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Background: This retrospective study aims to characterise the root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The number of roots and canal configurations were evaluated using both the Vertucci and Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification systems. Methods: A total of 1084 second molar images (523 maxillary; 266 right and 257 left side and 561 mandibular; 285 right and 276 left side) were evaluated from 320 CBCT scans analyzed for the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT imaging provided superior visualisation of root canal anatomy compared to periapical radiography. The findings revealed diverse root canal configurations, with variations observed even within the same population. Statistical analyses, including the chi-squared test, were used to assess correlations between root number and demographic variables such as age and sex. Results: According to Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification system, the most common configuration for upper right three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3URM2−1 (n:66, 35.7%), for distal root was 3URM1 (n:169, 91.4%), and for palatal root was 3URM1 (n:165, 89.2%). Additionally, the most common configuration for upper left three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3271 (n:50, 28.4%), for distal root was 3ULM1 (n:160, 90.9%), and for palatal root was 3ULM1 (n:158, 89.8%). In lower left molars, the most common configuration in the two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LLM2 (n:114, 49.4%), and for the distal root was 2LLM1 (n:170, 73.6%). For lower right the most common configuration for two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LRM2 (n:125, 52.5%), and for distal root was 2LRM1 (n:173, 72.7%)(p < 0.05). Conclusion: The primary outcome was observed that the root canal anatomy of upper and lower second molars may differ in both classifications of Turkish subpopulation. While Vertucci's classification was inadequate in some cases, Briseno-Marroquin classification was able to classify all upper and lower second molars with a single code. This new classification is a more useful system for classifying all second molars. There is a statistically significant difference exists among the new configuration according to the distribution of the teeth analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Knowledge of root and canal morphology is a prerequisite for effective nonsurgical and surgical endodontic treatments. The aim of this cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was to evaluate the root canal morphology of permanent canines in a Turkish subpopulation using two classification systems. Methods: A total of 2,000 canine teeth were examined. The number of roots was identified, and root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci's classification and a new system for classifying root and canal morphology. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 (p = 0.05). Results: The canal configuration type I was the most common in all canines, while type III was the second most common. According to the new system, the code 1C1−1 was the most common, whilst 1C1 (A1) codes were the second most common for all canines. In this study, more than 10% morphology that did not fit the Vertucci classification was detected. In the categorization of accessory canals based on the new classification, the most common type in all canines was 1C1,1 (A1). Age had an effect only on the morphology of the left maxillary canine (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Canines in the Turkish subpopulation showed a relatively high degree of variation in root and canal anatomical variations. Clinicians should be aware of where canals converge or diverge to avoid missing canals. The new system for classifying canal morphology describes root and canal configurations more accurately and practically compared to the Vertucci classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background This retrospective study aims to characterise the root canal morphology of maxillary and mandibular second molars using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The number of roots and canal configurations were evaluated using both the Vertucci and Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification systems. Methods A total of 1084 second molar images (523 maxillary; 266 right and 257 left side and 561 mandibular; 285 right and 276 left side) were evaluated from 320 CBCT scans analyzed for the Turkish subpopulation. CBCT imaging provided superior visualisation of root canal anatomy compared to periapical radiography. The findings revealed diverse root canal configurations, with variations observed even within the same population. Statistical analyses, including the chi-squared test, were used to assess correlations between root number and demographic variables such as age and sex. Results According to Benjamı´n Brisen˜ o Marroquı´n classification system, the most common configuration for upper right three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3URM2−1 (n:66, 35.7%), for distal root was 3URM1 (n:169, 91.4%), and for palatal root was 3URM1 (n:165, 89.2%). Additionally, the most common configuration for upper left three-rooted teeth mesial root was 3271 (n:50, 28.4%), for distal root was 3ULM1 (n:160, 90.9%), and for palatal root was 3ULM1 (n:158, 89.8%). In lower left molars, the most common configuration in the two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LLM2 (n:114, 49.4%), and for the distal root was 2LLM1 (n:170, 73.6%). For lower right the most common configuration for two-rooted teeth mesial root was 2LRM2 (n:125, 52.5%), and for distal root was 2LRM1 (n:173, 72.7%)(p

Abstract Background Knowledge of root and canal morphology is a prerequisite for effective nonsurgical and surgical endodontic treatments. The aim of this cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) study was to evaluate the root canal morphology of permanent canines in a Turkish subpopulation using two classification systems. Methods A total of 2,000 canine teeth were examined. The number of roots was identified, and root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci’s classification and a new system for classifying root and canal morphology. Fisher’s exact test was used for statistical analysis, and the level of significance was set at 0.05 (p = 0.05). Results The canal configuration type I was the most common in all canines, while type III was the second most common. According to the new system, the code 1C1−1 was the most common, whilst 1C1 (A1) codes were the second most common for all canines. In this study, more than 10% morphology that did not fit the Vertucci classification was detected. In the categorization of accessory canals based on the new classification, the most common type in all canines was 1C1,1 (A1). Age had an effect only on the morphology of the left maxillary canine (p

Abstract Aim To investigate the root number and morphology of the maxillary second molars in the Syrian population besides bilateral symmetry, and the effect of gender. Methods 250 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images (140 females, 110 males) were examined by two endodontists. The detailed analysis included the number of roots, the number of canals and their configurations, bilateral symmetry, and relation to gender. The evaluation was made according to Vertucci classification by analyzing the CBCT images at all levels (Axial, Coronal, Sagittal, Oblique, and 3D). The Chi-square statistical analysis was performed to compare the canals’ morphologies and bilateral symmetry in both genders via SPSS. Result The most common shape of the upper second molars is three roots (90.4%). There were significant differences between males and females regarding the symmetry of the number of roots (P

Aim: To investigate the root number and morphology of the maxillary second molars in the Syrian population besides bilateral symmetry, and the effect of gender. Methods: 250 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images (140 females, 110 males) were examined by two endodontists. The detailed analysis included the number of roots, the number of canals and their configurations, bilateral symmetry, and relation to gender. The evaluation was made according to Vertucci classification by analyzing the CBCT images at all levels (Axial, Coronal, Sagittal, Oblique, and 3D). The Chi-square statistical analysis was performed to compare the canals' morphologies and bilateral symmetry in both genders via SPSS. Result: The most common shape of the upper second molars is three roots (90.4%). There were significant differences between males and females regarding the symmetry of the number of roots (P < 0.05). The root canal configuration was mainly Vertucci type I classification in the Distobuccally (93.4%) and palatal root (99.6%). The most common type in the mesial root was type I (29.5%), showing all varieties of Vertucci classifications (except VII, and VIII) percentage of MB2 of 70.5%. The ratio of symmetry was (59.6%) with no significant statistical difference between the genders (P = 0.708). Conclusion: Most maxillary second molars in the examined Syrian population were types (II) (associated with MB2 cases with three roots and four canals). In terms of symmetry, the number of roots surpassed the canal configuration. Males had a greater symmetrical tendency in the number of roots than females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the detection, characterisation, instrumentation and filling of complex canal configurations in the mesiobuccal (MB) root of maxillary first molars. Three patients were referred for root canal treatment in first maxillary molars. Medical history, age, sex and clinical findings were recorded. Intraoral periapical radiographs and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) were used for diagnosis and pre‐operative assessment. Using Ahmed et al. (2017) classification system, codes 3MaxM MB3‐5‐4‐2 DB1‐2‐1 P1 (case 1), 3MaxM MB2‐5‐3‐2 DB1 P1 (case 2) and 3MaxM MB1‐4‐2‐1‐2 DB1 P1 (case 3) were identified. Using the dental operating microscope, CBCT (if indicated) and troughing up to 3 mm allowed identification of more than three canals in the MB root of maxillary first molars. The coding system proposed by Ahmed et al. (2017) allows the classification of MB roots with highly complex canal configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/purposeThis study aimed to describe the root canal morphology of primary molars using Micro-CT and analyse the three-dimensional images of the internal root canal system.Material and methodsOne hundred and twenty extracted primary molars with one or more completed roots were scanned with Micro-CT. Three fixed heights of the roots were determined at axial level and the analysed criteria were: dentine thickness, diameter of roots canals, presence of lateral canals, isthmus and number of foramina. Vertucci's classification was also studied.ResultsVertucci Type I was more prevalent in palatal and mesio-buccal root of superior molar and distal root of inferior molars. Type IV was more frequent in the mesial root. Dentine thickness was studied at three levels and for all the surfaces of the root canal. In the mesiobuccal root, in the middle and apical third, the mean in the upper molars is significantly higher than in the lower molars. The mesio-lingual canal has the major mean in mesio-distal and bucco-lingual diameter at coronal third. Isthmus were found mostly in the mesial root in all three levels. The high number of foramina and lateral canals were located at apical third of the mesial and mesio-buccal roots.ConclusionThis study showed the complexity and variability of the root canal morphology of primary molars. The Micro-CT images gave important information about the internal anatomy of the primary molars.

Background: This study investigated the prevalence and morphology of C‐shaped and non‐C‐shaped root canal systems in permanent mandibular first (PM1) and second (PM2) premolars using retrospective analysis of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, and panoramic radiographs. Methods: CBCT scans from 2000 patients were screened for the presence of premolars with C‐shaped canals and then assessed at three axial levels to determine the canal classification. The teeth were also assessed for Vertucci configuration, number of roots, and radicular grooves. Pre‐existing panoramic radiographs were evaluated to identify features specific to PM1/2 with multiple canals or C‐shaped anatomy. Results: A total of 1576 PM1 and 1424 PM2 from 880 patients were evaluated. The overall prevalence of C‐shaped canals was 2.2% (3.3% PM1, 1.0% PM2), with 49 (5.6%) patients presenting with at least one C‐shaped mandibular premolar. There were 2.3 ± 0.6 and 2.4 ± 0.5 different classifiable cross‐sections per tooth for PM1 and PM2, respectively. The sudden disappearance or bifurcation of a canal on panoramic radiographs was associated with the presence of multiple canals (P < 0.001) or C‐shaped anatomy (P = 0.03). Conclusions: There was substantial variation in cross‐sectional anatomy within and between C‐shaped premolars, which will affect endodontic treatment planning. © 2023 Australian Dental Association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Adequate knowledge of root canal morphology and its variation is essential for success of root canal treatment and to overcome treatemnt failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular anterior teeth using 2 classification systems. Methods 3342 lower anteriors were evaluated from 557 CBCT scans. The images were examined in sagittal, axial and coronal views using a CS 3D imaging software (V3.10.4, Carestream Dental). Demographic data recorded, the number of roots and canal’s morphology were described according to Vertucci and Ahmed classifications. Results Frequency of Type I configuration was significantly the highest in incisors and canines (76%, N = 2539), followed by Type III (20.6%, N = 687). Type II (1.1%, N = 37), IV (1.1%, N = 37), and V (0.3%, N = 11) were rarely encountered. 0.9% (N = 31) of the teeth could not be classified with the Vertucci System. The frequency of 2 roots (2MA in Ahmed classification) which has no correspondence in the Vertucci classification, was 1.1% (N = 38), it was significantly higher in canines and in females (35 canines and 3 laterals). A moderate correlation in root canal morpology was found between the left and right sides (V > 0.30). 80% (N = 2538) of the teeth did not exhibit any divergence/merging. The bifurcation level occurred mostly in the middle third of the root. Conclusions One fourth of anterior teeth had variation from the simple type I canal configuration and therefore requires attention during treatment. The new classification system offers a more accurate and simplified presentation of canal morphology. Clinical relevance The prevalence and mid root bifurcation of second canal in lower anteriors requires attention to ensure adequate quality root canal treatment without compromising the integrity of teeth.

Background: Adequate knowledge of root canal morphology and its variation is essential for success of root canal treatment and to overcome treatemnt failure. The aim of this study was to investigate the root and canal morphology of mandibular anterior teeth using 2 classification systems. Methods: 3342 lower anteriors were evaluated from 557 CBCT scans. The images were examined in sagittal, axial and coronal views using a CS 3D imaging software (V3.10.4, Carestream Dental). Demographic data recorded, the number of roots and canal's morphology were described according to Vertucci and Ahmed classifications. Results: Frequency of Type I configuration was significantly the highest in incisors and canines (76%, N = 2539), followed by Type III (20.6%, N = 687). Type II (1.1%, N = 37), IV (1.1%, N = 37), and V (0.3%, N = 11) were rarely encountered. 0.9% (N = 31) of the teeth could not be classified with the Vertucci System. The frequency of 2 roots (2MA in Ahmed classification) which has no correspondence in the Vertucci classification, was 1.1% (N = 38), it was significantly higher in canines and in females (35 canines and 3 laterals). A moderate correlation in root canal morpology was found between the left and right sides (V > 0.30). 80% (N = 2538) of the teeth did not exhibit any divergence/merging. The bifurcation level occurred mostly in the middle third of the root. Conclusions: One fourth of anterior teeth had variation from the simple type I canal configuration and therefore requires attention during treatment. The new classification system offers a more accurate and simplified presentation of canal morphology. Clinical relevance: The prevalence and mid root bifurcation of second canal in lower anteriors requires attention to ensure adequate quality root canal treatment without compromising the integrity of teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Successful endodontic treatments require a comprehensive knowledge of the root canal anatomy, so this study aimed to investigate the number of roots, configurations of root canals, and their bilateral symmetry of maxillary first molars in the Syrian subpopulation, and also the effect of gender on this symmetry. Materials and Methods The study sample consisted of 250 cone beam computed tomography images (140 for females; and 110 for males), including 500 maxillary first molars. Images were investigated by two endodontists. Root number and canal configuration in each root were recorded, according to Vertucci classification, by studying the image at all levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oplique, and three‐dimensional) to assess the bilateral symmetry and its relation to gender. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and the χ2 test was used to compare the bilateral symmetry in males and females. Result The most common shape of the maxillary first molars was three roots (97.6%). All the roots are symmetrical by 100% in both genders. The root canal configuration was mainly Vertucci type I classification in the distobuccally (73.6%), and palatal root (98%). While the most common types in mesial root were type II (33.3%), this root showed all different types of Vertucci classifications except type VIII, and the proportion of symmetry was (37.2%) without significant difference between the gender (p = .441). Conclusion Most maxillary first molars in a Syrian population were three‐rooted with four root canals (type II), the numbers of roots achieved perfect symmetry 100%, and higher than symmetry ratios in the number of canals and canals configurations (37.2%).

Background & Objective: Successful root canal therapy requires knowledge of the anatomy of the root canal system and complete clearance. Given the possibility of a second canal in mandibular incisors, it is important to find and completely debride this canal Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anatomy of the root canal of mandibular incisor teeth using CBCT.Material & Methods: In this descriptive analytical and cross-sectional study, CBCT images were evaluated from three sagittal dimensions (number of roots, channel type, apical foramen deviation from radiographic apex), coronal (apical foramen deviation from radiographic apex) and axial (channel type). Data were analyzed in SPSS software (Version 2016) through descriptive statistics using frequency distribution and Chi-square test. cases less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: In this study, 606 mandibular incisor teeth were examined. The mean deviation of apical foramen from radiographic apex was 0.431 ± 0.296 mm. Only 1 double-rooted tooth was observed. 34.5% of the teeth were double-channel and 65.5% were single-channel. Class 1 and 3 Vertucci morphology was the most common and other classes included about 1.5% of the samples.Conclusion: According to the results, mandibular incisors in females and males are more single rooted and have a single canal. Regarding the Vertucci classification, the most prevalent type was type I.

A novel system to classify root and canal morphology was recently introduced (Ahmed et al. 2017). This systematic review aimed to answer the following research question: Does the Ahmed et al. system provide a more accurate and practical classification of root and canal anatomy compared to other classifications? A literature search was conducted in Google Scholar, Scopus and Wiley Online Library to identify the citation counts for the article entitled 'A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology; doi.org/10.1111/iej.12685'. After removal of duplicates and unrelated articles, 15 studies were included and analysed. All studies compared the Ahmed et al. system with the Vertucci classification. Results revealed that both systems were able to classify simple canal configurations in single‐rooted anterior and premolar teeth, disto‐buccal and palatal roots of maxillary molars. However, the Ahmed et al. system provided more accurate and comprehensive categorisations of single‐rooted teeth with complex canal anatomy, multi‐rooted maxillary and mandibular premolars and the mesio‐buccal root of maxillary molars. Further evidence on the utility of the Ahmed et al. system is required using other diagnostic devices especially in molars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Successful endodontic treatments require a comprehensive knowledge of the root canal anatomy, so this study aimed to investigate the number of roots, configurations of root canals, and their bilateral symmetry of maxillary first molars in the Syrian subpopulation, and also the effect of gender on this symmetry. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 250 cone beam computed tomography images (140 for females; and 110 for males), including 500 maxillary first molars. Images were investigated by two endodontists. Root number and canal configuration in each root were recorded, according to Vertucci classification, by studying the image at all levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oplique, and three‐dimensional) to assess the bilateral symmetry and its relation to gender. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS and the χ2 test was used to compare the bilateral symmetry in males and females. Result: The most common shape of the maxillary first molars was three roots (97.6%). All the roots are symmetrical by 100% in both genders. The root canal configuration was mainly Vertucci type I classification in the distobuccally (73.6%), and palatal root (98%). While the most common types in mesial root were type II (33.3%), this root showed all different types of Vertucci classifications except type VIII, and the proportion of symmetry was (37.2%) without significant difference between the gender (p =.441). Conclusion: Most maxillary first molars in a Syrian population were three‐rooted with four root canals (type II), the numbers of roots achieved perfect symmetry 100%, and higher than symmetry ratios in the number of canals and canals configurations (37.2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The morphology of the roots is variable and complex; hence, a better understanding of the root canal systems is important to provide optimal endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the number of roots, and root canals' morphology of the first and second premolars in the Syrian subpopulation, and their bilateral symmetry. In addition, it aimed at exploring the effect of gender on the morphological aspects. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (140 images for females, 110 images for males) were collected and examined by two endodontists. Details of the number of roots, number of canals, and canals' configurations in each root were recorded according to Vertucci classification by inspecting the CBCT images in all levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oblique, and three dimensional). The Chi-square statistical analysis was performed to compare the canals' morphologies and bilateral symmetry in both genders. Results: While most of the first premolars had two roots (59.2%), the majority of second premolars (80.8%) had one root. The highest proportions within the first and second premolars (41.8 and 36.1%) had Vertucci Type-II configuration. The ratios symmetry of maxillary first and second premolars for the number of roots were 90.4% and 93.6%, respectively, and for the number of canals were 94.4% and 90.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of symmetry for both genders in the first and second premolars regarding the number of roots and the number of canals (P > 0.05). Conclusions: While most maxillary first premolars were two-rooted with two root canals, maxillary second premolars tended to be single-rooted with two root canals; males had a greater number of roots than females. While maxillary second premolars exhibited greater bilateral symmetry in the number of roots than maxillary first premolars, the latter exhibited greater bilateral symmetry than maxillary second premolars in the number of root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present study investigated the root canal configuration of maxillary second molars with root fusion using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Materials Methods: A total of 136 fused maxillary second molars were scanned with micro-computed tomography. Images were transferred to CTAn v.1.18.8 software (Bruker-microCT) to obtain three-dimensional models. The specimens were classified according to the fusion type. According to Vertucci, classification of the root canal configuration of fused roots was determined using CTVol v. 2.3.2.0 (Bruker-microCT) and DataViewer v.1.5.6 (Bruker-microCT) softwares. The specimens that could not be represented were also specified. The frequency of canal configuration according to the fusion type was calculated. Results: For Type 1 fusion (n=40) and Type 2 fusion (n=22), the most common canal configuration for mesiobuccal (MB), distobuccal (DB) and palatal (P) canals was Type I. In type 3 fusion specimens (n = 21), DB and P canals were completely fused in 1 sample in accordance with Vertucci type IV, while in the remaining specimens, types II, I, V, VI and IV were observed in decreasing order in the MB canal. In type 4 fusion, MB and DB canals were completely fused in 4 of 21 specimens and showed Vertucci type VI, II, I and III configurations. In the remaining 17 samples, MB had Vertucci type I, II, IV, V, VI, VII configurations, while DB showed type I, V and III configurations. In 7 samples with type 5 fusion all canals displayed different configurations. In type 6 fusion, the canal configurations of 6 samples could not be classified. Type II, I, and V configurations were seen in 9 of the remaining 19 samples with a single canal. Conclusion: Vertucci type I was the dominant canal configuration in the P and DB, however, MB showed much more diverse configurations either independently or when included in fusion.

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Aim Using two classifications, this study assessed root morphology and canal configuration and measured the Dentin thickness (DT) and canal shapes. Methods Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with 400 Mandibular Incisors was collected and assessed for the number, length, curvature of roots, number of canals, bifurcation level, configurations based on Vertucci's and Ahmed's classification, DT and canal shape at 3, 6, 9 mm from the apex. The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis with a level of significance at p<0.05. Results All samples had one root, averaging 12.769 ± 1.128 mm in central incisor (CI) and 13.044 ± 1.235 mm in lateral incisor (LI), with most roots being straight. Most samples had one canal in both teeth, with bifurcations most frequent in the middle third. The most frequent configuration was type 1 Vertucci or  1 CI 1 / 1 LI 1 by Ahmed, followed by type 3 or 1 CI 1-2-1 / 1 LI 1-2-1 . One sample, not classifiable under Vertucci, was classified as 1 CI 1-3-1 by Ahmed. The mean DT for CI was 3.18 ± 0.639 mm, 3.72 ± 0.671 mm and 4.43 ± 0.754 mm labiolingually and 1.578 ± 0.342 mm, 1.881 ± 0.374 mm, 2.283 ± 0.465 mm mesioditally at 3, 6, 9 mm from the apex, respectively. For LI, mean DT was 3.41 ± 0.916 mm, 3.90 ± 0.702 mm and 4.55 ± 0.746 mm labiolingually and 1.63 ± 0.322 mm, 1.981 ± 0.485 mm, 2.55 ± 0.470 mm mesioditally at 3, 6, 9 mm from the apex respectively, canal shape changed from oval to round, from apical to coronal. Conclusion Single canals were the most common, followed by two canals. The middle third of the canal had the most bifurcations. Vertucci type 1 or Ahmed's 1 CI 1 / 1 LI 1  was the most commonly reported canal configuration, with one sample that could not be classified under Vertucci but could be classified using Ahmed classification. DT increased apical to coronal. The canal shape changed from oval to rounded, from apical to coronal., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences issued approval KIMS/IEC/D022/D/2022. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Krishnan et al.)

Introduction: The understanding of canal morphology helps the clinician to conduct endodontic procedures effectively. The aim of the study was to assess the morphological variations in canals of maxillary premolars, and categorize them in accordance with Vertucci's classification. Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images were taken from the archives of Islamabad Diagnostic Center. Investigations were carried out by employing CBCT images of 120 individuals. The images of maxillary first (n = 203) and second premolars (n = 205) were analyzed in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes. The number of canals, roots, and categorization as per the Vertucci's classification was recorded. Data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS 23. Results: The 88.7% maxillary first premolars were found to have two roots and 78% of second premolars were single rooted. The most common Vertucci configuration among first premolars was Type IV (55.3%) and second premolars were Type I (66.8%). The gender-wise difference in the frequency of one- and two-rooted second maxillary premolars was statistically significant (P = 0.01). The gender-wise difference in the frequency of different Vertucci subclassifications for the second maxillary premolars teeth was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Conclusion: The maxillary premolars showed configuration variations in the Pakistani subpopulation.

Background/Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the root canal morphology of mandibular first and second premolars with the aid of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the Southeast Anatolian population. Material and Methods: The study examined a total of 1258 mandibular first and second premolars using cone-beam computed tomography images of 370 randomly selected patients who applied to the Department of OralDental and Maxillofacial Radiology of Faculty of Dentistry, Dicle University due to various indications. The total number of roots and root canals, canal symmetry and correlations between the right and left side of the mandible, and the prevalence in men and women were recorded. Data was analzyed using the Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests. Canal configurations were evaluated based on the Vertucci classification. Results: The evaluation of CT images of a total of 370 individuals showed that 88.89% of the first premolars and 98.45% of the second premolars were symmetrical. The canal anatomy of the first premolars suggested that 85.98% of the premolars were of Type I, 12.02% were of Type V, and 2% were of Type III based on the Vertucci classification. On the other hand, the canal anatomy of the second premolars revealed that 98.83% were of Type I, 0.67% were of Type V, and 0.5% were of Type III. Conclusions: The prevalent morphology of the multiple canals was Type V, except for the Vertucci classification Type I in the mandibular first premolars. Limited number of canal variations were observed in the mandibular second premolars.

Background/Aim: Aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of root-canal systems and numbers of permanent maxillary premolars’ roots and canals, using cone beam computed tomography scans.

Knowledge of the root canals configuration is essential for the success of endodontic treatment. The main aim of the systematic review is to determine the number of roots and the number of root canals in maxillary third molars, in addition, where possible, to determine the Vertucci classification. This systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement guidelines. The study protocol was registered and approved on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews PROSPERO (Reg. No: CRD42022366444) before the start of the study. Twelve studies were included in the analysis, differing in sample origin and methodology. The combined studies were analyzed based on the number of roots, number of canals, and root canal configurations, and the findings were compared with those of other international studies. Analyzing the available research results regarding the root anatomy and canal configuration of the third maxillary molar, the most commonly maxillary third molars had 3 roots (59.00%). Single-rooted teeth (24.20%) or double-rooted teeth (13.80%) were less common. In addition, it was observed that maxillary third molars typically possessed three root canals (47.28%) and the MB (mesiobuccal), DB (distobuccal), and P (palatal) canals most often showed Vertucci Type I (59.53%, 95.83% and 98.61%, respectively) in three-rooted form. Due to the small number of available studies, it is necessary to conduct further analyses taking into account demographic and ethnic differences that may affect the anatomical and morphological structure of the teeth.

Objective: To investigate and compare the root canal morphology of maxillary second premolar in relation to quadrant and gender distribution in Pakistani population presenting to Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross-sectional comparative study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry Rawalpindi, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2018. Methodology: Patients of either gender ranging from 21 to 70 years, seeking root canal treatment of maxillary second premolars of either quadrant presenting to out-patient department were studied. Two periapical radiographs were taken through paralleling technique and same lingual opposite buccal (SLOB) rule during the canal negotiation step with endodontic files inserted in the canals. The canal configuration and classification was noted. Chi square statistics were used to compare groups and results noted. Results: Of the total 200 patients, 56.5% were males and 43.5% were females. Two canals system was found in 75% of the patients with type II classification accounting to 37.5%, followed by type IV (32%), type I (25%) and type V (5.5%). Conclusion: In conclusion, maxillary second premolar canal morphology is complex and highly variable for different populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. We investigated the morphology of the root canals of the mandibular premolars in a Mexican population, based on the classification of Vertucc, and using Cone Beam computed tomography. Objective. To identify the variations of the morphology of root canal systems in first and second mandibular premolars in patients who attend the imaging department of the Autonomous University of Nayarit. Methods. The file of 490 images of Cone Beam computed tomography was taken, observing the internal anatomy of the first and second mandibular premolars. The type of root canal system morphology was differentiated according to the Vertucci classification, with its subsequent statistical analysis. Results. The most prevalent root canal system observed was type I in both types of premolars, anatomical variables type II, III, IV, V, VII and anatomical configurations that do not belong to the classification was found in this investigation. Conclusions. The predominance of mandibular premolars with a single root canal was concluded, as well as the higher frequency of anatomical variables type III and V, the mandibular premolars present diverse variations in their internal anatomy that should be known by the clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mandibular first molars are the earliest permanent posterior teeth to erupt and are, hence, most frequently in need of endodontic treatment. Success of endodontic treatment depends on three-dimensional obturation at apical third. Single canal with simple tubular configurations are easy to obturate than multiple canals involving merging or splitting of canals at apical third. There are no studies evaluating root canal configuration at apical third. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of root canal configuration types based on number of canals at the apical third of mandibular first molar roots. Materials and Methods: This experimental study evaluated a total of 250 mandibular first molars by clearing technique. The number of roots and canals were identified and canal configurations at the apical third were classified according to Vertucci and supplemental classifications. Chi-square test was applied to evaluate prevalence of root canal configuration types based on number of canals at the apical third of mandibular first molar roots. Results: A majority of the mandibular first molars (90.8%) were two-rooted. Three roots were observed in 6% of samples, four roots in 2% and fusion between roots in 1.2%. In the mesial root, two canals (48.4%) in the apical third was most prevalent, followed by one (25.8%), three (14.7%) and four (11.1%) canals. In the distal root, one canal in the apical third (74.2%) was the most prevalent finding followed by two (21.8%), four (2.8%) and three (1.2%) canals. The difference in prevalence of canal numbers in the apical third of the mesial and distal roots was statistically significant. The mesial root exhibited more variability than the distal root in canal configuration types. In the third root of three rooted molars, canal configuration was simple. In all the fused roots, C-shaped configuration was observed. Conclusion: Merging and splitting of root canals resulting in complex configuration although less prevalent were observed at apical third roots of mandibular first molar.

Pulp space is complex, root canals may divide and rejoin. In the simplest form each root with one canal and single apical foramen is not observed always, other canal configurations are present which exit the root with two, three or more foramen. Several classifications have been proposed to describe root canal configurations for communication. With the advent of three dimensional imaging technique researchers are reporting newer configurations which cannot be classified using current system. Hence, newer classifications are proposed by each researcher. It is difficult to retain all classifications. Secondly, these newer classification are not the continuation of previous ones. Also, similar terminology has been used by different researchers for different configurations. Hence, in this paper instead of grouping root canal configurations into types, nomenclature system is proposed to identify each configuration individually.

Knowledge of the normal root canal morphology and its variation is essential to ensure a successful root canal therapy. The aim of this report is to describe the endodontic treatment of two mandibular premolars with aberrant root canal morphology with the aid of dental operating microscope. A 29-year-old Saudi male with three mandibular left premolars was referred by the Prosthodontic Department for endodontic evaluation prior to placement of final coronal restorations. The first premolar was diagnosed as having necrotic pulp while the third premolar was previously treated. Root canal treatment and nonsurgical root canal retreatment were performed for the first and third premolars, respectively. The first premolar had a C-shaped configuration and Vertucci′s Type V (1-2) canal system while the third premolar had Type III configuration (1-2-1). One year later, the teeth were asymptomatic with normal periapical tissues radiographically. Root canal aberrations may occur in any tooth type, and the clinicians should always assume the presence of these aberrations and use all the available tools to detect and manage them.

Introduction: Mandibular first molars are the earliest permanent posterior teeth to erupt and are, hence, most frequently in need of endodontic treatment. Success of endodontic treatment depends on three-dimensional obturation at apical third. Single canal with simple tubular configurations are easy to obturate than multiple canals involving merging or splitting of canals at apical third. There are no studies evaluating root canal configuration at apical third. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of root canal configuration types based on number of canals at the apical third of mandibular first molar roots. Materials and Methods: This experimental study evaluated a total of 250 mandibular first molars by clearing technique. The number of roots and canals were identified and canal configurations at the apical third were classified according to Vertucci and supplemental classifications. Chi-square test was applied to evaluate prevalence of root canal configuration types based on number of canals at the apical third of mandibular first molar roots. Results: A majority of the mandibular first molars (90.8%) were two-rooted. Three roots were observed in 6% of samples, four roots in 2% and fusion between roots in 1.2%. In the mesial root, two canals (48.4%) in the apical third was most prevalent, followed by one (25.8%), three (14.7%) and four (11.1%) canals. In the distal root, one canal in the apical third (74.2%) was the most prevalent finding followed by two (21.8%), four (2.8%) and three (1.2%) canals. The difference in prevalence of canal numbers in the apical third of the mesial and distal roots was statistically significant. The mesial root exhibited more variability than the distal root in canal configuration types. In the third root of three rooted molars, canal configuration was simple. In all the fused roots, C-shaped configuration was observed. Conclusion: Merging and splitting of root canals resulting in complex configuration although less prevalent were observed at apical third roots of mandibular first molar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphologically mandibular central and lateral incisors are much similar. Occurence of multiple canals is also much common in mandibular anteriors. Most of the times the clinician failed to locate the lingual canal. This case report describes the successful nonsurgical management of a tooth with canal confluence, novel technique of shaping and cleaning to avoid stripping of canal wall or fracture of endodontic instruments and irrigants activation to achieve thorough disinfection of the root canal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp space is complex, root canals may divide and rejoin. In the simplest form each root with one canal and single apical foramen is not observed always, other canal configurations are present which exit the root with two, three or more foramen. Several classifications have been proposed to describe root canal configurations for communication. With the advent of three dimensional imaging technique researchers are reporting newer configurations which cannot be classified using current system. Hence, newer classifications are proposed by each researcher. It is difficult to retain all classifications. Secondly, these newer classification are not the continuation of previous ones. Also, similar terminology has been used by different researchers for different configurations. Hence, in this paper instead of grouping root canal configurations into types, nomenclature system is proposed to identify each configuration individually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This descriptive study was conducted to study the variation in number and pattern of root canals in mandibular incisors in a sample of Pakistani population. A Sample of 100 teeth extracted due to periodontal or carious destruction was surveyed through labio-lingual and lateral periapical radiographs. Roots were then sectioned at 1, 2 and 3mm from apex at 20° angulation along the long axis of roots. Sections were observed under stereomicroscope and number and shapes of root canals were recorded. Both observations were combined to classify the root canal patterns according to Vertucci's Classification. Ninety one (91) roots canals were classified at Vertucci's type I. Eight teeth showed double root canals. Two roots had Type V and six had Type III canal configuration. Labio-lingual periapical radiographs were unable to detect the second root canals in any of the teeth with double canals. The need for conducting more research with advanced imaging techniques and larger sample size was highlighted in this study. The limitation of periapical radiographs in locating lingual canals in mandibular incisors was also observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Detailed information of complex anatomical configuration of mesiobuccal (MB) root is essential for successful endodontic treatment in maxillary first molars. The aims of this study were to investigate the configuration types present in multiple-canalled MB roots of maxillary first molars using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and to evaluate whether further modification to current configuration classifications are needed for in-depth morphology study of MB root canal system. Materials and methods: One hundred and fifty-four extracted human maxillary first molar MB roots were scanned by μCT (Skyscan) and their canals were reconstructed by 3D modeling software. Root canal configurations were categorized according to the classifications proposed by Weine and Vertucci. Canal configurations that did not fit into both classifications were categorized as non-classifiable. Results: One hundred and thirteen (73.4 %) MB roots had multiple canals. The most predominant canal configuration was Weine type III (two orifices and two foramens). Thirty-three (29.2 %) and 20 (17.7 %) MB roots had non-classifiable configuration types that could not be classified by the Weine and Vertucci classification, respectively. Three configurations (types 1-3, 2-3-2-3-2, and 2-3-4-3-2) were first reported in maxillary first molar MB roots. Conclusions: The present μCT study provided an in-depth analysis of canal configurations of the MB roots of maxillary first molar and suggests that additional modification of current configuration classifications may be needed to more accurately reflect the morphology configurations of MB roots. Clinical relevance: Clinicians should consider the complex canal configurations of the maxillary first molar MB roots during surgical or nonsurgical endodontic procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to review the literature on root canal configuration (RCC) and the frequency of occurrence of a second mesiobuccal canal (MB) in human permanent maxillary first molars where cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is used. Online electronic databases such as PubMed-Medline, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library were searched using appropriate keywords from the earliest available date until 12th June 2022, without restriction on language. In the mesiobuccal root, type I was the most frequent (33.29%), followed by types II and IV (27.18% and 26.36%, respectively). Moreover, 68.2% of maxillary first molars had a second MB canal. For both the distobuccal and palatal roots, type I was the most prevalent, with 99.08% and 97.83% occurrence, respectively. All other types were infrequent. Type I RCC is most frequent in all the roots of the maxillary first molars. Hence, care must be taken during biomechanical preparation of the MB roots.

The objective of the study was to review the literature on root anatomy and canal configuration in permanent mandibular second molar based on Vertucci classification. Online electronic databases such as PubMed-Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using appropriate keywords from the earliest available date till 10 th February 2021 restriction on language. Additional sources such as Google Scholar, major journals, unpublished studies, conference proceedings, and cross-references were explored. Information curated for data extraction included methodology, population, sample size (number of teeth), number of root canals, and type of root canal configuration (RCC). Thirty-seven articles were selected with a total of 12,393 permanent mandibular second molar teeth. In the mesial root, Type IV canal configuration with 37.3% was more frequent, having two canals with 70.4%. In the distal roots, one canal was more prevalent with 77% occurrence, and Type I canal configuration was more frequent with 85.2%. Comprehensive knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology is crucial to root canal treatment. Therefore, an understanding of the canal configuration and anatomy is necessary for the dentist to enhance successful endodontic treatment. Our systematic review findings reveal a wide variety of possible canal configurations among permanent mandibular second molar, while the number of canals ranged from 1 to 5 in number. The evidence is intended to help dental practitioners to avoid mishaps such as perforation and missing canals and anticipation of potential complications during treatment., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Conservative Dentistry.)

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the root canal configurations of primary mandibular second molars (PMSMs) using Vertucci classification. Materials and Methods: The root canal types of 228 PMSMs (228 mesial and 228 distal roots) were evaluated. In addition, the relationship between external root morphology and Vertucci classification was investigated. The Chi-square test or Fisher Exact Chi-square test was used for the evaluations, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. Results: The most commonly observed root canal type, which was observed in 228 roots (50%), was Type 4 followed by Type 8 (15.79%), Type 5 (14.47%), Type 1 (9.21%), and Type 3 (6.57%). In 150 mesial roots, the root canal Type 4 was observed whereas the same type was observed in 78 distal roots, and the difference was significant (P < 0.001). In flat roots (82.9%), the most frequently observed root canal type was Type 4 (50.8%) (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Various root canal types were observed in both mesial and distal roots although Type 4 was the most commonly observed. Root canal types showed a consistent relationship with separated and conical root shapes whereas the flat roots showed different root canal types., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest