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Abstract—It is generally recognized that the formation of the fold-and-thrust tectonic structures of mobile belts on continents is associated with crushing and narrowing of the Earth's crust due to collision of lithospheric plates. The deformation of the Caucasian lithosphere in the recent time is generally consistent with these ideas. However, the block differentiation of the Caucasian lithosphere brings specificity into the directionality of recent vertical and horizontal movements. In this paper, we analyze vertical movements of the Caucasus estimated by means of high-precision leveling over a period of more than a century and consider their spatial correlation with the tectonics, seismicity, stress-strain state, and geophysical fields. A clear correlation indicating the deep tectonic nature of the long-term uplifts of the Caucasus crust is revealed. The differentiation of the Arabian plate movement causes partitioning of the Caucasus territory into provinces that differ by the pattern of recent movements, orientation of faults, and stress-strain state of the geomaterial. These provinces also have distinctions in seismicity in terms of the number of seismic events and focal mechanisms of the earthquakes. We propose a model of a deformation mechanism of the Greater Caucasus, which accommodates the long-term trend of the Caucasus uplift in the conditions of general shortening of the Earth's crust. The results of the analysis provide a basis for discussion of a probable mechanism of neotectonic evolution of the Greater Caucasus, which can be used in the seismic hazard assessment of the North Caucasus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphostructural analysis of the stream network in the southern part of the Far East has been carried out. It has been established that the latest vertical movements in the region were manifested against the background of an older, partially eroded relief. Three stages of relief development are identified, reflecting neotectonic activity in the region: (a) pre–Oligocene, characterized by a more intense uplift of the Bureya Ridge, and less intense, the Sikhote-Alin Ridge; (b) Oligocene–Pliocene, characterized by the most intense vertical movements in the region during the period from the Late Eocene to the Holocene; and (c) the Pleistocene and the Holocene, during which a modern erosion-denudation relief was formed and no vertical movements of significant amplitude occurred. A map of the total amplitude of vertical neotectonic movements is constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maximum gravimetric anomalies, correlated with isostatic data, with the morphology of the Moho discontinuity and with depth seismic data highlight the presence of four lithospheric microplates on the territory of Romania, one inside the Carpathian Orogen (the Interalpine Microplate) and three outside (the Eastern European Plate, the Moesian Microplate and the Black Sea Microplate). Their slip directions are convergent on the Carpathian orogen. The regions affected by continuous uplift and continuous vertical descent movements during the Quaternary are outlined on the neotectonic map of Romania. The consequences of these tectonic movements are also assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern Tunisia is known to be less deformed and simpler than its neighboring Atlassic domain to the north. This area is complex and basin evolution in the Southern Chotts‐Jeffara (SCJ) basin is debated. In this paper we combined surface and subsurface data with low temperature thermochronology (LTT) to reinvestigate the tectono‐sedimentary evolution of the SCJ basin from Permian to Jurassic. We reconstruct the present‐day architecture of the SCJ basin along two regional sections. In these sections, we focused mainly on regional thickness variations and on internal reflections interpreted from seismic data. We observe three structural elements: (a) A Paleozoic culmination, oriented E‐W, capped by Mid‐Upper Triassic deposits; (b) the Tebaga of Medenine (ToM), a culmination also oriented E‐W but located ∼50 km north of the Paleozoic culmination; and (c) A Triassic culmination in the eastern part of the area, oriented NW‐SE. We note the absence of major normal faults along the sections. The LTT data we present are the first published in this area and allow to reconstruct the timing and magnitude of vertical movements. These data prove: (a) exhumation at ∼230 Ma of the Permian and Lower Triassic units associated with the onset of the ToM removing locally about 900 m of pre‐Cretaceous sediments; and (b) the development of the Triassic culmination ∼180 Ma removing 2000 m of pre‐Cretaceous sediments in the Jebel Rehach. This study demonstrates that vertical movements in the SCJ basin are controlled by long‐wavelength processes developed essentially in shortening regimes. Key Points: Two large scale cross sections accross the Southern Chotts‐Jeffara basin allowed to interpret multiscale architecture of the basinThe basin deformation is controled by the implacement of anticlines and basin related to successive shortening regimesOutcrop observations, seismic‐well interpretation and low temperature thermochronology data allow to reconstruct the evolution of the basin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective This study aimed to assess the alveolar bone changes following maxillary and mandibular molars’ intrusion and extrusion movements using Clear Aligners using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods This is a retrospective clinical study in which 24 adult patients with pre-designed selection criteria and a mean age of 31.1 + 9.9 years were enrolled. The alveolar bone changes around one hundred thirty-three maxillary and mandibular molars intruded or extruded by Clear Aligners therapy were analyzed from CBCT using Invivo 6.0 software. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability analysis was performed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s Alpha statistics. The paired t-test was used to analyze significant differences before and after treatment (T0-T1). The significance level was considered at P

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Objective: This study aimed to assess the alveolar bone changes following maxillary and mandibular molars' intrusion and extrusion movements using Clear Aligners using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: This is a retrospective clinical study in which 24 adult patients with pre-designed selection criteria and a mean age of 31.1 + 9.9 years were enrolled. The alveolar bone changes around one hundred thirty-three maxillary and mandibular molars intruded or extruded by Clear Aligners therapy were analyzed from CBCT using Invivo 6.0 software. Intra- and inter-examiner reliability analysis was performed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach's Alpha statistics. The paired t-test was used to analyze significant differences before and after treatment (T0-T1). The significance level was considered at P < 0.05. Result: The patients were divided into two groups: extrusion (48.9%, n = 65 molars' root) and intrusion (51.1%, n = 68 molars' root) group. There was a significant decrease in the alveolar bone changes in the buccal surface of the mandibular right and left 1st molars in the extrusion group (-1.05 ± 0.97, -0.76 ± 1.12 mm, respectively) and the maxillary left 2nd molars in intrusion group (-0.42 ± 0.77 mm), and the lingual surface of intrusion of the mandibular left 1st molar (-0.64 ± 0.76 mm). Comparing the mean maxillary and mandibular changes (T0-T1) of both studied groups showed that the buccal alveolar bone changes for the left 1st and right 2nd molars showed a significant difference in extrusion and intrusion groups, respectively. Conclusions: The buccal alveolar bone changes is considered the most affected surface following maxillary and mandibular molars' intrusion and extrusion movements using clear aligners, with mandibular molars being more affected than the maxillary ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper attempts to answer the question about the role of contribution of the hydroisostasy to the stress-strain state of the Earth’s crust on the Island of Sakhalin. The hydroisostasy contribution was estimated by simulation by means of finite element method. The mesh grid for the calculation was constructed using the real values of the depth of the Moho discontinuity surface and the topography of Sakhalin Island with adjacent shelf areas. The calculation took into account the Central Sakhalin fault zone. Lateral displacements as a result of strain and lateral displacements combined with vertical ones were simulated separately. Comparison of the results of the stress-strain state simulation, taking lateral displacements and their combination with vertical ones into account, clearly demonstrates the significance of the hydroisostasy contribution to the stress-strain state of the Earth’s crust in the Sakhalin region.

We used acoustic telemetry to investigate the roles of depth and temperature in the daytime foraging behaviours of 13 tagged pelagic thresher sharks by monitoring their fine scale vertical movements in the Philippines. Cumulatively, pelagic thresher shark dives traversed the entire water column where they encountered temperatures that ranged from 33°C at the surface to 12°C at 250 m depths throughout the day, but the movements of individuals varied in the extent of both their deep and shallow water limits. Dives were not synchronized to diurnal cycles, and periodicity reflected cycles of similar dives, the dives themselves, deviations, cruising, and individuality. Pelagic thresher shark movements between the warm surface layer and cooler waters below the thermocline (155 – 175 m) may reflect a common Alopiid strategy that balances maintaining tolerable ambient water temperatures with opportunities to search for and forage on spatially patchy distributions of prey.

Ticks are important vectors of pathogens that endanger humans and animals. Study of their behavior under laboratory conditions is important for both predicting their behavior in natural conditions and understanding their involvement in transmission cycles of pathogens, which may lead to effective prevention of tick-borne disease transmission or establishment of effective preventive measures. The aim of our study was to describe the behavior of D. reticulatus ticks using laboratory assay. We focused on the description of individual behavioral units during their vertical movement. The assay consisted of glass beakers filled with sand and an embedded glass rod. We observed 10 different behavioral units, 4 of which have not yet been described: body posturing called "jogger", leg grooming, and body or leg jerking. The most frequent tick behavior observed was an upwards positioning of the two front legs while the body remained motionless (88.9%). Other common observations were both horizontal (63%) and vertical (58.0%) body posturing with all legs lowered, followed by questing behavior (51.9%). Ticks spent the most time questing (75.2%), crawling (54.7%), and grooming legs on the right side (23%). We did not observe any differences between males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study outfitted wild-caught white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis) with electronic data storage tags (DSTs) to evaluate subsequent movements of adult fish captured along Baja California, Mexico (BC). Cefas G5 DSTs were surgically implanted into 89 wild-caught white seabass ranging in size from 66 to 152 cm TL between La Salina (32.11°N/116.90°W) and San Quintin (30.25°N/115.83°W), BC. Twenty-four tagged individuals (27%) were recaptured between April, 2010 and May, 2017, following a mean time at liberty of 608 days (range = 18–1424 days) and a mean displacement of approximately 125 km (± 173 km; range = 3–720 km) between the point of release and recapture. Tagged white seabass were recaptured between Santa Rosalillíta, BC (28.66° N/114.27°W) and Monterey Bay, California (36.65°N/121.86°W), with four individuals reported above the U.S-Mexico border. Collectively, 8547 days of archived data revealed that white seabass spent 95% of the time at depths <60 m, with a maximum depth of 158 m. Ambient water temperature ranged from 10.2 to 24.1 °C, with a mean (± SD) of 15.2 ± 0.4 °C. Seasonal shifts in depth profiles to deeper waters during the winter months were comparable with findings from previous tagging studies performed off California. Relatively high recapture rates reaffirm the economic importance of this resource in both the U.S. and Mexico, while tag recoveries within close proximity to particular deployment sites suggest seasonal site fidelity to specific geographic areas. White seabass movements between BC and California further support the transboundary nature of the stock and suggest that future management would benefit from international fishery policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interrelation between global sea level changes during Glacial–Interglacial periods and Earth surface deformations is studied using digital simulation methods. During Earth surface deformations, the deformation amplitude is expected to depend on variable thickness of the upper lithospheric layer. 3D modeling allows to take into account thickness variation of the lithospheric layer. In this work, 3D modeling of hydroisostasy under marine transgression similar to Interglacial ones for the Sea of Okhotsk has been made with creating a mesh on the base close to real bathimetry of the Sea of Okhotsk and Moho surface configuration. Simulation has been done by finite element method by Elmer software suite. As a result, relation between Moho surface configuration and Earth surface deformation was found.

The moment magnitude (MW)~7 earthquake that struck Charleston, South Carolina, on 31 August 1886 is the largest historical earthquake in the United States east of the Appalachian Mountains. The fault(s) that ruptured during this earthquake has never been conclusively identified, and conflicting fault models have been proposed. Here we interpret reprocessed seismic reflection profiles, reprocessed legacy aeromagnetic data, and newly collected ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiles to delineate faults deforming the Cretaceous and younger Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) strata in the epicentral area of the 1886 earthquake. The data show evidence for faults folding or vertically displacing ACP strata, including apparent displacements of near-surface strata (upper ~20 m). Aeromagnetic data show several northeast (NE)-trending lineaments, two of which correlate with faults and folds with vertical displacements as great as 55 m on the seismic reflection and radar profiles. ACP strata show only minor thickness changes across these structures, indicating that much of the displacement postdates the shallowest well-imaged ACP strata of Eocene age. Faults imaged on the seismic reflection profiles appear on GPR profiles to displace the erosional surface at the top of the upper Eocene to Oligocene Cooper Group, including where railroad tracks were bent during the 1886 earthquake. Some faults coincide with changes in river trends, bifurcations of river channels, and unusual river meanders that could be related to recent fault motion. In contrast to our interpreted NE fault trends, earthquake locations and some focal mechanisms in the modern seismic zone have been interpreted as defining a nearly north-striking, west-dipping zone of aftershocks from the 1886 earthquake. The relationship between the modern seismicity and the faults we image is therefore enigmatic. However, multiple faults in the area clearly have been active since the Eocene and deform strata in the upper 20 m, providing potential targets for field-based geologic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well-known fact that critical structures are required to be designed for the vertical effects of earthquake ground motions as well as the horizontal effects. We developed a new model for the spectral ratio of vertical-to-horizontal components of earthquakes (V/H ratio) for central and eastern North America (CENA). The proposed V/H ratio model has the advantage of considering the earthquake magnitude, source-to-site distance, and the shear-wave velocity of soil deposits in the upper 30 m of the site for peak ground acceleration and a wide range of spectral periods (0.01-10.0 s). The model evaluation is based on a comprehensive set of regression analysis of the compiled Next Generation Attenuation-East database of the available CENA recordings with M ≤ 3.4 and Rrup < 1000 km. The median value of the geometric mean of the orthogonal horizontal motions rotated through all possible nonredundant rotation angles, known as the RotD50, is used along with the vertical component to perform regression using the nonlinear mixed-effect regression. We excluded the earthquakes and recording stations in the Gulf Coast region due to their different ground motion attenuation (Dreiling et al., 2014). To compute V/H ratios for the Gulf Coast region, we refer the readers to the study of Haji-Soltani et al. (2017). Moreover, we excluded the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program site class E sites from consideration because of their complex site response characteristics and their potential for nonlinear site effects. The predicted V/H ratios from the proposed model are compared with recently published V/H ratio models. We suggest our model to be used for developing the vertical response spectra for CENA sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The width of shelves and continental slopes of the East Siberian and Laptev seas affected the postglacial transgression. This dependence, in turn, is directly determined by the viscosity of mantle layers. Based on numerical simulations, the sea level on the East Siberian Sea coast was at higher altitudes than on the Laptev Sea 4–6 ky BP. The difference in the transgression rate could be explained by the hydroisostatic mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are important vectors of pathogens that endanger humans and animals. Study of their behavior under laboratory conditions is important for both predicting their behavior in natural conditions and understanding their involvement in transmission cycles of pathogens, which may lead to effective prevention of tick-borne disease transmission or establishment of effective preventive measures. The aim of our study was to describe the behavior of D. reticulatus ticks using laboratory assay. We focused on the description of individual behavioral units during their vertical movement. The assay consisted of glass beakers filled with sand and an embedded glass rod. We observed 10 different behavioral units, 4 of which have not yet been described: body posturing called “jogger”, leg grooming, and body or leg jerking. The most frequent tick behavior observed was an upwards positioning of the two front legs while the body remained motionless (88.9%). Other common observations were both horizontal (63%) and vertical (58.0%) body posturing with all legs lowered, followed by questing behavior (51.9%). Ticks spent the most time questing (75.2%), crawling (54.7%), and grooming legs on the right side (23%). We did not observe any differences between males and females.

The feeding ecology of scarinine parrotfishes on tropical coral reefs has received considerable attention in the past few decades; nonetheless, relatively few studies have been conducted in high‐latitude reefs. Among the Indo‐Pacific Scarus species, Scarus ovifrons is unique, being largely restricted to the warm temperate waters of Japan. Nonetheless, there is very little information available on the feeding ecology of this species. In this study, the authors used acoustic telemetry to detect the diel vertical movement patterns of S. ovifrons, video survey to detect its feeding depths and substrata and focal follow survey and genetic analysis to identify algae composition on the feeding scars at Kashiwajima Island, southwestern Japan (32° 46′ N, 132° 38′ E). Acoustic telemetry revealed that S. ovifrons spent most of its time in shallow water (<10 m) during the day and slept in deeper water (10–15 m) at night. Video and focal follow surveys revealed that most fishes of various sizes regularly took bites on epilithic algae and detrital materials on rocky substrata at depths of <10 m, but large fishes (>40 cm total length) sometimes took bites directly on live corals (Acropora solitaryensis) at the 5 m depth zone where live tabular corals dominated the benthos. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that epilithic algae collected from feeding scars were mainly composed of Rhodophyta, and coralline algae were less often targeted. Overall, this study revealed that S. ovifrons feeds mostly at depths <10 m, and the feeding algae substrata of the species are similar to those of tropical coral reef parrotfishes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a multi-year acoustic telemetry study of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792)) in a small subarctic lake to investigate depth and temperature occupancy, and vertical activity across seasons (summer, fall, and winter), diel periods (day, twilight, and night), and during summer periods of 24 h light (day and twilight). Analyses using generalized additive mixed models revealed a high degree of individual variation in depth occupancy independent of the factors hour of day, season, and diel period, whereas temperature occupancy and vertical activity were explained using the three combined factors. Habitats occupied were typically 9–20 m and 6–9.5 °C in summer, 1–3 m and 2–15 °C in fall during presumed spawning, and ≤6 m and

Tide gauges are used to assess sea level changes. Usually, they are placed on the coast (piers), which can be unstable. Consequently, the vertical movement of the tide gauge should be included in the series of observations. The paper deals with the stability of the tide gauge Station Koper (MP Koper), the stability of which was determined relatively on the basis of the levelling network, which was stabilised nearby. The stability of the individual benchmarks was analysed and the velocity vector of vertical displacement of each benchmark was determined with respect to the benchmark 9000 tide gauge. The stability of the tide gauge was also determined in a global reference system by using the series of GNSS observations of the KOPE continuously operating reference GNSS station. The KOPE station is stabilised at the MP Koper and is included in the Slovenian GNSS network of the SIGNAL continuously operating reference network of permanent stations. The vertical velocity vector of the point KOPE was compared with the vertical velocity vectors at other tide gauges, which are located along the Croatian coast, and the tide gauges in Trieste.

Data from geomorphological surveys of the Konyukhov Bay coast (north-western part of Onezhsky Peninsula), radiocarbon dating of organogenic sediments, echo sounding of water areas of the bay and lakes (water lines at 15.8-26.1 m a. s. l.) performed during thevoyage of the research vessel "Ecolog" in July 2014 were used to reconstruct the history of the landform development in the Holocene. The morphodynamics of the coast is considered as a result of interactions between coastal processes and the underlying litho- genic structure against the background of postglacial movements and climate change. Two geomorphological levels were distinguished and dated, which differ in the scope of transformation of ice-marginal formations of the Neva stage of the last glaciation by the sea and correspond to the main stages of post-glacial development of the relief: 1) paleo- straits and bays in depressions between moraine ridges at altitudes of 17.5-30 m a. s. l., filled in during the post-glacial transgression; the basinal stage of their development ended no later than 8540 ± 50 - 7610 ± 70 14C (~9500-8400 cal.) BP; 2) marine terraces at altitudes below 15-17 m a. s. l., formed in the middle-late Holocene in the environments similar to modern ones. The abrasion coastline (14-17.5 m) formed during the sea level stabilization stage with its high wave activity, which took place during the Tapes transgression, was revealed. Bays at the upper level, with a threshold runoff below ~ 17.5 m a. s. l., were at that time re-filled with sea water. The relative uplift rate of the Konyukhov Bay coast was estimated according to the ages of the lower horizon of lacustrine and palus- trine sediments at 2-2.2 mm/year.

This study presents an alternate site-response model to the existing ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) from our previous study with some calibration to the magnitude term. We used a new site-response proxy TVH =4 × max(30, HB)/VS30 that combines VS30 (the travel-time-averaged shear-wave velocity to 30 m depth) with the engineering bedrock depth HB.VS30. is available for many strong-motion recording stations. However, GMPEs using VS30 do not directly account for the response of the soil layers between 30 m and bedrock depth. Site periodTS (four times the shear-wave travel time to the engineering bedrock depth) has also been used in recent GMPEs, with TS being considered a theoretically better parameter than a pseudosite period TVS30 (four times the shear-wave travel time to a depth of 30 m). Obtaining the shear-wave velocity profiles between 30 m and HB for a deep soil site can be expensive, whereas obtaining bedrock depth based on the geotechnical description of borehole data may be relatively easy. We used velocity profiles from the Kyoshin net and Kiban-Kyoshin net strong-motion networks and found that a pseudosite period TVH and TS have an excellent correlation with a small standard deviation at all spectral periods, suggesting that TVH is a suitable site-effect parameter. The poor correlations between TVS30 and TS and between TVS30 and TVH for sites with TS > 0.4 led to poor model performance at long spectral periods. We modified a GMPE by replacing with TVH, and we made a minor modification to the moment magnitude term of the GMPE that was necessary for the new site term. The response spectra predicted by models using TVH, TS and at short spectral periods up to 0.6 s are generally similar. At long spectral periods, the spectra predicted by the TVS30 are much smaller than those from the other two GMPEs. For all spectral periods, is an excellent substitute for TVS30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research area is located in north-western Poland. It is the city of Szczecin with a particular emphasis on the Międzyodrze islands. The area of the EcoGenerator Waste Disposal Plant is part of the research area. The analysis of the geological structure of the subsurface layer of Earth’s crust within Szczecin, was carried out with particular emphasis on the EcoGenerator Waste Disposal Plant. The analysis of height changes of the benchmarks, was based on archival materials measured in two campaigns. A detailed recognition of the geological structure in connection with the analysis of changes in the height of the benchmarks was important. This enabled stable benchmarks to be located in several areas of Szczecin. They formed the basis for reliable monitoring of surface deformations of organic and existing sediments within the EkoGenerator Plant. The application of an appropriate three segment control and measurement system. In the area around the EcoGenerator Plant, vertical movements of the area were observed using the InSAR Small Baseline Subset Method. An InSAR analysis is only used here for very broad identification of the moving area. The radar data came from Sentinel 1 A and 1 B satellites. A total of 129 images from 15.11.2014 to 28.07.2019 were used.The results of the analyses conducted, form the basis for discussion and act as a summary of the considerations in this paper.

The aim of this paper is the geodetic determination of vertical movements of the Earth's crust using the methods of geostatistics. A practical research is conducted for the territory of the Republic of Srpska and most of Bosnia and Herzegovina. A free kinematic levelling network is constructed based on the data of high accuracy levelling, and vertical velocities of levelling points (benchmarks) are determined by applying the least squares adjustment method. Spatial vertical velocities and their horizontal gradients are evaluated using geostatistical methods. These results are compared with the existing geodetic solutions and other geo-data, and areas with significant values of vertical movements of the Earth's crust are marked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of km-scale exhumations during syn- and post-rift stages has been documented along Atlantic continental margins, which are also characterised by basins undergoing substantial subsidence. The relationship between the exhuming and subsiding domains is poorly understood. In this study, we reconstruct the evolution of a 50 km long transect across the Moroccan rifted margin from the western Anti-Atlas to the Atlantic basin offshore the city of Sidi Ifni. Low-temperature thermochronology data from the Sidi Ifni area document a ca. 8 km exhumation between the Permian and the Early/Middle Jurassic. The related erosion fed sediments to the subsiding Mesozoic basin to the NW. Basement rocks along the transect were subsequently buried by 1–2 km between the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. From late Early/Late Cretaceous onwards, rocks present along the transect were exhumed to their present-day position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Mediterranean, the South-Tethys paleomargin experienced polyphased tectonic episodes and paleoenvironmental perturbations during Mesozoic time. The Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate successions of the Panormide platform, outcropping in the northern edge of the Palermo Mountains (NW Sicily), were studied by integrating facies and stratal pattern with backstripping analysis to recognize the tectonics vs. carbonate sedimentation interaction. The features of the Requienid limestone, including geometric configuration, facies sequence, lithological changes and significance of the top-unconformity, highlight that at the end of the Lower Cretaceous the carbonate platform was tectonically dismembered in various rotating fault-blocks. The variable trends of the subsidence curves testify to different responses, both uplift and downthrow, of various platform-blocks impacted by extensional tectonics. Physical stratigraphic and facies analysis of the Rudistid limestone highlight that during the Upper Cretaceous the previously carbonate platform faulted-blocks were subjected to vertical movements in the direction opposite to the displacement produced by the extensional tectonics, indicating a positive tectonic inversion. Comparisons with other sectors of the Southern Tethyan and Adria paleomargins indicate that during the Cretaceous these areas underwent the same extensional and compressional stages occurring in the Panormide carbonate platform, suggesting a regional scale significance, in time and kinematics, for these tectonic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tide gauges are used to assess sea level changes. Usually, they are placed on the coast (piers), which can be unstable. Consequently, the vertical movement of the tide gauge should be included in the series of observations. The paper deals with the stability of the tide gauge Station Koper (MP Koper), the stability of which was determined relatively on the basis of the levelling network, which was stabilised nearby. The stability of the individual benchmarks was analysed and the velocity vector of vertical displacement of each benchmark was determined with respect to the benchmark 9000 tide gauge. The stability of the tide gauge was also determined in a global reference system by using the series of GNSS observations of the KOPE continuously operating reference GNSS station. The KOPE station is stabilised at the MP Koper and is included in the Slovenian GNSS network of the SIGNAL continuously operating reference network of permanent stations. The vertical velocity vector of the point KOPE was compared with the vertical velocity vectors at other tide gauges, which are located along the Croatian coast, and the tide gauges in Trieste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Anti-Atlas belt of Morocco extends ENE-WSW, over more than 600 km, from the Atlantic margin in the west to the interior of the African plate in the east. It exhibits Precambrian rocks outcropping as basement inliers and surrounded by marine Ediacaran-Cambrian sequences around the axis of the mountain range. The belt, which has for a long time been interpreted as of Variscan age, is now revealed to have experienced major vertical movements through Mesozoic and Cenozoic times. Thereby, the Anti-Atlas domain appears to be affected by two episodes of exhumation separated by an episode of subsidence. The initial episode occurred in the Late Triassic and led to the exhumation of 7.5-10.5 km of crustal rocks by the end of the Middle Jurassic (ca. 160-150 Ma). The following phase resulted in 1-3 km of basement subsidence and occurred during the Late Jurassic and most of the Early Cretaceous. The basement rocks were then slowly brought to the surface after experiencing 2-3.5 km of exhumation throughout the Late Cretaceous and the Cenozoic. The timing of these episodes of exhumation and subsidence coincides with major tectonic and thermal events in relation with the evolution of the Atlantic and Tethys Oceans, indicating that the effects of their rifting and drifting extended beyond their presumed margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excavations in congested urban areas are often carried out near and below the existing buildings. The primary cause of damages to nearby buildings is often associated with the excavation completed near and below the existing buildings. It is therefore imperative to minimise shoring wall displacement during the excavation. The paper describes the application of the hybrid soldier pile, tieback and soil nail shoring wall to reduce wall displacement below an acceptable limit. The project involved the construction of a 39-storey building with 5 levels of below-grade parking. The shoring of the below-grade parking was implemented with soil nails in the upper portion of the wall to prevent damages to the existing utilities. Tieback anchor was used below the existing building to limit the movements in the existing building. A three-dimensional non-linear analysis was used to study the behaviour of hybrid shoring wall. Field measurements on wall displacements and soil nail forces confirm the effect of the hybrid wall. However, numerical analyses indicated that the wall would have been constructed without soil nail due to a narrow space between the wall and existing building. This paper illustrates how detailed numerical simulation can be applied practically to design a shoring system in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The central territorial belt oriented west-east and located along the parallel 190 in the Mexican Republic, is composed of a complex system of faults, that respond to the consequent morphology of a tension arched system, which has been erected to the Volcanic Transmexican or Transversal Belt. This region evidences the dynamics and evolution of a graben and horst tectonic system, as well as volcanic manifestations characterized by stratovolcanoes, monogenetic fields and fisural flows, among others. In particular, in the center of the Mexican regional complex, the fault system which delimits the region of Acambay in the state of Mexico, had showed evidences of seismogenerating activity during a century until the present time. According to the above and based on the geomorphological analysis and the geodetic measurements, the dynamic presented by these morphostructures in a multitemporal comparative study (1998/2003 to 2011) is showed. The rates of vertical tectonic movements reflect recent rise values ranging from + 7,3 to 12,8 mm/year in the northern horst of Santa María Tixmadejé, while in the central graben of Acambay are very weak, of the order of + 0,4 to + 0,5 mm/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentary basins along the SW African margin deliver information about processes, which occurred in the past and serve as a good starting point for reconstructing the margin's evolution. By integrating detailed information on the present-day configuration of the SW African margin into a 3D thermo-mechanical forward modeling framework, we attempt a margin-wide reconstruction of its subsidence history since its onset during breakup. The 3D forward modeling approach as applied on the SW African margin area makes use of the coupling between thermal relaxation of the lithosphere and flexural isostatic balance in response to sediment deposition and build-up of thermal stresses during lithosphere cooling. On the one hand, our results provide useful information about the behavior of the lithosphere during breakup and the subsequent post-rift phase. On the other hand, restored paleobathymetries for specific time intervals during the post-rift evolution give evidence for possible uplift events superposed on the long-term subsidence history of the margin. Restored paleobathymetries are in agreement with conclusions derived from former studies and provided strong indications for the presence of a rather heterogeneous crustal configuration of the margin marked by a mechanical decoupling of the upper and lower crustal domains during most of the rifting phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a high latitude species most abundant in Arctic and sub-Arctic waters of the North Atlantic. Vertical behaviour of this fish is unclear as it is often caught by both pelagic and demersal trawls. To gain greater insight into its behaviour, 41 female lumpfish caught during the Icelandic Groundfish Survey (IGFS) in March were tagged with data storage tags (DSTs); the IGFS finishes ~1 week before the beginning of the lumpfish fishing season (20 March). Data retrieved from returned tags were compared with information on depth and distribution of catches of lumpfish from the IGFS. Thirteen tags were returned with days at liberty ranging from 20 to 61 d. Maximum depth recorded was 308 m (maximum depth of the tag) but based upon interpolation of temperature recordings, one fish may have descended to ~418 m. Lumpfish displayed a range of vertical behaviours termed demersal, surface, and pelagic. During March, most exhibited either demersal or pelagic behaviour but the time spent in surface behaviour increased from March to April. During demersal behaviour, depth was rarely constant indicating the fish were not stationary. Both DST and catch data from the IGFS indicate that lumpfish exhibit diel patterns in vertical behaviour. As lumpfish frequently exhibit demersal behaviour, the use of the IGFS to monitor changes in abundance is justified. As lumpfish spend a significant amount of time in both the pelagic and demersal zone, they should be considered as a semi-pelagic (or semi-demersal) fish during this life stage/time of year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

8217 days of data downloaded from 47 archival tags, recovered from bigeye tuna ( Thunnus obesus ) 51–134 cm in length ( x ¯ = 86.9 c m ) , 0.87–3.44 years of age ( x ¯ = 1.89 years ) at liberty from 36 to 851 days ( x ¯ = 183 days ) in the equatorial central Pacific Ocean, are evaluated herein. Analyses of depth and temperature records resulted in the classification of three daily behavior types: characteristic, associative (associated with floating objects), and other. For three defined length classes, 54–79.9 cm, 80–99.9 cm, and 100–134 cm, when exhibiting characteristic behavior, the proportions of time and average durations of events were 45.3% ( x ¯ = 5.1 days ) , 62.6% ( x ¯ = 8.5 days ) , 79.2% ( x ¯ = 17.5 days ) , and the average daytime depths and temperatures were 284 m and 12.6 °C, 305 m and 12.7 °C, and 312 m and 12.1 °C, respectively. For the same three length classes, when exhibiting associative behavior, the proportions of time and average durations of events were 9.5% ( x ¯ = 1.9 days ) , 4.8% ( x ¯ = 1.9 days ) , and 6.0% ( x ¯ = 1.8 days ) , and the average daytime depths and temperatures were 101 m and 23.2 °C, 105 m and 23.1 °C, and 74 m and 22.3 °C, respectively. There is a significant positive correlation between the proportion of time fish exhibits characteristic behavior and fish length, and significant negative correlations between the proportion of time bigeye tuna exhibit associative and other behavior with fish length. Behavior and habitat preferences of bigeye tuna should be considered for standardizing catch-per-unit of effort (CPUE) data from both longline and purse-seine fisheries targeting tropical tunas in the Pacific, in an effort to provide more reliable estimates of relative abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computer-controlled pressurising system enabling large aquatic organisms like marine fishes to be maintained for long periods is described. The paper presents a system that is capable not only of maintaining constant hydrostatic pressures but also of producing any desired cyclic variations of that parameter, allowing the close and reliable simulation of vertical migrations that many species of fishes and other aquatic animals perform during some stages of their life cycles.

Abstract: The analysis of repeated high precision leveling observations during the last 40 years along lines of the Italian fundamental network allowed us to estimate very recent vertical movements in eastern Sicily and southern Calabria (Italy). The network is measured by the Italian Istituto Geografico Militare (IGM) and we have analyzed three leveling lines. Because of the lack of an absolute reference datum, we have conducted the analyses in terms of relative elevation changes compared to reference benchmarks. Although the processing of the different time series obtained from the high precision leveling has allowed us to estimate only relative rates, their extreme accuracy, together with the large extension of networks, makes this type of measurement fundamental for the estimate of recent vertical deformation. In addition, correlating instrumental and geological data makes it possible to identify active tectonic structures whose elastic strain accumulation could be responsible for vertical deformation. In particular, vertical motion can be related to the activity of a W-E trending fault separating the Catania Plain from the Hyblean Plateau in southeastern Sicily, a N-S trending normal fault occurring north of the Messina town and the NE-SW trending Scilla normal fault in south-western Calabria. The last two are located on the sides of the Messina Straits, an area of broad interest for the planning of the single-span bridge between Sicily and mainland Italy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Trends in the vertical displacement (i.e. uplift or subsidence) of the Aegean Sea coastal zone have been assessed by comparing observational data with those derived from the predictive glacio-hydro-isostatic model of Lambeck and Purcell (2005) for a period spanning from the Mesolithic to the late Roman times. The data base comprises published studies that use both geomorphological (with associated biological material) and archaeological sea level indicators/markers. Localities demonstrating uplift of high amplitude were detected in front of the Hellenic Arc (Antikythira, Crete, Rhodes, Nisyros) and in the northeast Aegean region (Thrace), whilst areas experiencing tectonic subsidence were mainly observed in the central Aegean region which is characterized by an extensional tectonic domain. However, regional-scale tectonic particularities have caused uplift in parts of the west and east coast of central Aegean. Tectonically ‘stable’ sites can be found in the Cyclades Plateau, however, this is due to a balance between uplifting and subsiding movements. Sediment compaction and sediment loading may have affected districts with high sedimentation rates such as the Thessaloniki Plain-Thermaikos Gulf (NW Aegean). Finally, tectonic fragmentation of the coastal area in Minor Asia is responsible for localised uplifting and subsiding events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates vertical distribution of fish size in three 12 m × 12 m wide and 14 m deep sea cages stocked with Atlantic salmon of average weight from 3.5 to 3.7 kg, at commercial densities between 15.6 to 16.2 kg m-3, in Norway. For each cage, individual fish weight were estimated by three 0.6 m × 0.6 m measuring frames as fish swam through. The frames were positioned at 3, 6 and 9 m depth. Recordings were carried out over five days per cage in succession, and during relatively stable environmental conditions in late autumn 2010. In all cages, measured fish were 15−25% smaller at 3 m compared to the average weights at 6 and 9 m depth. Largest average weight difference between depths within one cage was 0.995 kg. The average weight at 6 and 9 m was higher at night-time compared to daytime. Fish at the lower end of the weight spectrum were predominantly registered at 3 m, while fish at the higher end of the spectrum were mostly registered at the greater depths. Fish of average size were well represented at all three depths. The fact that smaller fish swam shallower may be ascribed to natural behavioural traits and introduce an important consideration in representative sampling within commercial sea cages. In biomass estimations and sea lice counts size-dependent vertical stratification needs to be accounted for. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Least-squares prediction using an empirically deduced local covariance function was performed to investigate the horizontal gradient of vertical movements (tilting movements) and possible position of block boundary around the Kalabsha fault, north west of the Nasser Lake, Egypt. Levelling data covering the Kalabsha area in the interval 1986 - 1992 were used. First approximated a covariance function of the rates of vertical crustal movement with a Gaussian form function is estimated and used it to segregate signal (rate of vertical movement rate) and noise in observed data. Then, the signal at grid points of 400 × 400 m2 mesh covering the Kalabsha area was estimated. After that, the estimated signal was differentiated in space to calculate the tilting movements. Finally, the position of possible fault zones or blocks boundaries in the Kalabsha area was delineated from the obtained continuous distribution of tilts of the deformed surface. By the present method, the subsidence in the southern part of the Kalabsha network relative to its northern was well reproduced. The pattern of tilt movements shows a low zone of tilt movements in the middle of the studied region surrounded by high tilt areas. The rate of tilt movements reaches about 0.35 microradian/yr in the southern high tilt area. Moreover, the delineated position of the fault zone or the block boundary in the area is in a good agreement with the wellknown trace of Kalabsha fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first evidences of the neotectonic movements in the Baltic region were published by the Scandinavian researchers in the later 19th century. V. Gudelis initiated neotectonic studies in Lithuania as long ago as 1955. The neotectonic studies became gradually a common part of the different geological studies', such as geological mapping, oil exploration, environmental geological assessment, hydrogeology, studies of recent geological processes, including seismic activity. Commonly the results of the neotectonic studies are presented by compiling maps and schemes. The accumulated data indicate that the sub-Quaternary surface can be considered as the reference level in defining the vertical neotectonic structures, such as uplifts and depressions that closely correlate with the underlying ancient tectonic structures defined in the crystalline basement and sedimentary cover. An important element of the neotectonic maps is the neotectonically active linear zones that are often confined to the ancient faults. The nature of the Baltic Sea depression is an essential part of the neotectonic studies. Most of the neotectonic structures of Lithuania were formed during the Middle and Upper Quaternary time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]