ökade uttag av avverkningsrester som grenar och toppar (GROT) och markskonande åtgärder vid drivning är ett aktuellt ämne i dagens skogsverige. Stora Enso har utformat drivningskonceptet RMSA (Rätt Metod Slutavverkning), vars syfte framförallt består i att med en bra planering och ett gemensamt arbetssätt minimera markskador och få, generellt sett, ett högre uttag av GROT. Enligt Stora Enso förväntas konceptet även resultera i en högre produktivitet och bättre arbetsmiljö. Analys på huruvida medelskotningsavståndet och bränsleförbrukningen påverkas av RMSA har tidigare gjorts. Men studier som analyserar GROT-uttaget har inte genomförts, då konceptet är relativt nytt. Studiens syfte var således att analysera hur volymen uttagen GROT påverkades av införande av RMSA i jämförelse mot den tidigare konventionella metoden. I studien ingick tre arbetslag under två tidsperioder (2011 och 2013). Studien behandlade huruvida GROT-uttagen påverkats av metoden med avseende på markförhållanden som grundförhållande, ytstuktur och lutning (GYL). Även hur uttagen förändrats i genomsnitt samt om det funnits förändringar i volymuppskattningen av GROT efter införandet analyserades. Resultaten visar att en markant ökning i GROT-uttag fanns efter införandet av RMSA. Då en ökning av inmätt GROT har skett från 6,91m3f/ha (2011) till 13,14m3f/ha (2013) i medeltal och med avseende på den totala arealen. Uppskattningarna av volymen GROT har generellt blivit sämre i och med det nya konceptet. En ökning i uttag har skett på marker med sämre drivningsförhållanden med avseende på grundförhållande, ytstruktur och lutning., Increased removal of logging residues (slash) and ground-protecting measures while driving in the forest is today topical. Stora Enso has developed a logging concept named RMSA aimed primarily in having a good planning, a common approach to minimize soil damage and a higher general extraction of slash. According to Stora Enso the concept also expects to result in higher productivity and better work environment for the machine drivers. Analysis on whether the mean forwarding distance and fuel consumption is affected by the method has been done. But no study analyzing the changes in slash-volume exists yet, due to the fact that the concept is relatively new. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyze how the volume of slash is affected by implementing the RMSA method in comparison to the conventional method. The study involved three working teams during two time periods (2011 and 2013). The study considered whether the slash part was influenced by the method with respect to ground condition, surface texture and slope. Even the change in average volume of sampled slash, and if there have been changes in the volume estimate of slash after the introduction, was analyzed. The results indicated that a significant increase in removal of slash was found after the introduction of RMSA. An increase of the measured slash volume has been made from 6.91 m3s/ha (2011) to 13.14 m3s/ha (2013), given in average values with respect to the total area. The precision in estimates of the volume of slash have generally become lower as the new concept has begun to be used. An increase in slash volume occurred on soils with poor driving conditions with respect to the ground condition, surface texture and slope.