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Our study compares the efficacy of mixed bargaining strategies to strict coercion or accommodation. While mixed strategies can be approached from different conceptual angles, we focus on flexible and/or firm postures as signaling properties of bargaining. In our theory and empirical analysis, we show that the combination of firmness with flexibility on both sides, without necessarily scripted rules as in tit-for-tat, leads to peaceful resolution without unilateral concessions. Its opposite, resolute firmness is unlikely to make the opponent yield, as assumed in influential literature of the traditional canon. If anything, war is most likely when both sides opt for it. We provide the theoretical rationale for these expectations, which are validated in our empirical analysis of the ICB crisis dataset for the 1918 to 2015 period. Our study also points to the bargaining process as a potential causal mechanism between democracy and peace, and therefore has relevant implications for several research strands.

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most common neoplasm of salivary glands and consists of epithelial and mesenchymal components. Although a benign lesion, it harbors a potential for recurrence and malignant transformation. Also, due to its histological diversity and unpredictive behavior PA can represent both diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are well known modifiers of extracellular matrix (ECM) PA component and in conjunction with their endogenous tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) may influence PA tumor biology. PLAG1 oncogene also has an important role in PA; however, neither the exact mechanisms of its influence nor its interactions with other genes are completely elucidated. The aims of this study were to assess the expression of PLAG1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 genes in PAs, and find a possible association of gene expression levels with clinical/epidemiological parameters of PA patients. Relative mRNA levels were assessed using Quantitative real-time PCR analyses in 15 PAs of the parotid gland and 5 normal salivary glands (NSGs). A statistically significant overexpression of PLAG1 was observed in PA compared to NSG samples (P=0.010); PA had 5.48 times higher mRNA levels than NSG. Out of the three analyzed MMP genes, significantly lower levels of MMP-7 were found in PA patients (P=0.026). TIMP2 was also downregulated in PA samples, compared to NSGs (P=0.040). MMP-7 and TIMP-2 mRNA levels were decreased 2.95 and 2.85 times respectively, in PA samples. No association was found between gene expression and clinical/epidemiological PA parameters. Our results suggest that PLAG1 overexpression with concomitant MMP7 and TIMP2 downregulation may contribute to PA development.

What factors influence third parties to intervene in civil wars? Our focus on major powers, which are disproportionately more likely than other states to intervene in civil conflicts, directs us to the factors that uniquely shape their interests. While our study does not rule out humanitarian interventions by collective security international institutions and individual states, we do not find that humanitarian concerns motivate major powers. We argue and demonstrate that their decisions to intervene are principally motivated by their drive to establish, consolidate, or expand influence in different geopolitical regions. Past research with the strategic approach stressed the importance of an intervener’s prior ties with a civil war state for this decision. Though important, we show the effect of these ties is subordinate to other factors. In our argument, their role is primarily relevant for determining whether an intervener will be on the side of the government or opposition. The key issue of whether major powers are likely to intervene in the first place, however, is contingent on how much the entire region is strategically relevant to warrant intervention. The empirical analysis of civil war interventions over nearly fifty years lends strong support to our theoretical expectations.

We examine whether bargaining behavior alters the initially expected effects of exogenous factors, such as power balance, issues, and domestic regimes, influencing crisis outcomes. Our argument is that, instead of weakening threat credibility as assumed in the traditional advocacy for firmness, mixing coercion with accommodation optimally allows states to reach an outcome within the bargaining range shaped by exogenous factors. After establishing causal mechanisms, we test our hypotheses over the 1918−2015 period. The findings validate our expectations that intransigence exacerbates crisis stability even under favorable exogenous conditions whereas mixed bargaining mitigates the effects of unfavorable ones.

Introduction. Oroantral communication (OAC) closure may be accompanied with hard and soft tissue defects. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is the second-generation platelet concentrate that can be an effective therapeutic option for the closure of defects up to 5mm. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate whether the PRF could be a viable therapeutic option for OAC closure and provide sufficient bone quality/quantity for the forthcoming implant placement. Outlines of cases. The case series included 8 patients treated with PRF due to the presence of OAC less than 3mm in diameter. Three months after the surgery, at the time of implant placement, bone samples were harvested and taken for histological analysis. The results demonstrated success in all eight cases, obtaining the hard and soft tissue healing. Histological analysis showed that newly formed bone was present on all histological samples, without visible signs of inflammation and necrosis. Conclusion. PRF could be a viable therapeutic option for OAC closure in specific clinical cases, but future randomized, controlled, clinical studies are required for more conclusive results.

Dental cement materials have been developed with the aim to replace hard dental tissues. The first material used for pulp capping, root canal obturation, bifurcation perforation and apexification is calcium hydroxide (in 1920). A half century later, glass-ionomer cements began to suppress it as dentine substitutes. Finally, in the 1990s, calcium silicate (CS) material appeared in the dental research community as the most promising dentine substitute capable to adequately meet all clinical requirements. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of literature related to studies about CS materials taking into account their physical, chemical and biological properties and clinical applications. This review aims to discuss beneficial and adverse characteristics of CSs concerning interactions to the hard dentine and soft pulp/periodontal tissues. This review article deals with the literature data about currently commercially available CS concerning laboratory and clinical findings. 109 scientific articles were analyzed of which 62 references reported in vitro and 26 in vivo investigations while 21 references comprised reports, reviews and books dealing with both, in vitro and in vivo investigations. Although further data collection is necessary, CSs are promising materials that represent a gold standard for numerous dental clinical procedures. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. 172026 and Grant no. III 45005]

Background/Aim. In dentistry, the concept of using inert materials for tissue repair has been replaced by the strategy to find bioactive materials which positively interact with human tissues. The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of the commercially available calcium silicate and calcium carbonate-based dental cement, biodentine (Septodont, France). Methods. Material elucidation included the measurements of radiopacity, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray dispersive analyses, wettability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, microindentation, micro- to nanoporosity, setting time, pH and calcium ion release. The cells (mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells – BMSCs) were grown on biodentine surface in order to evaluate its behaviour under biological conditions. Results. The radiopacity of the cement (2.8 mmAl) was below ISO requirement for a root canal filling material. The cement was composed of fine powder with particles similar in size and shape, changing from oval to cubic after having been soaked in a simulated body fluid. Biodentine demonstrated good micromechanical properties and low porosity attributed to microporosity with the average pore size of 92 μm. Wettability (contact angle = 41°), calcium ion release (0.098 μg/cm2) and pH of storage solution (9.07) showed satisfactory characteristics. The BMSCa in intimate contact with cement particles remained viable, indicating biodentine good biocompatibility. Conclusion. Biodentine exhibits good mechanical and physicochemical characteristics, but possesses insufficient radiopacity. © 2021 Inst. Sci. inf., Univ. Defence in Belgrade. All rights reserved.

Reputation in the context of international relations is an actor’s attribute as assessed by others from its past behavior. Interest in how reputational concerns can affect the dynamics of conflict arose in the canonical works by Schelling and the subsequent wave of deterrence research. Concerned primarily with the Cold War strategic issues, with some exceptions such as Huth who in 1988 analyzed it in the broader historical scope, scholarly attention to the role of reputation declined in the immediate post-Cold War period only to resurge in the 21st century. The last two decades witnessed a renaissance that resulted in unpacking the notion of reputation into several types and examining its influence in a number of areas, ranging from deterrence, compellence, to other types of militarized conflicts, civil wars, alliance choices, and sanctions, as well as issues of compliance with international commitments in institutional and cooperative studies. In such richness of research, the role of reputation in deterrence and strategic conflict in general, where it originated, still draws the largest amount of research as well as controversies. Besides several different conceptual and theoretical approaches, especially in the rationalist and psychological literature, there is methodological diversity as well, encompassing formal-theoretic models, large-N quantitative analyses, and survey experiments.

The aim of this study was to develop novel hydroxyapatite (HAP)-based bioactive bone replacement materials for segmental osteotomy reconstruction. Customized three-dimensional (3D) bone construct was manufactured from nanohydroxyapatite (nHAP) with poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) coating using 3D models derived from the computed tomography (CT) scanning of the rabbit's ulna and gradient 3D printing of the bone substitute mimicking the anatomical shape of the natural bone defect. Engineered construct revealed adequate micro-architectural design for successful bone regeneration having a total porosity of 64% and an average pore size of 256 μm. Radiography and micro-CT analysis depicted new bone apposition through the whole length of the reconstructed ulna with a small area of non-resorbed construct in the central area of defect. Histological analysis revealed new bone formation with both endochondral and endesmal type of ossification. Immunohistochemistry analysis depicted the presence of bone formation indicators-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), osteocalcin (OCN) and osteopontin (OPN) within newly formed bone. Manufactured personalized construct acts as a "smart" responsive biomaterial capable of modulating the functionality and potential for the personalized bone reconstruction on a clinically relevant length scale. Link to erratum: [https://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/10363]

Objective We aimed to investigate alteration in cellular signaling mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and parameters of oxidative stress/nitric oxide generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), underlying altered functional mechanical loading of TMJ (temporomandibular joint) during lateral mandibular deviation. Design Thirty-eight 5-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into experimental group, which received acrylic resin appliance that shifted mandible to the left during closure, and control group. Computed tomography and histomorphometry were used for condyle analyses, while samples of condyle, synovial membrane and m. masseter were analyzed with enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay and spectrophotometry to determine VEGF and nNOS protein concentrations, and SOD activity. Results Experimental group of rats developed smaller and asymmetrical mandibles. Less of new bone and cartilage formation and larger bone marrow cavities area were found in the experimental group. Higher VEGF expression in condyle and m. masseter as well as higher nNOS expression in m. masseter and synovial membrane were found in the experimental compared to the control group. Alteration of SOD activity was found in m. masseter and synovial membrane in the experimental group. Conclusions Lateral mandibular deviation induces mandibular and condylar morphological changes as well as significant cellular signaling alterations in condyle, synovial membrane and masticatory muscle. Cellular VEGF protein overexpression and oxidative stress/nitric oxide disbalance could be the mechanisms underlying unbalanced functional TMJ loading due to mandibular deviation.

Introduction Direct pulp capping is an important therapeutic method that has goal to provide formation of dentin bridge and healing process of the pulp. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of new nanostructural materials based on calcium silicate systems and hydroxyapatite on exposed dental pulp in Vietnamese pigs. Material and Methods The study was conducted on 30 teeth of two Vietnamese pigs (Sus scrofa verus). On buccal surfaces of incisors, canines and first premolars, class V cavities were prepared with a small round bur and pulp horn was exposed. In the first experimental group (10 teeth) the perforation was covered with new nanostructural material based on calcium silicate systems (CS). In the second experimental group, the perforation was covered with compound of calcium silicate systems and hydroxyapatite (HA-CS) (10 teeth). In the control group, exposed pulp was covered with Pro Root MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA) (10 teeth). All cavities were restored with glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Observation period was 28 days. After sacrificing the animals, histological preparations were done to analyze the presence of dentin bridge, inflammatory reaction of the pulp, pulp tissue reorganization and the presence of bacteria. Results Dentin bridge was observed in all teeth (experimental and control groups). Inflammation of the pulp was mild to moderate in all groups. Neoangiogenesis and many odontoblast like cells responsible for dentin bridge formation were detected. Necrosis was not observed in any case, neither the presence of Gram-positive bacteria in the pulp. Conclusion Histological analysis indicated favorable therapeutic effects of new nanostructural materials based on calcium silicate systems and hydroxyapatite for direct pulp capping in teeth of Vietnamese pigs. Uvod Direktno prekrivanje pulpe je važan terapijski postupak koji ima zadatak da obezbedi zatvaranje pulpne komore i omogući proces zarastanja. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita efekat novih nanostrukturnih materijala na bazi kalcijum-silikatnih sistema i hidroksiapatita na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijetnamskih svinja. Materijal i metode rada Istraživanje je sprovedeno na 30 zuba kod dve vijetnamske svinje (Sus scrofa verus). Na vestibularnim površinama sekutića, očnjaka i prvih premolara urađene su preparacije kaviteta V klase, pri čemu je malim okruglim svrdlom napravljena namerna eksploracija komore pulpe. U prvoj eksperimentalnoj grupi (10 zuba) perforacija je prekrivana novim nanostrukturnim materijalom na bazi kalcijum-silikatnih sistema (CS). U drugoj eksperimentalnoj grupi (10 zuba) perforacija je prekrivana smešom kalcijum-silikatnog sistema i hidroksiapatita (HA-CS). U kontrolnoj grupi (10 zuba) perforacija je prekrivana sa MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Džonson Siti, Tenesi, SAD). Svi kaviteti su restaurirani glas-jonomer cementom (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokio, Japan). Opservacioni period iznosio je 28 dana. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja napravljeni su histološki preparati na kojima su analizirani postojanje dentinskog mostića, inflamatorna reakcija pulpe, reorganizacija pulpnog tkiva i prisustvo bakterija. Rezultati Na svim zubima eksperimentalnih grupa i kontrolne grupe zabeleženo je stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Zapaljenje pulpe je bilo blago do umereno i u eksperimentalnim i u kontrolnoj grupi. Uočeni su znaci neoangiogeneze i mnoštvo ćelija sličnih odontoblastima koje su odgovorne za stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Nekroza nije zabeležena ni u jednom slučaju, kao ni prisustvo gram-pozitivnih bakterija u pulpi. Zaključak Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte novih nanostrukturnih materijala na bazi kalcijum-silikatnih sistema i hidroksiapatita u direktnom prekrivanju pulpe zuba vijetnamskih svinja.

Introduction Direct pulp capping is therapeutic method of applying medication on exposed pulp in order to allow bridge formation and healing process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Biodentine on exposed dental pulp of Vietnamese pigs. Material and Methods The study was conducted on 20 teeth of Vietnamese pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). On buccal surfaces of incisors, canines and first premolars, class V cavities were prepared and pulp was exposed. In the experimental group (six incisors, two canines and two premolars) the perforation was covered with BiodentineR (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France). In the control group, the perforation was covered with MTAR (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA). All cavities were restored with glass ionomer cement (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Observation period was 28 days. After sacrificing the animals, histological preparations were done to analyze the presence of dentin bridge, an inflammatory reaction of the pulp, pulp tissue reorganization and the presence of bacteria. Results Dentin bridge was observed in all teeth (experimental and control groups). Inflammation of the pulp was mild to moderate in both groups. Neoangiogenesis and many odontoblast like cells responsible for dentin bridge formation were detected. Necrosis was not observed in any case, neither the presence of Gram-positive bacteria in the pulp. Conclusion Histological analysis indicated favorable therapeutic effects of Biodentine for direct pulp capping in teeth of Vietnamese pigs. Findings were similar with Biodentine and MTA. Uvod Direktno prekrivanje pulpe je terapijski postupak primene leka na eksponiranu pulpu zuba radi zatvaranja pulpne komore i omogućavanja procesa zarastanja. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita efekat biodentina na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijetnamske svinje. Materijal i metode rada Istraživanje je izvršeno na 20 zuba vijetnamske svinje (Sus scrofa domesticus). Na vestibularnim površinama sekutića, očnjaka i prvih premolara urađene su preparacije kaviteta V klase, pri čemu je napravljena namerna eksploracija komora pulpe. U eksperimentalnoj grupi (šest sekutića, dva očnjaka i dva premolara) perforacija je prekrivana preparatom Biodentine ® (Septodont, Sent Mor de Fos, Francuska). U kontrolnoj grupi perforacija je prekrivana sa MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Džonson Siti, Tenesi, SAD). Svi kaviteti su restaurirani glasjonomer- cementom (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokio, Japan). Opservacioni period trajao je 28 dana. Nakon žrtvovanja životinja napravljeni su histološki preparati na kojima su analizirani postojanje dentinskog mostića, inflamatorna reakcija pulpe, reorganizacija pulpnog tkiva i prisustvo bakterija. Rezultati Na svim zubima eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe zabeleženo je stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Zapaljenje pulpe je bilo blago do umereno i u eksperimentalnoj i u kontrolnoj grupi uzoraka. Uočeni su znaci neoangiogeneze i mnoštvo ćelija sličnih odontoblastima koje su odgovorne za stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Nekroza nije zabeležena ni u jednom slučaju, kao ni prisustvo Gram-pozitivnih bakterija u pulpi. Zaključak Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte biodentina u direktnom prekrivanju pulpe zuba vijetnamskih svinja. Reakcija pulpe bila je slična onima koje je izazvao MTA.

Biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) are widely used in alveolar ridge regeneration as a porous scaffold for new bone formation. The aim of this case series was to evaluate the regenerative effect of the combination of BCP and polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) which can serve as a barrier membrane during bone regeneration. The study included five patients. Four months into the healing period, bone samples were collected for histological and morphometric analyses. The results of morphometric analysis showed that newly formed bone represented 32.2 ± 6.8% of the tissue, 31.9 ± 8.9% was occupied by residual graft and 35.9 ± 13.5% by soft tissue. Active osteogenesis was seen around the particles of the graft. The particles were occupied mostly by immature woven bone and connective tissue. The quality and quantity of newly formed bone, after the use of BCP/PLGA for ridge preservation, can be adequate for successful implant therapy after tooth extraction. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. OI 175021 i br. OI 173009]

Schelling’s work laid the foundation for a reputational theory of conflict behavior, claiming that a state’s reputation for resolve, as established through its past behavior, should provide it with bargaining leverage in future conflicts. This argument is scrutinized both theoretically and empirically in this study and also juxtaposed to an alternative framework that modifies the impact of “face-saving” stakes with those of a more inherent nature, such as the interests in a dispute. We advance an argument about the interplay between a state’s reputation from past behavior and its current interests in order to predict its crisis behavior. Our empirical expectations are subsequently tested in a quantitative analysis of deterrence crises for the period 1895–1985. The findings indicate that, while reputation matters, its impact is indirect at best and contingent on a state’s interests. Given the strong empirical support, we expect the interaction between reputation and interests as specified in our analysis to further contribute to a better understanding of conflict behavior.

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the treatment of oroantral communications (OACs) with bioresorbable root analogs made of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)-coated beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), hemostatic gauze or a buccal flap technique. Study design. In this prospective clinical study, 30 patients with oroantral communications were randomly assigned to a treatment. Clinical success, vestibular depth at the defect site, pain, and swelling were monitored. Results. The OAC closure was successful in all cases. The vestibular depth stayed constant in the groups treated with the PLGA-beta-TCP composite or hemostatic gauze. In contrast, a vestibular depth reduction of 1.2 +/- 0.2 mm was observed in the buccal flap group, indicating atrophy of the alveolar ridge in these patients. Furthermore, pain and swelling were more pronounced in this group. Conclusion. Closures of OACs with PLGA-beta-TCP composite or hemostatic gauze are reliable minimally invasive methods that minimize atrophy of the alveolar ridge, swelling, and pain compared with a buccal flap technique. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: 844-850)

Background/Aim. There are very few data about the effects of endogenous growth factors in vital pulp therapy, and still they are often controversial. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of platelet rich plasma (PRP) in conjugation with hydroxyapatite (HAP), as pulp capping materials, to root and periodontium formation. Methods. Eight young monkeys (Cercopithecus Aethiops) with permanent dentition and incomplete root formation were involved in this study. After pulpotomy, the pulp lesion was capped with calcium hydroxide (control), hydroxyapatite (experimental group I) or hydroxyapatite in conjugation with PRP (experimental group II). Six months later, the animals were sacrificed, the tissue was removed en block, and prepared for the histological analysis in a routine way. Results. The results of the histological analysis revealed that healing process was characterised by dentin bridge formation, maintained morphological and functional integrity of dental pulp and complete formation of dental root and surrounding periodontium. The inflammatory reaction was scored as mild to moderate, in almost all the samples in all groups, suggesting the biocompatibility of the used materials. Conclusion. Materials used in this study are convenient as capping agents, contributing maintaining the integrity of the pulp tissue and facilitating root and periodontium formation. According to histological data it could be suggested that hydroxyapatite in conjugation with endogenous growth factors, represents superior alternative to other materials used in this study.

Democratic peace studies have traditionally identified Kantian “republicanism” with procedural democracy and largely ignored liberalism and constitutionalism, which are even more fundamental for Kant's reasoning behind the liberal peace. A closer look into his major political works reveals that peaceful relations are expected from states with the protection of individual freedoms (liberalism), the rule of law and legal equality (constitutionalism), and representative government (democracy). Only when all three constitutive elements are jointly considered can we uncover the multifaceted nature of Kant's approach to the domestic sources of international peace. In this way, we not only find that monadic and dyadic expectations are consistent with Kant's theory, but also that both normative and interest-based explanations for international peace can equally draw on Kant as their theoretical precursor. We further demonstrate that it is plausible to infer that the Kantian legacy is related to civil peace as well. The propositions we derive from our theoretical reexamination of the Kantian legacy are strongly supported in our quantitative empirical test. Moreover, constitutional liberalism, rather than democracy, shows to be both more central for Kant's theory and empirically more robustly related to international as well as domestic peace.

Introduction Direct pulp capping procedure is a therapeutic application of a drug on exposed tooth pulp in order to ensure the closure of the pulp chamber and to allow the healing process to take place. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the histological effects of Emdogain® on exposed tooth pulp of a Vietnamese pig (Sus scrofa verus). Methods The study comprised 20 teeth of a Vietnamese pig. After class V preparation on the buccal surfaces of incisors, canines and first premolars, pulp was exposed. In the experimental group, the perforations were capped with Emdogain® (Straumann, Basel, Switzerland), while in the control group pulp capping was performed with MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Johnson City, TN, USA). All cavities were restored with glass-ionomer cement (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The observational period was 28 days, after which the animal was sacrificed and histological preparations were made. A light microscope was used to analyze dentin bridge formation, tissue reorganization and inflammation, and the presence of bacteria in the pulp. Results The formation of dentin bridge was observed in the experimental and control groups. Inflammation of the pulp was mild to moderate in both groups. Angiogenesis and many odontoblast-like cells, responsible for dentin bridge formation, were observed. Necrosis was not observed in any case, nor were bacteria present in the pulp. Conclusion Histological analysis indicated a favorable therapeutic effect of Emdogain® Gel in direct pulp capping of Vietnamese pigs. Pulp reaction was similar to that of MTA®. Uvod Direktno prekrivanje pulpe je važan terapijski postupak primene leka na eksponiranu pulpu zuba, čiji je cilj da obezbedi zatvaranje pulpne komore i omogući proces zarastanja. Cilj rada Cilj ovog rada je bio da se histološki ispita efekat gleđnog emdogaina na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijetnamske svinje (Sus scrofa domesticus). Metode rada Istraživanje je urađeno na 20 zuba vijetnamske svinje. Na vestibularnim površinama sekutića, očnjaka i prvih premolara urađene su preparacije kaviteta V klase s eksponiranjem komora pulpe. U eksperimentalnoj grupi perforacija je prekrivana proizvodom Emdogain® (Straumann, Bazel, Švajcarska), a u kontrolnoj sa MTA® (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Džonson Siti, Tenesi, SAD). Svi kaviteti su restaurirani glasjonomer-cementom (GC Fuji VIII, GC Corporation, Tokio, Japan). Period posmatranja trajao je 28 dana, a nakon žrtvovanja životinja, napravljeni su histološki preparati na kojima su analizirani postojanje dentinskog mostića, zapaljenjska reakcija pulpe, reorganizacija pulpnog tkiva i postojanje bakterija. Rezultati Na svim zubima eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe uočeno je stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Upala pulpe je bila blaga do umerena i u eksperimentalnoj i u kontrolnoj grupi. Uočeni su znaci neoangiogeneze i mnoštvo ćelija sličnih odontoblastima koje su odgovorne za stvaranje dentinskog mostića. Nekroza nije zabeležena ni u jednom slučaju, kao ni prisustvo bakterija u pulpi. Zaključak Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte emdogaina u direktnom prekrivanju pulpe zuba vijetnamskih svinja. Reakcija pulpe bila je slična onima koje je izazvao MTA.

Aim To analyse phenotypic characteristics of antigen-presenting cells (APC), isolated from human periapical lesions by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Methodology Sixteen periapical lesions were digested for 15 min with 0.05% collagenase. Mononuclear cells, separated from other inflammatory cells by density centrifugation, were processed for flow cytometry and/or immunocytochemistry. Single and double immunostainings were performed using monoclonal antibodies specific for human CD45, CD3, CD19, CD14, HLA-DR, CD1a, CD83 and CD123. Results Antigen-presenting cells (HLA-DR+ cells) represented 32.9 +/- 17.8% of total mononuclear cells. Amongst them, B cells (HLA-DR+ CD19(+)) were the predominant APC population, followed by activated macrophages (HLA-DR+ CD14(+)), dendritic cells (DC) (HLA-DR+ CD14(-) CD19(-) CD3(-)) and activated T cells (HLA-DR+ CD3(+)). Based on the predominance of T cells (CD3(+)) or B cells and plasma cells (CD19(+) and CD19(lo), respectively) amongst mononuclear cell infiltrates, lesions were divided into T- and B-types. The percentage of DC in T-type lesions (27.1 +/- 6.8% of total HLA-DR+ cells) was higher, compared with B-type lesions (10.3 +/- 5.2%) (P lt 0.01). Within the DC population, the percentages of CD1a (Langerhans cell type) and CD123 (probably plasmacytoid DC type) did not differ significantly between the groups (P gt 0.05). However, the percentage of mature DC (CD83(+)) was significantly higher in T-type periapical lesions (P lt 0.05). Conclusion Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry are suitable methods for phenotypic analysis of APC after their isolation from human periapical lesions. APC, that were phenotypically heterogeneous, constituted a significant component of infiltrating cells. Lesions with the predominance of T cells were characterized by a higher proportion of mature DC (HLA-DR(+)CD83(+) cells) than lesions with predominance of B cells/plasma cells.

Background. Different materials are used to prevent the resorption of alveolar bone. The aim of this report was to show the radiographical and histological results prior to implant insertion, when a deproteinized bovine bone mineral (BioOss) and calcium-sulphate were placed into the extraction socket immediately after the tooth removal. Case report. A 22-year-old woman was scheduled for the removal of the second lower molar when the extraction socket was filled with BioOss covered with calcium-sulphate as a resorbable membrane. Primary closure of the surgical site was performed. Radiography was done 4 and 12 months later. One year after the surgery, when the implant was inserted, a biopsy of the new regenerated bone was obtained for the histological evaluation. The lamellar bone was evident using both materials. The resorption of BioOss was slow and the connective tissue was observed. Conclusion. Both materials had biocompatible and oseoconductive properties. One year after the grafting procedure, we observed the lamellar bone and partial resorption of BioOss, while calciumsulphate showed no significant effect as a resorbable membrane., Uvod. Primenom različitih materijala sprečava se resorpcija koštanog tkiva na mestu izvađenog zuba. Cilj rada je bio da se prikažu rezultati radiografske i histološke analize posle kombinovane primene deproteinizovane goveđe kosti (BioOss) i kalcijum-sulfata postavljenih u alveolu neposredno posle vađenja zuba, a radi planirane ugradnje endosealnog implantata. Prikaz bolesnika. Posle vađenja donjeg drugog molara, kod bolesnice stare 22 godine, u alveolu je postavljen BioOss prekriven kalcijum-sulfatom u funkciji resorptivne membrane. Operativna regija je primarno ušivena. Kontrolni radiografski snimci urađeni su posle četvrtog i dvanaestog meseca. Godinu dana kasnije, neposredno pre ugradnje implantata, uzet je isečak novoformiranog koštanog tkiva za histološku analizu. Uočeno je stvaranje zrele lamelarne kosti, pri čemu je resorpcija BioOss bila usporena. Takođe, uočeno je i prisustvo vezivnog tkiva. Zaključak. Oba materijala su pokazala biokompatibilnost i oseokonduktivni efekat, stvaranje lamelarne kosti i delimičnu resorpciju BioOss-a godinu dana posle njihove primene. Prisutno vezivno tkivo je pokazalo da kalcijum-sulfat nije ispunio u potpunosti zahteve resorptivne membrane.

AimTo evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo inflammatory response to new nanostructural materials based on active calcium silicate systems (CS) and hydroxyapatite (HA-CS). MethodologyCytotoxicity of eluates of new nanostructural noncommercial materials CS and HA-CS, and MTA (White MTA, Angelus((R)) Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, Brazil) as a control, were tested using the MTT assay on MRC-5 cells. Eluates of set materials were tested in 100% and 50% concentrations, 24h, 7days and 21days post-elution. The pH values were determined for undiluted eluates of set materials. Polyethylene tubes containing the test materials (CS, HA-CS, MTA) were implanted in subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats. Histopathological examinations were conducted at 7, 15, 30 and 60days after the implantation. Data were statistically analyzed using three-way and one-way anova Tukey's post hoc test as well as Kruskall-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test at =0.05. ResultsAll materials significantly reduced cell viability; especially when undiluted eluates were used (P lt 0.001). After 24h elution, cell viability was 101.8%, 49.5 +/- 4.2% and 61 +/- 7.4%, for MTA, and HA-CS, respectively. However, CS and HA-CS were significantly less toxic than the control material MTA (P lt 0.05). Cytotoxicity could be at least partially attributed to pH kinetics over time. Dilution of eluates of all tested materials resulted in better cell survival. Histopathological examination indicated similar inflammatory reaction, vascular congestion and connective tissue integrity associated with CS, HA-CS and MTA at each observation period (P>0.05). The only significant difference was found for capsule thickness, that is thicker capsule was associated with HA-CS compared to MTA at 60days (P=0.0039). HA-CS induced moderately thick capsules (median score 3, score range 2-3), whereas MTA resulted in thin capsule formation (median score 2, score range 1-3). ConclusionsEvaluation of cytotoxicity and inflammatory response indicated better biocompatibility of CS and HA-CS, in comparison with MTA (White MTA, Angelus((R)) Solucoes Odontologicas, Londrina, Brazil)., Peer-reviewed manuscript: [http://smile.stomf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2518]

For deterrence to work, a potential attacker needs to perceive the deterrer's threats as capable and credible for retaliation. The issue of relative capabilities has been extensively analyzed, yet the core problem concerns credible intentions. The strategic literature is largely influenced by commitment theory prescribing various “manipulation of risk” strategies intended to enhance threat credibility. A few analysts, however, challenge this view and recognize the importance of “intrinsic interests” in the issues at stake (i.e., inherent credibility), which can limit the effectiveness of costly signals. These two alternative views are quantitatively tested in the cases of major-powers deterrence from 1895 to 1985. A new measure of the observable category of inherent credibility is also introduced, consisting of the regional interests of major powers in the area of dispute. The results indicate strong and significant effects of regional interests on both the onset and outcomes of extended-immediate deterrence, thus suggesting relevant theoretical and policy implications.

Three critical issues involved in quantitative analysis of deterrence are addressed: the criteria for identifying deterrence cases, the problem of selection bias, and understanding the nature of deterrence outcomes. The criteria for establishing the presence of immediate deterrent threats are refined to allow for a more robust selection of cases, and deterrence outcomes are revised to include compromise as a midpoint between success and failure. A new data set of extended-immediate deterrence for the 1895-1985 period is presented and compared to previous data sets. Hypotheses about the effects of relative power and alliances on deterrence outcomes are developed to rectify the problem of selection bias due to unobservable prior beliefs. Alliances are shown to be a more reliable predictor of behavior than previously assumed. The results support theoretical expectations about the consequences of selection bias that more powerful states are less likely to acquiesce. The inclusion of compromise proves significant because only this outcome is strongly associated with the balance of power.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Biodentine® and two new nanostructured materials based on active silicate cements on exposed tooth pulp of Vietnamese pigs. The study comprised 40 teeth in two Vietnamese pigs (24 months old). After class V cavity preparation, the pulp on each tooth was exposed using a small round bur. The following materials were applied on pulp exposures: Biodentine® (10 teeth), ALBO MPCA-I (10 teeth), and aLbO MPCA-II (10 teeth). In the control group, exposed pulp was covered with ProRoot MTA® (10 teeth). After the observation period of 28 days, the animals were sacrificed and the teeth prepared for histological analysis. Light microscope was used for the analysis of dentin bridge formation, tissue reorganization and inflammation, and the presence of bacteria in the pulp. In the group of Biodentine®, a complete dentin bridge was noted in 3 cases, while incomplete dentin bridge in the form of dental islets was detected in 4 cases. Nanostructured material ALBO-MPCA I provided complete dentin bridge formation in 5 teeth, in 3 teeth the formed dentin bridge was incomplete. ALBO MPCA-II showed complete closure of the pulp opening by dentin bridge in 4 samples, while in the same number of teeth it was incomplete. In the control group, 4 teeth showed a complete dentin bridge, whereas in 6 teeth it was incomplete. Histological analysis indicated favourable therapeutic effects of Biodentine® and the two materials ALBO-MPCA I and ALBO-MPCA II after teeth pulp capping in Vietnamese pigs. Pulp reaction was similar to that caused by ProRoot MTA®. Cilj ovog rada je bio dase ispita efekat Biodentina i dva nova nanostrukturna materijala na bazi aktivnih cilikatnih cemenata na eksponiranu pulpu zuba vijentamskih svinja. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 40 zuba i dve vijetnamske svinje starosti 24 meseca. Na svima zubima je urađena preparacije kaviteta V klase i malim okruglim svrdlom eksponirana komora pulpe. Na perforaciju pulpe aplikovani su materijali: Biodentin (10 zuba), ALBO-MPCA I (10 zuba), ALBO-MPCA II (10 zuba). U kontrolnoj grupi pulpa je prekrivena MTA-om (10 zuba). Nakon observacionog perioda od 28 dana, životinje su žrtvovane i pripremljene za histološku analizu. Svetlosnom mikroskopijom analizirano je formiranje dentinskog mostića, postojanje reorganizacije tkiva, prisustvo inflamacije i bakterija u pulpi. Kod Biodentina kompletan dentinski mostić je zabeležen u 3 slučaja, a inkompletan dentinski mostić u vidu dentinskih ostrvaca u 4 slučaja. Nanostrukturni materijal ALBO-MPCA I je doveo do stvaranja kompletnog dentinskog mostića kod 5 zuba, a kod 3 zuba dentinski mostić je bio inkompletan. ALBO-MPCA II je pokazao kompletno zatvaranje komore pulpe dentinskim mostićem u 4 uzorka, dok je kod 4 uzorka on bio inkompletan. Kontrolni materijal MTA je kod 4 zuba imao stvoren kompletan dentinski mosti}, a u kod 6 zuba je on bio inkompletan. Histološka analiza je ukazala na povoljne terapijske efekte i Biodentina i dva novosintetisana materijala ALBO-MPCA I i ALBO-MPCA II u direktnom prekrivanju pulpezuba vijentamskih svinja. Reakcija pulpe bilaje slična onima koje je izazvao MTA.

Several strands of research on deterrence and crisis behavior were developed within different disciplinary, intellectual, and methodological traditions. Although sometimes coexisting as separate subfields, these studies share a common focus on coercive bargaining in international crises. To draw a common thread between two main subfields, strategic studies on deterrence on one hand and general literature on military crises on the other, both similarities and distinctions in their central concepts are delineated. Four general periods (“waves”) are also briefly outlined in the progression of this research area since World War II, each dominated by a distinct paradigmatic tradition. The main attention then turns to arguments about the causal conditions and mechanisms through which deterrence and crisis bargaining succeeds or fails. Since deterrence requires both capable and credible threats to work, divergent explanatory frameworks are discussed for each of these two requirements. Besides theoretical debates, there are also methodological controversies and measurement issues, which are introduced along with the major data collections that have been developed only recently in this area. In conclusion, several research paths are identified and discussed that have great promise for future advancements in the study of conflict and deterrence.

Background/Aim. It has been demonstrated that lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and neutrophil granulocytes represent the predominant cells of the inflammatory lesion of the dental granulomas. Other cells, such as mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells comprise minor, but functionally important cell populations. Most of the data considering cells that take part in these processes have been derived from immunohistological studies. This study was undertaken with the aim to determine the phenotype profile of inflammatory cells of dental granulomas using immunohistochemical method in order to study the differences of their quantitative properties and distribution between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions. Methods. The material for the analysis originated from 42 individuals with clinic and radiographic diagnosis of chronic periapical lesions. The tissue was take either during the periradicular surgery, or tooth extraction. Cryostat tissue sections were stained using the alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase assay (APAAP). This method is highly valid and sensitive using a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD38, CD14, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD45 and CD123. Results. The composition of the cell population revealed that there was no homogenous and site-specific pattern of the distribution of inflammatory cells. The results of our investigation revealed that the majority of inflammatory cells comprised lymphocytes and plasma cells, followed by subpopulations CD4+, CD8+ and CD14+ cells. Much lower in number were CD80+, CD86+ and CD83+ and CD1a+ cells. There were no statistically significant differences in mean values of inflammatory cells number between symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions, with the exception of CD86+ cells, the number of which was statistically higher in symptomatic lesions. Conclusion. Inflammatory infiltrate cells in dental granulomas are dominated by T- and Blymphocytes. It points out the complexity of immunopathogenic events in imitiating and progressing of dental granulomas that involve mechanisms of both cellular and humoral immunity. Regarding the quantitative presence of immunocompetent cells in symptomatic and asymptomatic lesions no statistically significant difference was determined unless in mature dendritic cells present in symptomatic lesions., Uvod/Cilj. Rezultati ranijih imunohistohemijskih studija pokazali su da su najbrojnije ćelije u hroničnim periapeksnim lezijama limfociti, plazmociti, makrofagi i neutrofilni granulociti, dok ostale ćelije, pre svega mastociti, eozinofilni granulociti i dendritske ćelije predstavljaju manje, ali funkcionalno značajne ćelijske populacije. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se korišćenjem relevantne imunohistohemijske metode determiniše fenotipski profil ćelija zapaljenskog infiltrata dentalnih granuloma, kao i da se odrede razlike u kvantitativnim odnosima i distribuciji ćelija između simptomatskih i asimptomatskih hroničnih periapeksnih lezija. Metode. Materijal za analizu dobijen je od 42 bolesnika sa kliničkom i radiografskom dijagnozom hronične periapeksne lezije. Tkivo je uzeto tokom periradikulne hirurške intervencije ili ekstrakcije zuba. Metoda primenjena na smrznutim isečcima bila je alkalna fosfatazaantialkalna fosfataza (APAAP). Korišćen je panel monoklonskih antitela: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD38, CD14, CD1a, CD83, CD80, CD86, CD45 i CD123. Rezultati. Rezultati analize pokazali su da nije postojalo homogeno područje zapaljenja, predodređeno da bude infiltrisano određenim tipom zapaljenskih ćelija. Utvrdili smo da su najbrojnije ćelije zapaljenskog infiltrata bili limfociti i plazmociti, zatim CD4+, CD8+ i CD14+, dok je broj CD80+, CD86+ i CD83+ i CD1a+ ćelija bio znatno manji. Srednje vrednosti broja zapaljenskih ćelija nisu pokazivale statistički značajne razlike između grupe simptomatskih i asimptomatskih periapeksnih lezija, osim CD86+ ćelija, čiji je broj bio statistički značajno veći u grupi simptomatskih lezija. Zaključak. Među ćelijama zapaljenskog infiltrata u dentalnim granulomima dominiraju T i B limfociti. To ukazuje na kompleksnost imunopatogenetskih zbivanja u inicijalnoj fazi i progresiji dentalnih granuloma u koje su uključeni mehanizmi celularnog i humoralnog imuniteta. U pogledu kvantitativne zastupljenosti imunokompetentnih ćelija u simptomatskim i asimptomatskim lezijama nije ustanovljena statistički značajna razlika, osim u pogledu zrelih dendritskih ćelija koje su bile zastupljenije kod simptomatskih lezija.

Deterring International Terrorism and Rogue States: U.S. National Security Policy after 9/11. By James H. Lebovic. New York: Routledge, 2007. 240p. 37.95 paper.Recent literature on terrorism and so-called “rogue” proliferation states is vast, and James Lebovic's book stands out among the very finest for its original arguments, richly documented presentation, and engaging and thought-provoking discussion. Overall, it is critical of the post-9/11 view dominant in U.S. strategic thinking that the main adversaries are undeterrable. It shows that terrorists and leaders of renegade regimes are neither mindless nor irrational, but rather are often sensitive to the costs of punishment and thus susceptible to the logic of deterrence. Deterrence doctrines should therefore not be abandoned as Cold War relics, and the book makes a remarkable contribution toward bridging the doctrinal issues and debates from the Cold War (nuclear deterrence) past to the current problems of antiproliferation and counterterrorism.

It is commonly assumed that the validity of any theory should be judged against some or all of the following requirements and evaluating criteria: (1) descriptive accuracy; (2) internal logical coherence; and (3) predictive accuracy. In the rational-cognitive debate in international relations, cognitive psychologists tend to stress the importance of descriptive accuracy, while rational choice theorists emphasize the internal logical coherence and high predictive power. These different views correspond to the commonly shared beliefs about the relative performance of the two approaches. It is generally believed that cognitive approaches outperform rational choice in their empirical descriptions, while the rational choice theory tends to be more successful in meeting the other two requirements.