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2. Institution, contraintes structurelles et développement durable : l'éclairage d'une étude sur la croissance économique belge de 1944 à 1990

Author

UCL - ESPO/ECON - Département des sciences économiques, VUB - Vesalius College, Cassiers, Isabelle, De Villé, Philippe, Solar, Peter, Croissance, répartition, environnement : quelles régulations pour un développement durable : 11e congrès des économiqtes belges de langue française, UCL - ESPO/ECON - Département des sciences économiques, VUB - Vesalius College, Cassiers, Isabelle, De Villé, Philippe, Solar, Peter, and Croissance, répartition, environnement : quelles régulations pour un développement durable : 11e congrès des économiqtes belges de langue française

Published
1994

3. Economic Growth in Post-War Belgium

Author

UCL - ESPO/ECON - Département des sciences économiques, VUB - Vesalius College, Cassiers, Isabelle, De Villé, Philippe, Solar, Peter, UCL - ESPO/ECON - Département des sciences économiques, VUB - Vesalius College, Cassiers, Isabelle, De Villé, Philippe, and Solar, Peter

Abstract

The growth of the Belgian economy since 1945 is surveyed with emphasis on the distinction between open and sheltered sectors. Relatively slow growth to around 1960 is explained by a move away from traditionally liberal industrial policies that began in the crisis of the 1930s, by the squeeze on open sector firms' profits in the 1950s that arose from the conjunction of social pressures for higher wages and deflationary monetary policy, and by weaknesses in innovation and new product development attributable to the system of corporate control. The subsequent acceleration in growth resulted from increased internal competition and greater technological and organizational transfers, both associated with membership of the European Community and substantial foreign direct investment. From the mid-1970s productivity growth in the open sector remained high but its overall growth has been hindered by cost increases resulting from an increasingly dysfunctional system of wage and income determination and from the deterioration of public finances

Published
1994

4. Votes, Vetoes, Values: Foreign Interference, QMV and EU Foreign Policy in a Competitive Age

Author

Fiott, Daniel, Tercovich, Giulia, Brussels School of Governance, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Foreign Interference, QMV, CFSP
Abstract

In early May 2023, a group of nine European Union countries called for reform of the way the Union takes decisions in its foreign and security policy. Traditionally a field where consensus and unanimity are the norm, pleas in favour of Qualified Majority Voting – where a single state will no longer be able to vote down decisions desired by a majority of states – are not new, but they are growing. Russia’s war on Ukraine and cases where vetoes have been exercised have led to calls for decision-making reform. There are many reasons to support Qualified Majority Voting, but there are compelling arguments in favour of maintaining the status quo. This Policy Brief looks at the pros and cons of Qualified Majority Voting from the perspective of foreign interference. It argues that the need to counter foreign interference might be the most compelling argument in favour of decision-making reform.

Published
2023

5. Normfare: norm entrepreneurship in internet governance

Author

Roxana Radu, Matthias C. Kettemann, Jamal Shahin, Trisha Meyer, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Communication Sciences, Vesalius College, Political Science, and ARTES (FGw)

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Entrepreneurship, Civil society, Restructuring, Standard-making bodies, Library and Information Sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Management Information Systems, Internet governance, Norm entrepreneurship, Political science, 0502 economics and business, Agency (sociology), Norm contestation, 050207 economics, Norm (philosophy), business.industry, internet governance, Communication, 05 social sciences, international relations, Public relations, Platform Governance, Legitimation, The Internet, business, 050203 business & management, Information Systems
Abstract

This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.This special issue is the first to systematically address the activity we call “normfare” - the assiduous development of norms of very different character (public and private, formal and informal, technically mediated and directly implemented) by different actors (platforms, standard-setters, states) as an answer to the wide range of challenges facing internet governance. We bring together contributions from leading anthropologists, technologists, political scientists, legal and communication scholars exploring how norms underpin the new ordering of the internet, whether in explicit or implicit forms. Through various theoretical lenses, contributions analyze the impact of platforms, states, civil society, expert groups and key individuals on restructuring the normative order of the internet, and present empirical evidence for instances of norm creation, legitimation, contestation and opposition. Valuable new insights for norm development processes come from case studies, ethnographies, legal and discourse analysis and interdisciplinary approaches locating agency and power plays. In this introduction, we define the key concepts applicable to norm entrepreneurship and discuss their interplay in internet governance debates, followed by an overview of the articles included in the special issue. In the final section, we reflect on the implications of our new research agenda.

Published
2023

6. Narratives and Interests: the EU’s Position on Taiwan Before and After the War on Ukraine

Author

Tercovich, Giulia, Brussels School of Governance, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Europe, narratives, Taiwan, EU
Abstract

This Policy Brief examines the evolving perception and discourse of the European Union (EU) regarding Taiwan, particularly in light of the EU's response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. The Brief analyses the factors that have contributed to a shift in Europe's stance on Taiwan, including deteriorating EU-China relations and the ripple effects of the Ukraine conflict. It highlights the EU's cautious and pragmatic approach to China, maintaining its "One China" policy while increasingly recognising Taiwan's geoeconomic and strategic importance. The Brief discusses the EU's narrative based on economic and value-based interests. It explores the implications of this evolving stance, including its potential inconsistencies and challenges, and discusses its implications for any EU role in a Taiwan contingency. Finally, the Brief suggests that the EU should focus on preventing a crisis and reinforcing its strategic signalling to China, while coordinating its response with like-minded partners in the international community.

Published
2023

7. Can the use of minipublics backfire? Examining how policy adoption shapes the effect of minipublics on political support among the general public

Author

LISA VAN DIJK, JONAS LEFEVERE, Brussels School of Governance, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Political Science, PARTICIPATION, VOICE, Social Sciences, MINI-PUBLICS, DEMOCRACY, political decision making, PROCEDURAL JUSTICE, Government & Law, LEGITIMACY, survey experiment, TRUST, deliberative minipublics, political support, procedural fairness theory
Abstract

Academics and practitioners are increasingly interested in deliberative minipublics and whether these can address widespread dissatisfaction with contemporary politics. While optimism seems to prevail, there is also talk that the use of minipublics may backfire. When the government disregards a minipublic's recommendations, this could lead to more dissatisfaction than not asking for its advice in the first place. Using an online survey experiment in Belgium (n = 3,102), we find that, compared to a representative decision-making process, a minipublic tends to bring about higher political support when its recommendations are fully adopted by the government, whereas it generates lower political support when its recommendations are not adopted. This study presents novel insights into whether and when the use of minipublics may alleviate or aggravate political dissatisfaction among the public at large. ispartof: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL RESEARCH vol:62 issue:1 pages:135-155 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: accepted

Published
2022
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8. Politicisation of migration issues during the refugee crisis in the UK and Denmark

Author

Sevgi Temizisler, Trisha Meyer, Jamal Shahin, Political Science, Brussels School of Governance, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Cultural Studies, Sociology and Political Science, Political Science and International Relations, EU, politicisation, Migration
Abstract

This article addresses the patterns of politicisation of migration and its implications for European integration, investigating the refugee crisis that coincided with the EU referendums in the UK and Denmark. In this framework, we distinguish three patterns of politicisation -domestic, international, and remote conflict- in which various actors form coalitions, address or target each other while debating migration issues. Empirical results from the claims-making analysis demonstrated that migration issues were exceptionally politicised during the refugee crisis contributing to disintegration and opt-out outcomes in the UK and Denmark. Also, we observed that migration issues were mostly debated as an international conflict between domestic publics and ‘others’ with strong linkages to the EU.

Published
2022
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9. Who is susceptible to (political) disinformation? Evidence from Flanders, Belgium

Author

Lefevere, Jonas, Meyer, Trisha, Brussels School of Governance, Vesalius College, and Communication Sciences

Abstract

Which citizens are most susceptible to disinformation that is spread online? In this report, we investigate patterns of susceptibility to disinformation, defined here as a combination of exposure to, and belief in, disinformation. We present survey evidence gathered amongst citizens living in the region of Flanders, which is the largest region of Belgium. First, we consider to what extent citizens’ socio-demographic characteristics and socio-political attitudes help us understand which citizens are more (or less) likely to get exposed to, and believe, false claims. In other words: which citizens encounter disinformation, and/or accept it as truth? Second, we zoom in on the effect of exposure to disinformation online: to what extent does exposure to disinformation online lead citizens to increasingly believe these false claims? Our findings indicate that especially citizens who get their information through online channels such as news aggregators tend to have both higher exposure to, and belief in, disinformation. Relatedly, younger citizens tend to attribute greater credibility to disinformation, as do citizens that self-position on the right of the political spectrum. We also find strong evidence that those citizens who believe general conspiracy theories, have a high propensity to also accept specific disinformation campaigns. Moreover, our experimental evidence finds that exposure to social media messages containing disinformation increases citizens’ belief in the disinformation, which is worrisome. We also demonstrate that warning messages implemented by social media platforms only partially mitigate the impact of disinformation campaigns.

Published
2022

10. When politicians spread disinformation on social media, do citizens believe it? Evidence from two experiments

Author

Lefevere, Jonas, Meyer, Trisha, Brussels School of Governance, Vesalius College, and Communication Sciences

Abstract

What happens when politicians spread disinformation online? We investigate whether citizens, when exposed to a politician’s tweet containing disinformation, update their belief in the false claim. In line with prior work, we hypothesize that exposure increases citizens’ belief, but that the effect is contingent on (1) citizens’ prior exposure to the belief: exposure causes belief to increase more if citizens had previously encountered the false claim (2) citizens’ evaluation of the politician: citizens are more likely to accept disinformation if they evaluate the politician more positively (3) the presence or absence of a warning message. Given that social media platforms such as Twitter have begun implementing warnings on posts with contested or false claims, we expect that such warnings decrease the impact of exposure on disinformation belief. We present novel data stemming from two online, survey-embedded experiments in Flanders (Belgium). Experiment 1 used a large non-representative sample (N=1,460) whereas Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment on a smaller, representative sample (N=805). Both experiments exposed participants to a tweet containing disinformation on COVID-19, systematically varying the politician (a left-leaning politician, a centre politician, or a right-leaning politician) and the presence or absence of a warning message. Using a panel design in both experiments, we examine the change in participants’ belief in disinformation pre and post exposure. Results indicate that citizens’ belief in the disinformation increased after exposure. Contrary to our expectation, prior exposure decreased post-exposure belief, suggesting a reversal of the truth effect. In line with expectations, we find that the evaluation of the source moderates the effect of exposure. Finally, we find that warnings are somewhat effective in reducing the effect of exposure, but that they are nowhere near able to offset the increase in disinformation belief caused by exposure.

Published
2022

13. The post-Lisbon high representatives: an introduction

Author

Caterina Carta, Giulia Tercovich, Maria Giulia Amadio Viceré, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Governance, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Corporate governance, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Public administration, EU, High Representative, European foreign policy, Agency, 0506 political science, Consistency (negotiation), Action (philosophy), Political science, Political Science and International Relations, Agency (sociology), 050602 political science & public administration, Treaty
Abstract

Published online: 27 August 2020 The Lisbon Treaty recently celebrated its 10th anniversary. The 2009 legal text was an attempt to enhance the unity, consistency and effectiveness of the EU’s action in an increasingly volatile world. And yet, the post-Lisbon time period has been characterised by multiple crises coming from the West, the East, the South, and even from within the EU. Against this backdrop, our Special Issue makes a systematic assessment of the EU’s foreign policy post-Lisbon and of its evolution by focusing on the role of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (HR/VP). Assessing the post-Lisbon HR/VPs provides important insights on EU foreign policy processes over the past decade. In this introduction, we discuss the three research questions that guide our collection of articles, as well as our theoretical and empirical contribution to existing scholarly literature.

Published
2020
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15. Who Do You Think We Are? Recommendations to Improve our Knowledge of the Composition of Multistakeholder Participation at the IGF

Author

Tjahja, Nadia, Shahin, Jamal, Meyer, Trisha, Political Science, Brussels School of Governance, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Abstract

This Policy Brief draws on the public IGF participation lists from 2006 to 2019 in which we analysed how individual participants chose to identify their stakeholder categories. We subsequently analyse the data to address the following questions: 1. How have stakeholders identified themselves in comparison to their allocation in the internet governance stakeholder framework, and where do the discrepancies lie? 2. Have individuals maintained their roles during different editions of the IGF? 3. Have stakeholders moved between stakeholder groups? Addressing these questions will give us the means to open up a space for critical reflection on the multistakeholder model at the IGF.

Published
2022

16. The effect of disinformation about COVID-19 on consumer confidence: Insights from a survey experiment

Author

Pieter Balcaen, Caroline Buts, Cind Du Bois, Olesya Tkacheva, Applied Economics, Brussels Center for Competition Policy, Brussels School of Governance, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, General Social Sciences, Disinformation, Applied Psychology
Abstract

Although the COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an infodemic about the origin of the virus and effectiveness of vaccines, little is known about the causal effect of this disinformation on the economy. This article fills in this void by examining the effects of disinformation about COVID-19 vaccines on consumer confidence by means of an original survey experiment in Dutch speaking communities of Belgium. Our findings show that the information set that impacts consumer confidence is much broader than previously assumed. We show that disinformation changes the perception of the effectiveness of vaccines which in turn indirectly impacts the future economic outlook, measured by the metric consumer confidence. Moreover, we find that the above effects are larger for respondents exposed to disinformation that is framed as containing 'scientific evidence' compared to 'conspiracy frames'.

Published
2023
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17. A Reputation versus Prioritization Trade-Off

Author

Tongfi Kim, Luis Simón, Brussels School of Governance, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Sociology and Political Science, Political Science and International Relations
Abstract

Under what circumstances is a protégé likely to perceive its patron’s extended deterrence commitments in another region as positive or negative for its own security? Protégés from distant regions see complementary reputational links between the credibility of a patron’s extended deterrence commitments in each other’s region. However, they are in a competitive relationship when it comes to the allocation of the patron’s resources. We call this the reputation versus prioritization trade-off. We argue that whether protégés assign more importance to their patron’s reputation or to being prioritized by said patron is a function of their dynamic perceptions of their regional security environment. These are, in turn, determined by their perception of their patron’s resource constraints and the threat posed by an adversary. To test our argument, we examine how Japan has perceived America’s evolving security commitment in Europe and how Poland has perceived the evolving US commitment in Asia.

Published
2021

19. A coregulation model to advance the standards. Introduction

Author

Marsden, Chris, Meyer, Trisha, Faesen, Louk, Klimburg, Alexander, van Hoeve, Simon, Sweijs, Tim, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Subjects
co-regulation, platform regulation, Disinformation, European Union, Social media governance
Published
2021

22. Digital media and perceptions of the United States among the Russian elite, 2004–2016

Author

Olesya Tkacheva, Institute for European Studies, and Vesalius College

Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Economics and Econometrics, Sociology and Political Science, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Media studies, 02 engineering and technology, 0506 political science, Digital media, Foreign policy, Perception, Political science, Political Science and International Relations, Elite, 050602 political science & public administration, Anti-Americanism, Social media, business, media_common
Abstract

This paper seeks to explain why Russian elites’ exposure to online media for their news contributed to stronger pro-American attitudes than reliance on traditional media. Two causal mechanisms are tested using a repeated cross-section of elite surveys. One operates at the level of attitudes and is suggested by the field of political communication; the other emerges from the literature on cognitive psychology and operates at the level of beliefs by providing a cognitive map through which individuals process information and reach conclusions. I find that both mechanisms are relevant, with framing effects being particularly important to hardliners’ perceptions of security threats.

Published
2019
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24. What is civil society and who represents civil society at the IGF? An analysis of civil society typologies in Internet governance

Author

Jamal Shahin, Trisha Meyer, Nadia Tjahja, Political Science, Brussels School of Governance, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Communication Sciences, Vesalius College, and ARTES (FGw)

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Civil society, Entrepreneurship, representation, Public policy, Library and Information Sciences, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Public administration, Management Information Systems, Internet governance, Political science, 0502 economics and business, internet governance forum, 050207 economics, civil society, civil society frameworks, civil society framework, Norm (philosophy), Communication, 05 social sciences, Stakeholder, methodology, Global governance, Outreach, purpose-driven typology, 050203 business & management, Information Systems
Abstract

For 15 years, the UN-mandated Internet Governance Forum (IGF) has brought different stakeholder groups together to engage in debate and discussion on public policy issues relevant to Internet Governance, but who are the ‘civil society’ that is treated as one of the cornerstones of the IGF? This paper aims to provide two contributions to discussions on norm entrepreneurship in internet governance. First, it aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on multistakeholderism, notably by furthering debates on the role of civil society in institutions of global governance (in this instance, the IGF). Second, we aim to contribute to the debates on the future of the IGF(+), by digging into the civil society stakeholder group to try to understand who is actually present in the discussions. By creating a typology of the 2830 Civil Society Organisations that have participated in IGFs between 2006 and 2019, we provide nuance to the heterogeneity of civil society in Internet Governance debates. This exploratory study has shown that there is a hidden wealth available in the statistics of the IGF that can inform our policymaking capacity in terms of topics, representation but also providing access and ensuring outreach to specific communities.

Published
2021
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29. Tensions between Iran and South Korea

Author

Kim, Tongfi, Institute for European Studies, Political Science, and Vesalius College

Abstract

On 4 January 2021, less than a week before the scheduled visit of South Korea’s First Vice Foreign Minister Choi Jong-kun, Iran seized the South Korean chemical tanker Hankuk Chemi and its 20-member crew near the Strait of Hormuz between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. What is the political background to the new tensions?

Published
2021

33. Platform (un)accountability. Reviewing Platform Responses to the Global Disinfodemic One Year Onward

Author

Trisha Meyer, Alexandre Alaphilippe, Bayer, Judit, Holznagel, Bernd, Korpisaari, Päivi, Woods, Lorna, Brussels School of Governance, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Content Moderation, COVID-19, Platform Power, Public administration, US 2020 Elections, Political science, Accountability, Disinformation, media_common.cataloged_instance, European Union, European union, media_common
Published
2021
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34. Post-Brexit Leadership in European Finance

Author

Sven Van Kerckhoven, Institute for European Studies, Political Science, and Vesalius College

Subjects
National Economy, Volkswirtschaftstheorie, Public Administration, Sociology and Political Science, Economics, Brexit, European Union, Frankfurt, Paris, finance, political culture, political leadership, lcsh:Political science (General), Political science, 0502 economics and business, 050602 political science & public administration, ddc:330, media_common.cataloged_instance, 050207 economics, European union, lcsh:JA1-92, European Single Market, european union, media_common, Finance, business.industry, paris, Corporate governance, 05 social sciences, Financial market, Wirtschaft, 0506 political science, Financial transaction, Financial crisis, Position (finance), frankfurt, business, brexit
Abstract

Brexit has far-reaching consequences for Europe and the European single market for financial transactions. In particular in this field, the UK has had a strong influence in drafting European policies and legislation as the City of London has acted as the financial hub in Europe for several decades. As a result, the UK has spearheaded the call for more market friendly legislation with the support of some other EU member states. This went against the wishes of several other EU member states, where a stronger rule-based approach to financial markets was strongly preferred, in particular after the financial crisis clearly demonstrated weaknesses in the macroeconomic oversight of European financial markets. With the UK leaving, the call for more stringent legislation will gain momentum as the political leadership among the remaining 27 EU member states will shift and might be looking to curtail the long-standing dominant position of the UK in the field of financial industries. In this light, several leaders of EU27 member states have already voiced their support for their nations’ financial hub to become the next City of London. This would lead to a substantial change in leadership in European finance post-Brexit. This contribution assesses the impact of Brexit on the changes in political leadership on the governance of European financial markets, as they might ultimately be reflected in the institutional outcomes and policies.

Published
2021

35. Power to the people? Evaluating the European Commission’s engagement efforts in EU copyright policy

Author

Agnieszka Vetulani-Cęgiel, Trisha Meyer, Institute for European Studies, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Subjects
better regulation, Sociology and Political Science, interest representation, online governance, Participatory democracy, Stakeholder engagement, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, Public administration, 050601 international relations, Power (social and political), Copyright policy, Political science, 050602 political science & public administration, media_common.cataloged_instance, European commission, European union, European Commission, Citizen engagement, Democratic legitimacy, media_common, 05 social sciences, copyright, Stakeholder, participatory democracy, 0506 political science, citizen engagement, Political Science and International Relations, Better Regulation, EU
Abstract

This paper asks to what extent the European Commission’s stakeholder participation model takes into account non-expert citizen contributions in policy processes pertaining to copyright. In theory, the increasing scale of citizen engagement in stakeholder consultations on copyright could help address the EU’s democratic deficit. The paper analyses the European Commission’s consultation processes in copyright policy across the Barroso 1&2 and Juncker Commissions (2004–2019). It documents the scale and the type of stakeholder involvement in public consultations. Through expert interviews and a survey, the paper gives critical insight into stakeholders’ perception of the Commission’s consultation practices and citizens’ role in policymaking. It concludes that the Commission is inclusive of different types of stakeholders, but casts doubt on the (perceived) motivation and appropriateness of its stakeholder participation model for non-expert citizens. The paper thus sheds light on the attempts and the struggle to engage with citizens in a digital age. 1. Polish National Science Centre (NCN) [DEC-2014/12/S/HS5/00006], 2. VUB Onderzoeksraad for the GREMLIN: Global and Regional Multistakeholder Institutions project [OZR/2016/381] in the context of support for the United Nations University in Bruges (2017–2022).

Published
2021

36. All-sky search for short gravitational-wave bursts in the third Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo run

Author

Abbott R.a, Abbott T.D.b, Acernese F.c, d, Ackley K.e, Adams C.f, Adhikari N.g, Adhikari R.X.a, Adya V.B.h, Affeldt C.i, j, Agarwal D.k, Agathos M.l, m, Agatsuma K.n, Aggarwal N.o, Aguiar O.D.p, Aiello L.q, Ain A.r, Ajith P.s, Akutsu T.t, u, Albanesi S.v, Allocca A.d, w, Altin P.A.h, Amato A.x, Anand C.e, Anand S.a, Ananyeva A.a, Anderson S.B.a, Anderson W.G.g, Ando M.y, z, Andrade T.aa, Andres N.ab, Andri? T.ac, Angelova S.V.ad, Ansoldi S.ae, Antelis J.M.ag, Antier S.ah, Appert S.a, Arai K.a, Arai K.ai, Arai Y.ai, Araki S.aj, Araya A.ak, Araya M.C.a, Areeda J.S.al, Arène M.ah, Aritomi N.y, Arnaud N.am, Aronson S.M.b, Arun K.G.ao, Asada H.ap, Asali Y.aq, Ashton G.e, Aso Y.ar, Assiduo M.at, Aston S.M.f, Astone P.av, Aubin F.ab, Austin C.b, Babak S.ah, Badaracco F.aw, Bader M.K.M.ax, Badger C.ay, Bae S.az, Bae Y.ba, Baer A.M.bb, Bagnasco S.v, Bai Y.a, Baiotti L.bc, Baird J.ah, Bajpai R.bd, Ball M.be, Ballardin G.an, Ballmer S.W.bf, Balsamo A.bb, Baltus G.bg, Banagiri S.bh, Bankar D.k, Barayoga J.C.a, Barbieri C.bi, Barish B.C.a, Barker D.bl, Barneo P.aa, Barone F.d, Barr B.bn, Barsotti L.bo, Barsuglia M.ah, Barta D.bp, Bartlett J.bl, Barton M.A.t, Bartos I.bq, Bassiri R.br, Basti A.r, Bawaj M.bt, Bayley J.C.bn, Baylor A.C.g, Bazzan M.bv, Bécsy B.bx, Bedakihale V.M.by, Bejger M.bz, Belahcene I.am, Benedetto V.ca, Beniwal D.cb, Bennett T.F.cc, Bentley J.D.n, Benyaala M.ad, Bergamin F.i, Berger B.K.br, Bernuzzi S.m, Berry C.P.L.o, Bersanetti D.cd, Bertolini A.ax, Betzwieser J.f, Beveridge D.ce, Bhandare R.cf, Bhardwaj U.ax, Bhattacharjee D.ch, Bhaumik S.bq, Bilenko I.A.ci, Billingsley G.a, Bini S.cj, Birney R.cl, Birnholtz O.cm, Biscans S.a, Bischi M.at, Biscoveanu S.bo, Bisht A.i, Biswas B.k, Bitossi M.r, Bizouard M.-A.cn, Blackburn J.K.a, Blair C.D.f, Blair D.G.ce, Blair R.M.bl, Bobba F.co, Bode N.i, Boer M.cn, Bogaert G.cn, Boldrini M.av, Bonavena L.D.bv, Bondu F.cr, Bonilla E.br, Bonnand R.ab, Booker P.i, Boom B.A.ax, Bork R.a, Boschi V.r, Bose N.cs, Bose S.k, Bossilkov V.ce, Boudart V.bg, Bouffanais Y.bv, Bozzi A.an, Bradaschia C.r, Brady P.R.g, Bramley A.f, Branch A.f, Branchesi M.ac, Brau J.E.be, Breschi M.m, Briant T.cu, Briggs J.H.bn, Brillet A.cn, Brinkmann M.i, Brockill P.g, Brooks A.F.a, Brooks J.an, Brown D.D.cb, Brunett S.a, Bruno G.aw, Bruntz R.bb, Bryant J.n, Bulik T.cv, Bulten H.J.ax, Buonanno A.cw, Buscicchio R.n, Buskulic D.ab, Buy C.cy, Byer R.L.br, Cadonati L.cz, Cagnoli G.x, Cahillane C.bl, Bustillo J.C.da, Callaghan J.D.bn, Callister T.A.dc, Calloni E.d, Cameron J.ce, Camp J.B.de, Canepa M.cd, Canevarolo S.dg, Cannavacciuolo M.co, Cannon K.C.dh, Cao H.cb, Cao Z.di, Capocasa E.t, Capote E.bf, Carapella G.co, Carbognani F.an, Carlin J.B.dj, Carney M.F.o, Carpinelli M.an, Carrillo G.be, Carullo G.r, Carver T.L.q, Diaz J.C.an, Casentini C.dm, Castaldi G.do, Caudill S.ax, Cavaglià M.ch, Cavalier F.am, Cavalieri R.an, Ceasar M.dp, Cella G.r, Cerdá-Durán P.dq, Cesarini E.dn, Chaibi W.cn, Chakravarti K.k, Subrahmanya S.C.dr, Champion E.ds, Chan C.-H.dt, Chan C.dh, Chan C.L.db, Chan K.db, Chan M.du, Chandra K.cs, Chanial P.an, Chao S.dt, Charlton P.dv, Chase E.A.o, Chassande-Mottin E.ah, Chatterjee C.ce, Chatterjee D.k, Chatterjee D.g, Chaturvedi M.cf, Chaty S.ah, Chatziioannou K.a, Chen C.dw, Chen H.Y.bo, Chen J.dt, Chen K.dy, Chen X.ce, Chen Y.-B.dz, Chen Y.-R.ea, Chen Z.q, Cheng H.bq, Cheong C.K.db, Cheung H.Y.db, Chia H.Y.bq, Chiadini F.cp, Chiang C.-Y.ec, Chiarini G.bw, Chierici R.ed, Chincarini A.cd, Chiofalo M.L.r, Chiummo A.an, Cho G.ee, Cho H.S.ef, Choudhary R.K.ce, Choudhary S.k, Christensen N.cn, Chu H.dy, Chu Q.ce, Chu Y.-K.ec, Chua S.h, Chung K.W.ay, Ciani G.bv, Ciecielag P.bz, Cie?lar M.bz, Cifaldi M.dm, Ciobanu A.A.cb, Ciolfi R.bw, Cipriano F.cn, Cirone A.cd, Clara F.bl, Clark E.N.eh, Clark J.A.a, Clarke L.ei, Clearwater P.ej, Clesse S.ek, Cleva F.cn, Coccia E.ac, Codazzo E.ac, Cohadon P.-F.cu, Cohen D.E.am, Cohen L.b, Colleoni M.el, Collette C.G.em, Colombo A.bi, Colpi M.bi, Compton C.M.bl, Constancio M., Jr.p, Conti L.bw, Cooper S.J.n, Corban P.f, Corbitt T.R.b, Cordero-Carrión I.en, Corezzi S.bt, Corley K.R.aq, Cornish N.bx, Corre D.am, Corsi A.eo, Cortese S.an, Costa C.A.p, Cotesta R.cx, Coughlin M.W.bh, Coulon J.-P.cn, Countryman S.T.aq, Cousins B.ep, Couvares P.a, Coward D.M.ce, Cowart M.J.f, Coyne D.C.a, Coyne R.eq, Creighton J.D.E.g, Creighton T.D.er, Criswell A.W.bh, Croquette M.cu, Crowder S.G.es, Cudell J.R.bg, Cullen T.J.b, Cumming A.bn, Cummings R.bn, Cunningham L.bn, Cuoco E.r, Cury?o M.cv, Dabadie P.x, Canton T.D.am, Dall'osso S.ac, Dálya G.eu, Dana A.br, Daneshgaranbajastani L.M.cc, D'Angelo B.cd, Danilishin S.ax, D'Antonio S.dn, Danzmann K.i, Darsow-Fromm C.dr, Dasgupta A.by, Datrier L.E.H.bn, Datta S.k, Dattilo V.an, Dave I.cf, Davier M.am, Davies G.S.ew, Davis D.a, Davis M.C.dp, Daw E.J.ex, Dean R.dp, Debra D.br, Deenadayalan M.k, Degallaix J.ey, De Laurentis M.d, Deléglise S.cu, Del Favero V.ds, De Lillo F.aw, De Lillo N.bn, Del Pozzo W.r, Demarchi L.M.o, De Matteis F.dm, D'Emilio V.q, Demos N.bo, Dent T.da, Depasse A.aw, De Pietri R.ez, De Rosa R.d, De Rossi C.an, Desalvo R.do, De Simone R.eb, Dhurandhar S.k, Díaz M.C.er, Diaz-Ortiz M., Jr.bq, Didio N.A.bf, Dietrich T.ax, Di Fiore L.d, Di Fronzo C.n, Di Giorgio C.co, Di Giovanni F.dq, Di Giovanni M.ac, Di Girolamo T.d, Di Lieto A.r, Ding B.em, Di Pace S.av, Di Palma I.av, Di Renzo F.r, Divakarla A.K.bq, Dmitriev A.n, Doctor Z.be, D'Onofrio L.d, Donovan F.bo, Dooley K.L.q, Doravari S.k, Dorrington I.q, Drago M.av, Driggers J.C.bl, Drori Y.a, Ducoin J.-G.am, Dupej P.bn, Durante O.co, D'Urso D.dk, Duverne P.-A.am, Dwyer S.E.bl, Eassa C.bl, Easter P.J.e, Ebersold M.fb, Eckhardt T.dr, Eddolls G.bn, Edelman B.be, Edo T.B.a, Edy O.ew, Effler A.f, Eguchi S.du, Eichholz J.h, Eikenberry S.S.bq, Eisenmann M.ab, Eisenstein R.A.bo, Ejlli A.q, Engelby E.al, Enomoto Y.y, Errico L.d, Essick R.C.fc, Estellés H.el, Estevez D.fd, Etienne Z.fe, Etzel T.a, Evans M.bo, Evans T.M.f, Ewing B.E.ep, Fafone V.ac, Fair H.bf, Fairhurst S.q, Farah A.M.fc, Farinon S.cd, Farr B.be, Farr W.M.dc, Farrow N.W.e, Fauchon-Jones E.J.q, Favaro G.bv, Favata M.ff, Fays M.bg, Fazio M.fg, Feicht J.a, Fejer M.M.br, Fenyvesi E.bp, Ferguson D.L.fi, Fernandez-Galiana A.bo, Ferrante I.r, Ferreira T.A.p, Fidecaro F.r, Figura P.cv, Fiori I.an, Fishbach M.o, Fisher R.P.bb, Fittipaldi R.cp, Fiumara V.cp, Flaminio R.t, Floden E.bh, Fong H.dh, Font J.A.dq, Fornal B.fm, Forsyth P.W.F.h, Franke A.dr, Frasca S.av, Frasconi F.r, Frederick C.fn, Freed J.P.ag, Frei Z.eu, Freise A.fo, Frey R.be, Fritschel P.bo, Frolov V.V.f, Fronzé G.G.v, Fujii Y.fp, Fujikawa Y.fq, Fukunaga M.ai, Fukushima M.u, Fulda P.bq, Fyffe M.f, Gabbard H.A.bn, Gadre B.U.cx, Gair J.R.cx, Gais J.db, Galaudage S.e, Gamba R.m, Ganapathy D.bo, Ganguly A.s, Gao D.fr, Gaonkar S.G.k, Garaventa B.cd, García-Núñez C.cl, García-Quirós C.el, Garufi F.d, Gateley B.bl, Gaudio S.ag, Gayathri V.bq, Ge G.-G.fr, Gemme G.cd, Gennai A.r, George J.cf, Gerberding O.dr, Gergely L.fs, Gewecke P.dr, Ghonge S.cz, Ghosh A.cx, Ghosh A.ft, Ghosh S.g, Ghosh S.q, Giacomazzo B.bi, Giacoppo L.av, Giaime J.A.b, f, Giardina K.D.f, Gibson D.R.cl, Gier C.ad, Giesler M.fu, Giri P.r, Gissi F.ca, Glanzer J.b, Gleckl A.E.al, Godwin P.ep, Goetz E.fv, Goetz R.bq, Gohlke N.i, Goncharov B.e, González G.b, Gopakumar A.fw, Gosselin M.an, Gouaty R.ab, Gould D.W.h, Grace B.h, Grado A.d, 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Heitmann H.cn, Hellman F.gj, Hello P.am, Helmling-Cornell A.F.be, Hemming G.an, Hendry M.bn, Heng I.S.bn, Hennes E.ax, Hennig J.gk, Hennig M.H.gk, Hernandez A.G.cc, Vivanco F.H.e, Heurs M.i, Hild S.ax, Hill P.ad, Himemoto Y.gl, Hines A.S.ga, Hiranuma Y.gm, Hirata N.t, Hirose E.ai, Hochheim S.i, Hofman D.ey, Hohmann J.N.dr, Holcomb D.G.dp, Holland N.A.h, Hollows I.J.ex, Holmes Z.J.cb, Holt K.f, Holz D.E.fc, Hong Z.gn, Hopkins P.q, Hough J.bn, Hourihane S.dz, Howell E.J.ce, Hoy C.G.q, Hoyland D.n, Hreibi A.i, Hsieh B.-H.ai, Hsu Y.dt, Huang G.-Z.gn, Huang H.-Y.ec, Huang P.fr, Huang Y.-C.ea, Huang Y.-J.ec, Huang Y.bo, Hübner M.T.e, Huddart A.D.ei, Hughey B.ag, Hui D.C.Y.go, Hui V.ab, Husa S.el, Huttner S.H.bn, Huxford R.ep, Huynh-Dinh T.f, Ide S.gp, Idzkowski B.cv, Iess A.dm, Ikenoue B.u, Imam S.gn, Inayoshi K.gq, Ingram C.cb, Inoue Y.dy, Ioka K.gr, Isi M.bo, Isleif K.dr, Ito K.gs, Itoh Y.gt, Iyer B.R.s, Izumi K.gv, Jaberianhamedan V.ce, Jacqmin T.cu, Jadhav S.J.gw, Jadhav S.P.k, James A.L.q, Jan A.Z.ds, Jani K.gx, Janquart J.ax, Janssens K.cn, Janthalur N.N.gw, Jaranowski P.gz, Jariwala D.bq, Jaume R.el, Jenkins A.C.ay, Jenner K.cb, Jeon C.ha, Jeunon M.bh, Jia W.bo, Jin H.-B.hb, Johns G.R.bb, Jones A.W.ce, Jones D.I.hd, Jones J.D.bl, Jones P.n, Jones R.bn, Jonker R.J.G.ax, Ju L.ce, Jung P.ba, Jung K.gb, Junker J.i, Juste V.fd, Kaihotsu K.gs, Kajita T.he, Kakizaki M.gg, Kalaghatgi C.V.q, Kalogera V.o, Kamai B.a, Kamiizumi M.gh, Kanda N.gt, Kandhasamy S.k, Kang G.hf, Kanner J.B.a, Kao Y.dt, Kapadia S.J.s, Kapasi D.P.h, Karat S.a, Karathanasis C.hg, Karki S.ch, Kashyap R.ep, Kasprzack M.a, Kastaun W.i, Katsanevas S.an, Katsavounidis E.bo, Katzman W.f, Kaur T.ce, Kawabe K.bl, Kawaguchi K.ai, Kawai N.hh, Kawasaki T.y, Kéfélian F.cn, Keitel D.el, Key J.S.hi, Khadka S.br, Khalili F.Y.ci, Khan S.q, Khazanov E.A.hj, Khetan N.ac, Khursheed M.cf, Kijbunchoo N.h, Kim C.hk, Kim J.C.hl, Kim J.hm, Kim K.hn, Kim W.S.ho, Kim Y.-M.hp, Kimball C.o, Kimura N.gc, Kinley-Hanlon M.bn, 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Kojima, Y, Kokeyama, K, Koley, S, Kolitsidou, P, Kolstein, M, Komori, K, Kondrashov, V, Kong, A, Kontos, A, Koper, N, Korobko, M, Kotake, K, Kovalam, M, Kozak, D, Kozakai, C, Kozu, R, Kringel, V, Krishnendu, N, Krolak, A, Kuehn, G, Kuei, F, Kuijer, P, Kumar, A, Kumar, P, Kumar, R, Kume, J, Kuns, K, Kuo, C, Kuo, H, Kuromiya, Y, Kuroyanagi, S, Kusayanagi, K, Kuwahara, S, Kwak, K, Lagabbe, P, Laghi, D, Lalande, E, Lam, T, Lamberts, A, Landry, M, Lane, B, Lang, R, Lange, J, Lantz, B, La Rosa, I, Lartaux-Vollard, A, Lasky, P, Laxen, M, Lazzarini, A, Lazzaro, C, Leaci, P, Leavey, S, Lecoeuche, Y, Lee, H, Lee, J, Lee, K, Lee, R, Lehmann, J, Lemaitre, A, Leonardi, M, Leroy, N, Letendre, N, Levesque, C, Levin, Y, Leviton, J, Leyde, K, Li, A, Li, B, Li, J, Li, K, Li, T, Li, X, Lin, C, Lin, F, Lin, H, Lin, L, Linde, F, Linker, S, Linley, J, Littenberg, T, Liu, G, Liu, J, Liu, K, Liu, X, Llamas, F, Llorens-Monteagudo, M, Lo, R, Lockwood, A, London, L, Longo, A, Lopez, D, Portilla, M, Lorenzini, M, 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Meacher, D, Mehmet, M, Mehta, A, Meijer, Q, Melatos, A, Melchor, D, Mendell, G, Menendez-Vazquez, A, Menoni, C, Mercer, R, Mereni, L, Merfeld, K, Merilh, E, Merritt, J, Merzougui, M, Meshkov, S, Messenger, C, Messick, C, Meyers, P, Meylahn, F, Mhaske, A, Miani, A, Miao, H, Michaloliakos, I, Michel, C, Michimura, Y, Middleton, H, Milano, L, Miller, A, Miller, B, Millhouse, M, Mills, J, Milotti, E, Minazzoli, O, Minenkov, Y, Mio, N, Mir, L, Miravet-Tenes, M, Mishra, C, Mishra, T, Mistry, T, Mitra, S, Mitrofanov, V, Mitselmakher, G, Mittleman, R, Miyakawa, O, Miyamoto, A, Miyazaki, Y, Miyo, K, Miyoki, S, Mo, G, Moguel, E, Mogushi, K, Mohapatra, S, Mohite, S, Molina, I, Molina-Ruiz, M, Mondin, M, Montani, M, Moore, C, Moraru, D, Morawski, F, More, A, Moreno, C, Moreno, G, Mori, Y, Morisaki, S, Moriwaki, Y, Mours, B, Mow-Lowry, C, Mozzon, S, Muciaccia, F, Mukherjee, A, Mukherjee, D, Mukherjee, S, Mukund, N, Mullavey, A, Munch, J, Muniz, E, Murray, P, Musenich, R, Muth, J, Muusse, S, Nadji, 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et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), The LIGO Scientific Collaboration, The Virgo Collaboration, The KAGRA Collaboration, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Physics, Faculty of Law and Criminology, Applied Mechanics, Electronics and Informatics, Audio Visual Signal Processing, Basic (bio-) Medical Sciences, Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Metajuridica, Cartography and Geographical Information Science, Faculty of Engineering, Vriendenkring VUB, Business, Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Political Science, Law Science Technology and Society, International Relations and Mobility, Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, Mathematics-TW, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Artistic Research, History, Archeology, Arts, Philosophy and Ethics, Linguistics and Literary Studies, Educational Science, Vesalius College, Communication Sciences, Informatics and Applied Informatics, Web and Information System Engineering, Movement and Nutrition for Health and Performance, Movement and Sport Sciences, Brussels Institute for Applied Linguistics, Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, N., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., Agarwal, D., Agathos, M., Agatsuma, K., Aggarwal, N., Aguiar, O. D., Aiello, L., Ain, A., Ajith, P., Akutsu, T., Albanesi, S., Allocca, A., Altin, P. A., Amato, A., Anand, C., Anand, S., Ananyeva, A., Anderson, S. B., Anderson, W. G., Ando, M., Andrade, T., Andres, N., Andric, T., Angelova, S. V., Ansoldi, S., Antelis, J. M., Antier, S., Appert, S., Arai, K., Arai, Y., Araki, S., Araya, A., Araya, M. C., Areeda, J. S., Arene, M., Aritomi, N., Arnaud, N., Aronson, S. M., Arun, K. G., Asada, H., Asali, Y., Ashton, G., Aso, Y., Assiduo, M., Aston, S. M., Astone, P., Aubin, F., Austin, C., Babak, S., Badaracco, F., Bader, M. K. M., Badger, C., Bae, S., Bae, Y., Baer, A. M., Bagnasco, S., Bai, Y., Baiotti, L., Baird, J., Bajpai, R., Ball, M., Ballardin, G., Ballmer, S. W., Balsamo, A., Baltus, G., Banagiri, S., Bankar, D., Barayoga, J. C., Barbieri, C., Barish, B. C., Barker, D., Barneo, P., Barone, F., Barr, B., Barsotti, L., Barsuglia, M., Barta, D., Bartlett, J., Barton, M. A., Bartos, I., Bassiri, R., Basti, A., Bawaj, M., Bayley, J. C., Baylor, A. C., Bazzan, M., Becsy, B., Bedakihale, V. M., Bejger, M., Belahcene, I., Benedetto, V., Beniwal, D., Bennett, T. F., Bentley, J. D., Benyaala, M., Bergamin, F., Berger, B. K., Bernuzzi, S., Berry, C. P. L., Bersanetti, D., Bertolini, A., Betzwieser, J., Beveridge, D., Bhandare, R., Bhardwaj, U., Bhattacharjee, D., Bhaumik, S., Bilenko, I. A., Billingsley, G., Bini, S., Birney, R., Birnholtz, O., Biscans, S., Bischi, M., Biscoveanu, S., Bisht, A., Biswas, B., Bitossi, M., Bizouard, M. -A., Blackburn, J. K., Blair, C. D., Blair, D. G., Blair, R. M., Bobba, F., Bode, N., Boer, M., Bogaert, G., Boldrini, M., Bonavena, L. D., Bondu, F., Bonilla, E., Bonnand, R., Booker, P., Boom, B. A., Bork, R., Boschi, V., Bose, N., Bose, S., Bossilkov, V., Boudart, V., Bouffanais, Y., Bozzi, A., Bradaschia, C., Brady, P. R., Bramley, A., Branch, A., Branchesi, M., Brau, J. E., Breschi, M., Briant, T., Briggs, J. H., Brillet, A., Brinkmann, M., Brockill, P., Brooks, A. F., Brooks, J., Brown, D. D., Brunett, S., Bruno, G., Bruntz, R., Bryant, J., Bulik, T., Bulten, H. J., Buonanno, A., Buscicchio, R., Buskulic, D., Buy, C., Byer, R. L., Cadonati, L., Cagnoli, G., Cahillane, C., Bustillo, J. C., Callaghan, J. D., Callister, T. A., Calloni, E., Cameron, J., Camp, J. B., Canepa, M., Canevarolo, S., Cannavacciuolo, M., Cannon, K. C., Cao, H., Cao, Z., Capocasa, E., Capote, E., Carapella, G., Carbognani, F., Carlin, J. B., Carney, M. F., Carpinelli, M., Carrillo, G., Carullo, G., Carver, T. L., Diaz, J. C., Casentini, C., Castaldi, G., Caudill, S., Cavaglia, M., Cavalier, F., Cavalieri, R., Ceasar, M., Cella, G., Cerda-Duran, P., Cesarini, E., Chaibi, W., Chakravarti, K., Subrahmanya, S. C., Champion, E., Chan, C. -H., Chan, C., Chan, C. L., Chan, K., Chan, M., Chandra, K., Chanial, P., Chao, S., Charlton, P., Chase, E. A., Chassande-Mottin, E., Chatterjee, C., Chatterjee, D., Chaturvedi, M., Chaty, S., Chatziioannou, K., Chen, C., Chen, H. Y., Chen, J., Chen, K., Chen, X., Chen, Y. -B., Chen, Y. -R., Chen, Z., Cheng, H., Cheong, C. K., Cheung, H. Y., Chia, H. Y., Chiadini, F., Chiang, C. -Y., Chiarini, G., Chierici, R., Chincarini, A., Chiofalo, M. L., Chiummo, A., Cho, G., Cho, H. S., Choudhary, R. K., Choudhary, S., Christensen, N., Chu, H., Chu, Q., Chu, Y. -K., Chua, S., Chung, K. W., Ciani, G., Ciecielag, P., Cieslar, M., Cifaldi, M., Ciobanu, A. A., Ciolfi, R., Cipriano, F., Cirone, A., Clara, F., Clark, E. N., Clark, J. A., Clarke, L., Clearwater, P., Clesse, S., Cleva, F., Coccia, E., Codazzo, E., Cohadon, P. -F., Cohen, D. E., Cohen, L., Colleoni, M., Collette, C. G., Colombo, A., Colpi, M., Compton, C. M., Constancio, M., Conti, L., Cooper, S. J., Corban, P., Corbitt, T. R., Cordero-Carrion, I., Corezzi, S., Corley, K. R., Cornish, N., Corre, D., Corsi, A., Cortese, S., Costa, C. A., Cotesta, R., Coughlin, M. W., Coulon, J. -P., Countryman, S. T., Cousins, B., Couvares, P., Coward, D. M., Cowart, M. J., Coyne, D. C., Coyne, R., Creighton, J. D. E., Creighton, T. D., Criswell, A. W., Croquette, M., Crowder, S. G., Cudell, J. R., Cullen, T. J., Cumming, A., Cummings, R., Cunningham, L., Cuoco, E., Curylo, M., Dabadie, P., Canton, T. D., Dall'Osso, S., Dalya, G., Dana, A., Daneshgaranbajastani, L. M., D'Angelo, B., Danilishin, S., D'Antonio, S., Danzmann, K., Darsow-Fromm, C., Dasgupta, A., Datrier, L. E. H., Datta, S., Dattilo, V., Dave, I., Davier, M., Davies, G. S., Davis, D., Davis, M. C., Daw, E. J., Dean, R., Debra, D., Deenadayalan, M., Degallaix, J., De Laurentis, M., Deleglise, S., Del Favero, V., De Lillo, F., De Lillo, N., Del Pozzo, W., Demarchi, L. M., De Matteis, F., D'Emilio, V., Demos, N., Dent, T., Depasse, A., De Pietri, R., De Rosa, R., De Rossi, C., Desalvo, R., De Simone, R., Dhurandhar, S., Diaz, M. C., Diaz-Ortiz, M., Didio, N. A., Dietrich, T., Di Fiore, L., Di Fronzo, C., Di Giorgio, C., Di Giovanni, F., Di Giovanni, M., Di Girolamo, T., Di Lieto, A., Ding, B., Di Pace, S., Di Palma, I., Di Renzo, F., Divakarla, A. K., Dmitriev, A., Doctor, Z., D'Onofrio, L., Donovan, F., Dooley, K. L., Doravari, S., Dorrington, I., Drago, M., Driggers, J. C., Drori, Y., Ducoin, J. -G., Dupej, P., Durante, O., D'Urso, D., Duverne, P. -A., Dwyer, S. E., Eassa, C., Easter, P. J., Ebersold, M., Eckhardt, T., Eddolls, G., Edelman, B., Edo, T. B., Edy, O., Effler, A., Eguchi, S., Eichholz, J., Eikenberry, S. S., Eisenmann, M., Eisenstein, R. A., Ejlli, A., Engelby, E., Enomoto, Y., Errico, L., Essick, R. C., Estelles, H., Estevez, D., Etienne, Z., Etzel, T., Evans, M., Evans, T. M., Ewing, B. E., Fafone, V., Fair, H., Fairhurst, S., Farah, A. M., Farinon, S., Farr, B., Farr, W. M., Farrow, N. W., Fauchon-Jones, E. J., Favaro, G., Favata, M., Fays, M., Fazio, M., Feicht, J., Fejer, M. M., Fenyvesi, E., Ferguson, D. L., Fernandez-Galiana, A., Ferrante, I., Ferreira, T. A., Fidecaro, F., Figura, P., Fiori, I., Fishbach, M., Fisher, R. P., Fittipaldi, R., Fiumara, V., Flaminio, R., Floden, E., Fong, H., Font, J. A., Fornal, B., Forsyth, P. W. F., Franke, A., Frasca, S., Frasconi, F., Frederick, C., Freed, J. P., Frei, Z., Freise, A., Frey, R., Fritschel, P., Frolov, V. V., Fronze, G. G., Fujii, Y., Fujikawa, Y., Fukunaga, M., Fukushima, M., Fulda, P., Fyffe, M., Gabbard, H. A., Gadre, B. U., Gair, J. R., Gais, J., Galaudage, S., Gamba, R., Ganapathy, D., Ganguly, A., Gao, D., Gaonkar, S. G., Garaventa, B., Garcia-Nunez, C., Garcia-Quiros, C., Garufi, F., Gateley, B., Gaudio, S., Gayathri, V., Ge, G. -G., Gemme, G., Gennai, A., George, J., Gerberding, O., Gergely, L., Gewecke, P., Ghonge, S., Ghosh, A., Ghosh, S., Giacomazzo, B., Giacoppo, L., Giaime, J. A., Giardina, K. D., Gibson, D. R., Gier, C., Giesler, M., Giri, P., Gissi, F., Glanzer, J., Gleckl, A. E., Godwin, P., Goetz, E., Goetz, R., Gohlke, N., Goncharov, B., Gonzalez, G., Gopakumar, A., Gosselin, M., Gouaty, R., Gould, D. W., Grace, B., Grado, A., Granata, M., Granata, V., Grant, A., Gras, S., Grassia, P., Gray, C., Gray, R., Greco, G., Green, A. C., Green, R., Gretarsson, A. M., Gretarsson, E. M., Griffith, D., Griffiths, W., Griggs, H. L., Grignani, G., Grimaldi, A., Grimm, S. J., Grote, H., Grunewald, S., Gruning, P., Guerra, D., Guidi, G. M., Guimaraes, A. R., Guixe, G., Gulati, H. K., Guo, H. -K., Guo, Y., Gupta, A., Gupta, P., Gustafson, E. K., Gustafson, R., Guzman, F., Ha, S., Haegel, L., Hagiwara, A., Haino, S., Halim, O., Hall, E. D., Hamilton, E. Z., Hammond, G., Han, W. -B., Haney, M., Hanks, J., Hanna, C., Hannam, M. D., Hannuksela, O., Hansen, H., Hansen, T. J., Hanson, J., Harder, T., Hardwick, T., Haris, K., Harms, J., Harry, G. M., Harry, I. W., Hartwig, D., Hasegawa, K., Haskell, B., Hasskew, R. K., Haster, C. -J., Hattori, K., Haughian, K., Hayakawa, H., Hayama, K., Hayes, F. J., Healy, J., Heidmann, A., Heidt, A., Heintze, M. C., Heinze, J., Heinzel, J., Heitmann, H., Hellman, F., Hello, P., Helmling-Cornell, A. F., Hemming, G., Hendry, M., Heng, I. S., Hennes, E., Hennig, J., Hennig, M. H., Hernandez, A. G., Vivanco, F. H., Heurs, M., Hild, S., Hill, P., Himemoto, Y., Hines, A. S., Hiranuma, Y., Hirata, N., Hirose, E., Hochheim, S., Hofman, D., Hohmann, J. N., Holcomb, D. G., Holland, N. A., Hollows, I. J., Holmes, Z. J., Holt, K., Holz, D. E., Hong, Z., Hopkins, P., Hough, J., Hourihane, S., Howell, E. J., Hoy, C. G., Hoyland, D., Hreibi, A., Hsieh, B. -H., Hsu, Y., Huang, G. -Z., Huang, H. -Y., Huang, P., Huang, Y. -C., Huang, Y. -J., Huang, Y., Hubner, M. T., Huddart, A. D., Hughey, B., Hui, D. C. Y., Hui, V., Husa, S., Huttner, S. H., Huxford, R., Huynh-Dinh, T., Ide, S., Idzkowski, B., Iess, A., Ikenoue, B., Imam, S., Inayoshi, K., Ingram, C., Inoue, Y., Ioka, K., Isi, M., Isleif, K., Ito, K., Itoh, Y., Iyer, B. R., Izumi, K., Jaberianhamedan, V., Jacqmin, T., Jadhav, S. J., Jadhav, S. P., James, A. L., Jan, A. Z., Jani, K., Janquart, J., Janssens, K., Janthalur, N. N., Jaranowski, P., Jariwala, D., Jaume, R., Jenkins, A. C., Jenner, K., Jeon, C., Jeunon, M., Jia, W., Jin, H. -B., Johns, G. R., Jones, A. W., Jones, D. I., Jones, J. D., Jones, P., Jones, R., Jonker, R. J. G., Ju, L., Jung, P., Jung, K., Junker, J., Juste, V., Kaihotsu, K., Kajita, T., Kakizaki, M., Kalaghatgi, C. V., Kalogera, V., Kamai, B., Kamiizumi, M., Kanda, N., Kandhasamy, S., Kang, G., Kanner, J. B., Kao, Y., Kapadia, S. J., Kapasi, D. P., Karat, S., Karathanasis, C., Karki, S., Kashyap, R., Kasprzack, M., Kastaun, W., Katsanevas, S., Katsavounidis, E., Katzman, W., Kaur, T., Kawabe, K., Kawaguchi, K., Kawai, N., Kawasaki, T., Kefelian, F., Keitel, D., Key, J. S., Khadka, S., Khalili, F. Y., Khan, S., Khazanov, E. A., Khetan, N., Khursheed, M., Kijbunchoo, N., Kim, C., Kim, J. C., Kim, J., Kim, K., Kim, W. S., Kim, Y. -M., Kimball, C., Kimura, N., Kinley-Hanlon, M., Kirchhoff, R., Kissel, J. S., Kita, N., Kitazawa, H., Kleybolte, L., Klimenko, S., Knee, A. M., Knowles, T. D., Knyazev, E., Koch, P., Koekoek, G., Kojima, Y., Kokeyama, K., Koley, S., Kolitsidou, P., Kolstein, M., Komori, K., Kondrashov, V., Kong, A. K. H., Kontos, A., Koper, N., Korobko, M., Kotake, K., Kovalam, M., Kozak, D. B., Kozakai, C., Kozu, R., Kringel, V., Krishnendu, N. V., Krolak, A., Kuehn, G., Kuei, F., Kuijer, P., Kumar, A., Kumar, P., Kumar, R., Kume, J., Kuns, K., Kuo, C., Kuo, H. -S., Kuromiya, Y., Kuroyanagi, S., Kusayanagi, K., Kuwahara, S., Kwak, K., Lagabbe, P., Laghi, D., Lalande, E., Lam, T. L., Lamberts, A., Landry, M., Lane, B. B., Lang, R. N., Lange, J., Lantz, B., La Rosa, I., Lartaux-Vollard, A., Lasky, P. D., Laxen, M., Lazzarini, A., Lazzaro, C., Leaci, P., Leavey, S., Lecoeuche, Y. K., Lee, H. K., Lee, H. M., Lee, H. W., Lee, J., Lee, K., Lee, R., Lehmann, J., Lemaitre, A., Leonardi, M., Leroy, N., Letendre, N., Levesque, C., Levin, Y., Leviton, J. N., Leyde, K., Li, A. K. Y., Li, B., Li, J., Li, K. L., Li, T. G. F., Li, X., Lin, C. -Y., Lin, F. -K., Lin, F. -L., Lin, H. L., Lin, L. C. -C., Linde, F., Linker, S. D., Linley, J. N., Littenberg, T. B., Liu, G. C., Liu, J., Liu, K., Liu, X., Llamas, F., Llorens-Monteagudo, M., Lo, R. K. L., Lockwood, A., London, L. T., Longo, A., Lopez, D., Portilla, M. L., Lorenzini, M., Loriette, V., Lormand, M., Losurdo, G., Lott, T. P., Lough, J. D., Lousto, C. O., Lovelace, G., Lucaccioni, J. F., Luck, H., Lumaca, D., Lundgren, A. P., Luo, L. -W., Lynam, J. E., Macas, R., Macinnis, M., Macleod, D. M., Macmillan, I. A. O., Macquet, A., Hernandez, I. M., Magazzu, C., Magee, R. M., Maggiore, R., Magnozzi, M., Mahesh, S., Majorana, E., Makarem, C., Maksimovic, I., Maliakal, S., Malik, A., Man, N., Mandic, V., Mangano, V., Mango, J. L., Mansell, G. L., Manske, M., Mantovani, M., Mapelli, M., Marchesoni, F., Marchio, M., Marion, F., Mark, Z., Marka, S., Marka, Z., Markakis, C., Markosyan, A. S., Markowitz, A., Maros, E., Marquina, A., Marsat, S., Martelli, F., Martin, I. W., Martin, R. M., Martinez, M., Martinez, V. A., Martinez, V., Martinovic, K., Martynov, D. V., Marx, E. J., Masalehdan, H., Mason, K., Massera, E., Masserot, A., Massinger, T. J., Masso-Reid, M., Mastrogiovanni, S., Matas, A., Mateu-Lucena, M., Matichard, F., Matiushechkina, M., Mavalvala, N., Mccann, J. J., Mccarthy, R., Mcclelland, D. E., Mcclincy, P. K., Mccormick, S., Mcculler, L., Mcghee, G. I., Mcguire, S. C., Mcisaac, C., Mciver, J., Mcrae, T., Mcwilliams, S. T., Meacher, D., Mehmet, M., Mehta, A. K., Meijer, Q., Melatos, A., Melchor, D. A., Mendell, G., Menendez-Vazquez, A., Menoni, C. S., Mercer, R. A., Mereni, L., Merfeld, K., Merilh, E. L., Merritt, J. D., Merzougui, M., Meshkov, S., Messenger, C., Messick, C., Meyers, P. M., Meylahn, F., Mhaske, A., Miani, A., Miao, H., Michaloliakos, I., Michel, C., Michimura, Y., Middleton, H., Milano, L., Miller, A. L., Miller, A., Miller, B., Millhouse, M., Mills, J. C., Milotti, E., Minazzoli, O., Minenkov, Y., Mio, N., Mir, L. M., Miravet-Tenes, M., Mishra, C., Mishra, T., Mistry, T., Mitra, S., Mitrofanov, V. P., Mitselmakher, G., Mittleman, R., Miyakawa, O., Miyamoto, A., Miyazaki, Y., Miyo, K., Miyoki, S., Mo, G., Moguel, E., Mogushi, K., Mohapatra, S. R. P., Mohite, S. R., Molina, I., Molina-Ruiz, M., Mondin, M., Montani, M., Moore, C. J., Moraru, D., Morawski, F., More, A., Moreno, C., Moreno, G., Mori, Y., Morisaki, S., Moriwaki, Y., Mours, B., Mow-Lowry, C. M., Mozzon, S., Muciaccia, F., Mukherjee, A., Mukherjee, D., Mukherjee, S., Mukund, N., Mullavey, A., Munch, J., Muniz, E. A., Murray, P. G., Musenich, R., Muth, J., Muusse, S., Nadji, S. L., Nagano, K., Nagano, S., Nagar, A., Nakamura, K., Nakano, H., Nakano, M., Nakashima, R., Nakayama, Y., Napolano, V., Nardecchia, I., Narikawa, T., Naticchioni, L., Nayak, B., Nayak, R. K., Negishi, R., Neil, B. F., Neilson, J., Nelemans, G., Nelson, T. J. N., Nery, M., Neubauer, P., Neunzert, A., Ng, K. Y., Ng, S. W. S., Nguyen, C., Nguyen, P., Nguyen, T., Quynh, L. N., Ni, W. -T., Nichols, S. A., Nishizawa, A., Nissanke, S., Nitoglia, E., Nocera, F., Norman, M., North, C., Nozaki, S., Nuttall, L. K., Oberling, J., O'Brien, B. D., Obuchi, Y., O'Dell, J., Oelker, E., Ogaki, W., Oganesyan, G., Oh, J. J., Oh, K., Oh, S. H., Ohashi, M., Ohishi, N., Ohkawa, M., Ohme, F., Ohta, H., Okada, M. A., Okutani, Y., Okutomi, K., Olivetto, C., Oohara, K., Ooi, C., Oram, R., O'Reilly, B., Ormiston, R. G., Ormsby, N. D., Ortega, L. F., O'Shaughnessy, R., O'Shea, E., Oshino, S., Ossokine, S., Osthelder, C., Otabe, S., Ottaway, D. J., Overmier, H., Pace, A. E., Pagano, G., Page, M. A., Pagliaroli, G., Pai, A., Pai, S. A., Palamos, J. R., Palashov, O., Palomba, C., Pan, H., Pan, K., Panda, P. K., Pang, H., Pang, P. T. H., Pankow, C., Pannarale, F., Pant, B. C., Panther, F. H., Paoletti, F., Paoli, A., Paolone, A., Parisi, A., Park, H., Park, J., Parker, W., Pascucci, D., Pasqualetti, A., Passaquieti, R., Passuello, D., Patel, M., Pathak, M., Patricelli, B., Patron, A. S., Patrone, S., Paul, S., Payne, E., Pedraza, M., Pegoraro, M., Pele, A., Arellano, F. E. P., Penn, S., Perego, A., Pereira, A., Pereira, T., Perez, C. J., Perigois, C., Perkins, C. C., Perreca, A., Perries, S., Petermann, J., Petterson, D., Pfeiffer, H. P., Pham, K. A., Phukon, K. S., Piccinni, O. J., Pichot, M., Piendibene, M., Piergiovanni, F., Pierini, L., Pierro, V., Pillant, G., Pillas, M., Pilo, F., Pinard, L., Pinto, I. M., Pinto, M., Piotrzkowski, K., Pirello, M., Pitkin, M. D., Placidi, E., Planas, L., Plastino, W., Pluchar, C., Poggiani, R., Polini, E., Pong, D. Y. T., Ponrathnam, S., Popolizio, P., Porter, E. K., Poulton, R., Powell, J., Pracchia, M., Pradier, T., Prajapati, A. K., Prasai, K., Prasanna, R., Pratten, G., Principe, M., Prodi, G. A., Prokhorov, L., Prosposito, P., Prudenzi, L., Puecher, A., Punturo, M., Puosi, F., Puppo, P., Purrer, M., Qi, H., Quetschke, V., Quitzow-James, R., Raab, F. J., Raaijmakers, G., Radkins, H., Radulesco, N., Raffai, P., Rail, S. X., Raja, S., Rajan, C., Ramirez, K. E., Ramirez, T. D., Ramos-Buades, A., Rana, J., Rapagnani, P., Rapol, U. D., Ray, A., Raymond, V., Raza, N., Razzano, M., Read, J., Rees, L. A., Regimbau, T., Rei, L., Reid, S., Reid, S. W., Reitze, D. H., Relton, P., Renzini, A., Rettegno, P., Rezac, M., Ricci, F., Richards, D., Richardson, J. W., Richardson, L., Riemenschneider, G., Riles, K., Rinaldi, S., Rink, K., Rizzo, M., Robertson, N. A., Robie, R., Robinet, F., Rocchi, A., Rodriguez, S., Rolland, L., Rollins, J. G., Romanelli, M., Romano, R., Romel, C. L., Romero-Rodriguez, A., Romero-Shaw, I. M., Romie, J. H., Ronchini, S., Rosa, L., Rose, C. A., Rosinska, D., Ross, M. P., Rowan, S., Rowlinson, S. J., Roy, S., Rozza, D., Ruggi, P., Ryan, K., Sachdev, S., Sadecki, T., Sadiq, J., Sago, N., Saito, S., Saito, Y., Sakai, K., Sakai, Y., Sakellariadou, M., Sakuno, Y., Salafia, O. S., Salconi, L., Saleem, M., Salemi, F., Samajdar, A., Sanchez, E. J., Sanchez, J. H., Sanchez, L. 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Chalathadka, Chatterjee, Debarati, Chatterjee, Deep, Chiang, C-Y., Chu, Y-K., Cieślar, M., Cordero-Carrión, I., Curyło, M., Canton, T. Dal, Dall’Osso, S., Dálya, G., D’Angelo, B., D’Antonio, S., Deléglise, S., D’Emilio, V., Díaz, M. C., D’Onofrio, L., D’Urso, D., Estellés, H., Fronzé, G. G., García-Núñez, C., García-Quirós, C., Ghosh, Abhirup, Ghosh, Archisman, Ghosh, Shaon, Ghosh, Shrobana, González, G., Guixé, G., Gupta, Anchal, Gupta, Anuradha, Vivanco, F. Hernandez, Hsieh, B-H., Huang, G-Z., Huang, H-Y., Huang, Y-C., Hübner, M. T., Kéfélian, F., Królak, A., Kumar, Rahul, Kumar, Rakesh, Kuo, H-S., Lemaître, A., Lin, C-Y., Lin, F-K., Lin, F-L., Portilla, M. Lopez, Lück, H., Hernandez, I. Magaña, Magazzù, C., Márka, S., Márka, Z., Mir, Ll. M., Miravet-Tenés, M., Mo, Geoffrey, Mukherjee, Arunava, Mukherjee, Soma, Mukherjee, Subroto, Mukherjee, Suvodip, Muñiz, E. A., Quynh, L. Nguyen, O’Brien, B. D., O’Dell, J., O’Reilly, B., O’Shaughnessy, R., O’Shea, E., Arellano, F. E. Peña, Périgois, C., Perriès, S., Pürrer, M., Romero-Rodríguez, A., Rosińska, D., Roy, Santosh, Roy, Soumen, Schönbeck, A., Suzuki, Takamasa, Suzuki, Toshikazu, Szczepańczyk, M. J., Tanaka, Kazuyuki, Tanaka, Kenta, Tanaka, Taiki, Tanaka, Takahiro, Martín, E. N. Tapia San, Tiwari, Shubhanshu, Tiwari, Srishti, Torres-Forné, A., e Melo, I. Tosta, Töyrä, D., Tsao, J-S., van Bakel, N., van Beuzekom, M., van den Brand, J. F. J., van der Schaaf, L., van Heijningen, J. V., van Putten, M. H. P. M., van Remortel, N., Vasúth, M., Viceré, A., von Reis, E. R. G., von Wrangel, J. S. A., Weßels, P., Xu, W-R., Yamamoto, Kazuhiro, Yamamoto, Kohei, Yang, Yang, Yu, Hang, Yu, Haocun, Zadrożny, A., Zhao, Yue, Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and G, LIGO Sci Collaboration, Virgo Collaboration, KAGRA Collaboration, RS: FSE Grav. waves and fundamental physics, Grav. waves and fundamental physics, and RS: FSE MSP

Subjects
data analysis method, gravitational waves, gravitational-wave astronomy, black-hole binarie, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Astronomy, gr-qc, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, INSTABILITY, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), CORE-COLLAPSE, ACCRETION SHOCK, GLITCHES, 01 natural sciences, Gravitation, Cosmology & Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Gravitational waves, Cosmology & Astrophysics, binary: coalescence, 0103 physical sciences, gravitational radiation: burst, LIGO, neutron star, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QC, gravitational waves, Virgo, pulsar, Settore FIS/01, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), astro-ph.HE, Gravitational wave sources, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics, gravitational radiation, supernova: model, binary: compact, detector: sensitivity, VIRGO, wave: model, Physics and Astronomy, gravitational radiation: emission, [PHYS.GRQC]Physics [physics]/General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology [gr-qc], Gravitational wave source, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Gravitational wave, Gravitation
Abstract

This paper presents the results of a search for generic short-duration gravitational-wave transients in data from the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. Transients with durations of milliseconds to a few seconds in the 24--4096 Hz frequency band are targeted by the search, with no assumptions made regarding the incoming signal direction, polarization or morphology. Gravitational waves from compact binary coalescences that have been identified by other targeted analyses are detected, but no statistically significant evidence for other gravitational wave bursts is found. Sensitivities to a variety of signals are presented. These include updated upper limits on the source rate-density as a function of the characteristic frequency of the signal, which are roughly an order of magnitude better than previous upper limits. This search is sensitive to sources radiating as little as $\sim$10$^{-10} M_{\odot} c^2$ in gravitational waves at $\sim$70 Hz from a distance of 10~kpc, with 50\% detection efficiency at a false alarm rate of one per century. The sensitivity of this search to two plausible astrophysical sources is estimated: neutron star f-modes, which may be excited by pulsar glitches, as well as selected core-collapse supernova models., 23 pages, 8 figures

Published
2021
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40. Euro clearing after Brexit: shifting locations and oversight

Author

Sven Van Kerckhoven, Jed Odermatt, Institute for European Studies, Political Science, and Vesalius College

Subjects
JN101, 050208 finance, Strategy and Management, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Financial market, JN, International economics, 0506 political science, Negotiation, JX, Brexit, Financial transaction, 0502 economics and business, 050602 political science & public administration, Clearing, media_common.cataloged_instance, Counterparty, Business, European union, JZ, media_common, European debt crisis
Abstract

Purpose This paper investigates the impact of moving Central Counterparty Clearing Houses (CCPs) that clear euro-denominated transactions to the Eurozone after the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union. Prior to Brexit, the City of London had a dominant position in euro-clearing, but in the aftermath of Brexit, clearing houses might decide to move to the EU27. This paper aims to investigate the impact of moving euro-clearing to the EU27. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides an economic, political and legal investigation based on desk research. It studies the relevant materials, as they relate to the functioning of Central Counterparty Clearing in the aftermath of Brexit, with specific attention to the potential shift of locations and oversight. Findings The development of a EU27 financial hub and the possibility to increase oversight over euro-denominated financial transactions, which were partly at the roots of the financial and Eurozone crisis, could strengthen the market shaping of European financial markets. However, localizing euro-denominated transactions in Europe could potentially give rise to efficiency losses and a higher risk for companies and investors. Furthermore, the European regulatory framework currently faces certain weaknesses, obstructing the regulatory potential of the EU. Research limitations/implications As the Brexit negotiations are not yet finished, this paper does not intend to set out a definite outcome of the processes currently taking place. Practical implications Shifting locations and oversight of CCPs as a result of Brexit could lead to the establishment of a large financial centre within the EU-27. At the same time, it is to be expected that such a development will have a significant impact on the financial infrastructure of the City of London. Originality/value There exists an important trade-off with regard to shifting locations that need to be at the forefront of the discussions and the negotiations when dealing with Brexit. This seems to be neglected in a lot of the current policy debates. This paper takes stock of the ongoing debate and how it relates to the functioning of CCPs.

Published
2020

42. Platform Responses to the ‘Disinfodemic'

Author

Trisha Meyer, Clara Hanot, Institute for European Studies, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Subjects
Platforms, Content Moderation, COVID-19, Disinformation
Published
2020

46. Curatorial Responses

Author

Trisha Meyer, Clara Hanot, Julie Posetti, Institute for European Studies, Communication Sciences, and Vesalius College

Published
2020

49. Theorising inter-organisational relations: the 'EU–NATO relationship' as a catalytic case study

Author

Joachim A. Koops, Vesalius College, Institute for European Studies, and Political Science

Subjects
International relations, 021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Resource dependence theory, Multi level analysis, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Principal–agent problem, 02 engineering and technology, 0506 political science, EU–NATO relationship, inter-organisational relations, resource dependence theory, overlap, multi-level analysis, population ecology, practice turn, principal–agent theory, isomorphism, theories of inter-organisational relations, Political science, Political economy, Political Science and International Relations, 050602 political science & public administration, media_common.cataloged_instance, European union, Social science, Treaty, media_common, Isomorphism (sociology)
Abstract

This article explores the historical evolution of research on the “European Union (EU)–North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) relationship” since the 1950s and examines the numerous ways in which it has served as an important case study for applying and developing theory-guided and conceptual research on inter-organisational relations (IOR) in International Relations. After a dearth of policy-oriented research during the 1990s and early 2000s, a wide range of scholars have contributed to a “conceptual turn” in the study of EU–NATO relations during the last decade. This development, as this article will argue, not only signifies a stronger interest by scholars to understand the complex relationship between both organisations with the help of more theory-driven research, but also highlights that the EU–NATO relationship has become a “catalytic case study” in terms of inspiring conceptual experimentation and advancing efforts to theorise IOR more generally. The article provides for the first time a systematicstock-taking and analysis of the richness of concepts and theoretical debates related to EU–NATO relations research and offers scholars wider insights into the most promising approaches and analytical tools for understanding and theorising EU–NATO relations.

Published
2020
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50. Defense planning in the fog of peace: the transatlantic currency conversion conundrum

Author

Robert Bell, Jordan Becker, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Institute for European Studies, and Vesalius College

Subjects
021110 strategic, defence & security studies, Grand strategy, business.industry, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, International trade, 0506 political science, Currency, Political science, Political Science and International Relations, 050602 political science & public administration, Resource allocation, business
Abstract

Resource allocation to and within defense budgets is grand strategy. NATO and the EU coordinate defense planning and encourage fair burden-sharing among their members. We analyze the effect of agreed planning processes, namely the “NATO Defense Planning Process (NDPP)” on the conversion of political will to resources and then to capabilities development across the transatlantic security community. In a “fog of peace” featuring diverse threats, and in which allies may disagree on strategic rivals and sources of risk, national and regional political economies shape strategy, not the other way around.

Published
2020
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