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Highly organised arrangements of vertically aligned nanostructures are crucial foundational elements in creating versatile devices. Vertically aligned ZnO nanorods (NRs) offer many remarkable applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and electromechanical nanodevices. This review examines recent advancements in synthesising arrays of ZnO nanorods. This manuscript explores the significance of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods in creating versatile devices. It discusses the properties of vertical ZnO nanorods, including their high aspect ratio, large surface area, tunable optical properties, piezoelectricity, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. Recent methods for synthesising vertically aligned ZnO nanorods are detailed, such as using colloidal lithography and a sol-gel-prepared ZnO seed layer. Various studies highlight the controlled growth of ZnO nanorods through top-down fabrication approaches like nanoimprint lithography, electron beam lithography, colloidal lithography, and laser interference lithography, followed by hydrothermal methods. It also includes nanostructure growth using a nanoporous polycarbonate template via electrodeposition. These nanofabrication techniques offer simplicity, uniformity across large wafer-scale areas, and the ability to precisely control the growth of vertical ZnO nanorods, which holds potential for the fabrication of high-performance devices. The last chapter highlights various potential applications of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods, including energy conversion, optoelectronics, sensors, bio-medics, and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last ten years, the city of Mazatlán has undergone a process of neoliberalization of space with the boom of the second home sector centered in the area adjacent to the coastal boardwalk and in areas near it, stimulating real estate speculation. The objective of this study is to analyze the social problems generated by the vertical construction boom in the coastal zone of the tourist city. Qualitative methodology is used based on field observation, semi-structured interviews with neighbors of two neighborhoods with vertical construction projects, and consultation of the local press that gives testimony of the social conflicts derived from this type of construction. It is concluded that the construction of vertical projects in the coastal zone has triggered social tension through alterations to the tranquility of the intervened areas, as well as the collapse of the infrastructure of public services such as drinking water and drainage, which was not introduced to meet the demand of a high population density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In recent years, attention has been paid to the effects of global climate change on different species and ecosystems. Among these, three important issues of increasing air temperature, change in carbon dioxide concentration and nitrogen deposition in relation to environmental changes and the response of plants to them, have been widely studied in many places around the world. and is often related to climate change. Climate change can cause an increase in the growing season or a change in rainfall. The greatest effect of climate on tree growth can be seen in the width of annual tree rings. The formation of annual rings of a tree is affected by many different environmental and physiological factors, among which climate changes play a special role. The change in the growth and development of trees is one of the first reactions of trees to climate change. This study was conducted with the aim of monitoring the effect of climatic variables on the growth and distribution range of Pistacia atlantica tree species in Zagros forests in Ilam province using tree chronology.Materials and methods: For this purpose, sampling was carried out using an upgraded annunciator drill from 23 trees according to the extent of each climatic class using the Demartin method in Ilam province. After preparing the samples, the width of the annual vegetation rings was measured using Motic image software with high accuracy for a period of 30 years (1991 to 2022).Results: Based on the results of the average growth of each station, it was determined that Haft Cheshme station located in the Mediterranean climate class of Dumarten with an average growth of 1.13 mm has the highest growth and Manshet station located in the semi-humid climate class of Dumarten with an average growth of 0.83 has the lowest growth. In general, regions with Mediterranean climate have higher growth rate and semi-humid and semi-arid climates are in the next ranks respectively. Meteorological data from WorldClim station were used to understand the relationship between growth and climate. The Pearson correlation results of climatic variables with the growth of Bene species in the sampled stations showed that in the semi-arid climate, with the decrease in altitude above sea level, diameter growth has the highest correlation with the average maximum temperature variable, and with the increase of altitude above sea level, it has the highest correlation with the variable Precipitation is dependent, and in the Mediterranean climate, growth in higher areas has the highest correlation with the variable of precipitation, and with the decrease in altitude, growth is dependent on the average maximum temperature variable. Also, in semi-humid climates, growth has the highest correlation with the average maximum temperature variable, and with the increase in altitude The degree of correlation decreases from sea level.Discussion: The results show that the growth of areas with an altitude higher than 1700 and an altitude lower than 1000 is more affected by the average maximum temperature, and the changes in the maximum temperature are the main factor limiting the distribution of Beneh species in Ilam province, so that with the increase in temperature, the species moves towards the heights. And the regions with Mediterranean climate will migrate to reduce the effects of the maximum temperature factor, and as a result, with the passage of time, the distribution range of Beneh species will also decrease in these borders.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the mandibular arch shape and the vertical skeletal pattern in growing patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 73 Caucasian patients (33 males and 40 females; mean age 9.4) were retrospectively enrolled from a pool of patients treated in chronological order at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Foggia, Italy, from April 2018 to December 2021. Each patient received a laterolateral radiograph and a digital scan of the dental arch. Eight cephalometric parameters (lower gonial angle, intermaxillary angle, divergence angle, Wits index, Jarabak ratio, OP-MP angle, PP-OP angle, and ANB) and five dental measurements (posterior mandibular arch width, anterior mandibular arch width, mandibular occlusal angle, posterior width on distobuccal molar cusps, and molar angle) were analyzed and then compared. A Spearman's rho correlation test between the cephalometric measurements and the dental measurements was performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A negative statistically significant correlation was found between the Jarabak ratio and the intermolar angle; a statistically significant correlation was also observed between the Wits index, the posterior mandibular width, and the occlusal mandibular angle; the ANB angle and the occlusal mandibular angle; the intermaxillary angle (PP-PM) and the mandibular occlusal angle, posterior mandibular width on the disto-vestibular cusp, and the intermolar angle; and the OP-MP angle and mandibular occlusal angle and the posterior mandibular width on the disto-vestibular cusp. Conclusions: The mandibular arch form may be related to certain predisposing features in craniofacial morphology, such as jaw divergence, the Jarabak ratio, and the intermaxillary angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization has led to vertical development with highrise and midrise buildings across cities. This phenomena gave birth to large scale waste generation in these buildings and hence required vertical waste management systems like garbage chutes. Since this phenomena was new in Pakistan, hence it was need of the hour to explore the end users satisfaction. Lignum tower as a residential tower in Islamabad city was chosen for the research exploration with sample size of 80 using purposive sampling. It was concluded that optimization in system and future expansion were missing. From administration side, lack of people sensitization and poor waste segregation and cooperation were reported. From occupants side, major issues included poor waste transportation, poor waste recycling, higher services fees, lack of communication and smell were reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large-area hierarchical grown transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanostructures as out-of-plane directional layered TMD nanocrystals on a substrate could be considerably useful in electrochemical applications because of the high density of edge states. In this study, layered MoS2 nanocrystals less than 50 nm in diameter were synthesized by overlapping with each other as vertical growth in the form of a film with an area of 10 mm × 40 μm using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the lateral growth of TMDs. Notably, in the spatial distribution, a singular point where the vertical growth is promoted was found through optical dark-field data and spatially resolved micro-Raman spectroscopy. The accelerated vertical growth region distinguished by the singular point is due to the layer-dependent dielectric constant of MoS2, which affects the surface energy and changes the conditions of vapor-phase deposition. In addition, with these phenomena, we discuss a way for expanding the hierarchical vertically grown MoS2 region on a substrate through analytical methods based on hydromechanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its unique photoelectric properties, MXene has a wide range of potential applications. Herein, different MXene contents (0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.4 wt%) of SnO2–MXene nanocomposites are used as the electron transport layer. The introduction of MXene not only inhibits SnO2 agglomeration and induces the vertical growth of CsPbIBr2, but also passivates defects of the SnO2/CsPbIBr2 interface. It effectively increases the power conversion efficiency from 8.98% to 11.21%. In addition, even after 1000 h of storage with a relative humidity of more than 50% in the ambient air, the unsealed device still maintains about 92% of its initial efficiency. This strategy provides a promising way to improve the efficiency of solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to poor selectivity, existing H2 sensors based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) nanostructures do not perform well at low concentrations. In this report, we have developed an improved sub-ppm H2 gas sensor based on Pt-decorated vertically aligned porous VxOy nanofilms (Pt/VxOy) using the magnetron sputtering technique. The field emission scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that the as-grown VxOy nanofilms are vertically aligned with porous surface structures that are cross-linked. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy image results endorsed the growth of isolated island-like Pt nanoparticles (average size of ∼3.7 ± 0.2 nm). Our X-ray photoelectron spectrophotometry and XRD analyses confirmed the oxidation state and phase of the as-deposited VxOy nanofilm, which consisted of orthorhombic-V2O5 with orthorhombic-VO2 inclusions. The Pt/VxOy nanofilm sensors exhibited high sensing response (99.59%) combined with fast response time (7 s) and short recovery time (18 s) to 100 ppm H2 at 150 °C temperature compared to pristine VxOy (response ∼28.55% and response/recovery time ∼50 s/110 s). Also at room temperature, the Pt/VxOy nanofilm sensor exhibited a far better H2-sensing response of 9.65% compared to 1.13% response of pristine VxOy. In addition, we performed elaborate studies to test the selectivity, repeatability, and durability of the Pt/VxOy nanofilm sensors. With improved sensitivity and selectivity, our fabricated sensor allows the detection of trace-level H2 with an estimated limit of detection value of 97 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The goal of this research was to see how reliable and valid three selected parameters from different analysis were in detecting the vertical skeletal pattern. Methods: There were 94 cephalometric x-rays used in all. The vertical skeletal pattern was assessed using the mandibular plane angle by Steiner, Frankfort mandibular angle by Tweed, and facial axis angle by McNamara. According to the diagnostic results of the majority of the measures, the samples were classified as normo-divergent, hypodivergent, or hyperdivergent. Kappa statistics, positive predictive value, and sensitivity were employed to verify the validity and reliability of the analyses. Results: A statistically significant weak negative correlation was found between Frankfort mandibular angle and facial axis angle in female group (p value < 0.01). A good agreement was found between mandibular plane angle with final diagnosis (K = 0.726). The mandibular plane angle showed highest sensitivity and positive predictive value in hypodivergent group (0.939, 0.816) and normo-divergent group (0.795, 0.833), respectively. Conclusion: For determining the facial vertical growth pattern the most accurate indicators were identified to be mandibular plane angle (SN-GoGn) and Frankfort mandibular angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the mandibular arch shape and the vertical skeletal pattern in growing patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 73 Caucasian patients (33 males and 40 females; mean age 9.4) were retrospectively enrolled from a pool of patients treated in chronological order at the Department of Orthodontics, University of Foggia, Italy, from April 2018 to December 2021. Each patient received a laterolateral radiograph and a digital scan of the dental arch. Eight cephalometric parameters (lower gonial angle, intermaxillary angle, divergence angle, Wits index, Jarabak ratio, OP-MP angle, PP-OP angle, and ANB) and five dental measurements (posterior mandibular arch width, anterior mandibular arch width, mandibular occlusal angle, posterior width on distobuccal molar cusps, and molar angle) were analyzed and then compared. A Spearman’s rho correlation test between the cephalometric measurements and the dental measurements was performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A negative statistically significant correlation was found between the Jarabak ratio and the intermolar angle; a statistically significant correlation was also observed between the Wits index, the posterior mandibular width, and the occlusal mandibular angle; the ANB angle and the occlusal mandibular angle; the intermaxillary angle (PP-PM) and the mandibular occlusal angle, posterior mandibular width on the disto-vestibular cusp, and the intermolar angle; and the OP-MP angle and mandibular occlusal angle and the posterior mandibular width on the disto-vestibular cusp. Conclusions: The mandibular arch form may be related to certain predisposing features in craniofacial morphology, such as jaw divergence, the Jarabak ratio, and the intermaxillary angle.

Mixed tin-lead perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered much attention for their ideal bandgap and high environmental research value. However, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS), widely used as a hole transport layer (HTL) for Sn-Pb PSCs, results in unsatisfactory power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability of PSCs due to its acidity and moisture absorption. A synergistic strategy by incorporating histidine (HIS) into the PEDOT: PSS HTL is applied to simultaneously regulate the nucleation and crystallization of perovskite (PVK). HIS neutralizes the acidity of PEDOT: PSS and enhances conductivity. Especially, the coordination of the C═N and -COO - functional groups in the HIS molecule with Sn 2+ and Pb 2+ induces vertical growth of PVK film, resulting in the release of residual surface stress. Additionally, this strategy also optimizes the energy level alignment between the perovskite layer and the HTL, which improves charge extraction and transport. With these cooperative effects, the PCE of Sn-Pb PSCs reaches 21.46% (1 sun, AM1.5), maintaining excellent stability under a nitrogen atmosphere. Hence, the buried interface approach exhibits the potential for achieving high-performance and stable Sn-Pb PSCs., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Abstract Different ZnO nanostructures can be grown using low-cost chemical bath deposition. Although this technique is cost-efficient and flexible, the final structures are usually randomly oriented and hardly controllable in terms of homogeneity and surface density. In this work, we use colloidal lithography to pattern (100) silicon substrates to fully control the nanorods' morphology and density. Moreover, a sol-gel prepared ZnO seed layer was employed to compensate for the lattice mismatch between the silicon substrate and ZnO nanorods. The results show a successful growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods with controllable diameter and density in the designated openings in the patterned resist mask deposited on the seed layer. Our method can be used to fabricate optimized devices where vertically ordered ZnO nanorods of high crystalline quality are crucial for the device performance.

III–V semiconductors outperform Si in many optoelectronics applications due to their high carrier mobility, efficient light emission and absorption processes, and the possibility to engineer their band gap through alloying. However, complementing Si technology with III–V semiconductors by integration on Si(100) remains a challenge still today. Vertical nanospades (NSPDs) are quasi-bi-crystal III–V nanostructures that grow on Si(100). Here, we showcase the potential of these structures in optoelectronics application by demonstrating InGaAs heterostructures on GaAs NSPDs that exhibit bright emission in the near-infrared region. Using cathodoluminescence hyperspectral imaging, we are able to study light emission properties at a few nanometers of spatial resolution, well below the optical diffraction limit. We observe a symmetric spatial luminescence splitting throughout the NSPD. We correlate this characteristic to the structure's crystal nature, thus opening new perspectives for dual wavelength light-emitting diode structures. This work paves the path for integrating optically active III–V structures on the Si(100) platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research subject. The geological structure and evolution of the Earth’s continents.Methods. This article is based on a long-term study and review of geological, geophysical and bathymetric published data, as well as on an analysis of the major geological discoveries of the 20th century.Results and conclusions. It is established that all the continents on the Earth, except for Antarctica, constitute a single Northen megamaterik, which was being formed during a prolonged period of time (4.4 billion years) in a deep three-beam cavity on the surface of the peridotite mantle. The ancient Hadean– Archean basement of the megacontinent was being formed during the period of 3 billion years, which comprises about 70% of the Earth’s geological history. In the Late Proterozoic and Phanerozoic, periodically formed local depressions were flooded with sedimentary material leading to the formation of sedimentary basins and folded rock structures. As a result, the thickness of the megacontinent’s crust steadily increased reaching a large size of 15–40 or 60–70 km. During this period, the primary oceanic (peridotite) crust with a thickness of 3–5 km remained unchanged until the Mesozoic–Cenozoic, when it was covered with a layer of younger basalts and loose rock sediments with a thickness of 1–2 km.

WSe2 has been widely used in NO2 gas sensors in recent years, but it still suffers from low responsiveness and slow reaction kinetics. Herein, we used the chemical vapor deposition method to synthesize a vertically grown few-layer WSe2 (3D-WSe2) nanosheet film. Three-dimensional-WSe2 is transformed into vertical growth by introducing a TiO2 buffer layer and exposes much more edge active sites to improve gas sensitivity. As a result, it has not only high crystallinity and few defects but also a high response to NO2 (34.6% at 1 ppm), a fast response time (66 s), a short recovery time (17 min), a low limit of detection (4 ppb), excellent stability, and gas selectivity at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Few studies have compared the relationship of MSV in the different craniofacial patterns. Hence, the purpose of this research was to evaluate maxillary sinus volume in different craniofacial patterns using cone-beam computed tomography. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study included 100 pre-orthodontic patients mean aged 26.40 ± 6.77 (age ranged 21–64) years divided into different anteroposterior and vertical skeletal groups. From the cone beam computed tomography images using MIMICS 14.1 software, three-dimensional image of the maxillary sinus was constructed, and its volume was calculated. Results: The mean maxillary sinus volume was 20,279.50 ± 7800.33 mm3. Among the anteroposterior skeletal groups, the mean maxillary sinus volume in skeletal Class II group is significantly larger than class III group (P < 0.05). Among the vertical skeletal groups, High-angle groups tend to have the largest maxillary sinus volume, though there were no significant differences among the groups (P > 0.05). Similarly, males have significantly larger maxillary sinus volume than females (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between ANB and maxillary sinus volume (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Maxillary sinus volume is significantly larger in skeletal class II than in skeletal class III group and in males than in females (P < 0.05). These inferences have several implications in orthodontics, endodontics and oral surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the effect of maxillary protraction with facemask therapy on mandibular rotation taking into account the initial and final vertical growth pattern of each participant in order to evaluate our null hypothesis: The use of facemask in these patients does not modify their initial vertical growth pattern. Material and Methods A prospective single cohort study included children with Class III malocclusion treated with rapid palatal expansion and maxillary protraction with facemask. Cephalograms were taken before commencement and after completion of the facemask therapy with standardized equipment and magnification. Intraindividual cephalometric measurements were compared, and the vertical growth patterns were classified according to cephalometric standards. Potential changes in vertical growth pattern before and after completion of the facemask therapy was assessed by measuring Pearson's chi‐square and by multiple correspondence analysis. Results Thirty‐eight study participants were recruited, aged between 5.2 to 9.5 years (mean 7.5) at the commencement of facemask therapy, which lasted on average 1.6 years. Differences on pretherapy and posttherapy cephalograms were seen for linear rotational and sagittal measurements (p < .01) as well as angular measurements of the cranial base, including an average palatal plane rotation of 0.45° (standard deviation: 1.78) and an average mandibular rotation of 0.39° (standard deviation: 2.19). The majority of participants maintained their initial vertical growth pattern after facemask therapy according to the multiple correspondence analysis (p < .001). Conclusion Facemask therapy does not modify vertical growth pattern. The observed changes suggest a trend of maintaining each patient's initial growth direction after therapy.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the position of the third molars and their relationship with pterygomaxillary fissure vertical dimension patterns and on panoramic and cephalometric images. Materials and Methods: In the present retrospective study, the third molar position classifications, third molar positions of patients with cephalometric and panoramic radiographs, and their relationship with vertical skeletal growth and pterygomaxillary fissure were thoroughly investigated in the light of the preoperative clinical and radiologic records from 200 patients with an indication of third molar extraction, who were admitted to İstanbul Aydın University Faculty of Dentistry Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology Clinic and Department of Orthodontics due to various reasons. Results: The obtained data were evaluated using SPSS (22.0) package program. Regarding the data analysis, Mann–Whitney U-test statistics was used for the analysis of two-variable data. The vertical facial length's relation with the maxillary third molars, which had been examined on cephalometric and panoramic images, was identified as 50.3% for skeletal Class I, 42.1% for skeletal Class II, 7.6% for skeletal Class III, 70.2% for unilateral, and 29.8% for bilateral. The upper impacted wisdom tooth being unilateral or bilateral does not affect the vertical facial length (P = 0.386). The upper wisdom tooth being impacted unilaterally or bilaterally did not exhibit any statistical difference with the parameters of upper-lower and total anterior facial height and posterior facial height. According to the Chi-square analysis, the correlation between gender and pterygomaxillary fissure variable was found to be statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). According to Mann–Whitney U-test results, no variable was found to be statistically significant based on the molar status (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In the light of this study, prior to treatment planning, if the relationship between the third molars and anatomical formations is determined on cephalometric and panoramic radiographs and it is determined whether the impact of upper wisdom teeth remains effective, consider the therapeutic mechanics used in orthodontic treatments and the complications that may arise during surgical operations. It is emphasized that the necessary measures should be considered beforehand in order to prevent these problems.

In this study, vertically aligned zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod (NR) arrays were grown with the 2-step method. Spin coating was used to apply the seed layer, and by increasing the number of repetitions (n), higher thickness of the seed layer was achieved. The effects of different seed layer thicknesses, spin coated at different rotational speeds (v) and how the variables (v and n) influence the morphological and crystal properties of the resulting ZnO NRs were analyzed. The effects of 1, 3, and 5 (n), with (v) of 3000 or 4000 rpm were investigated, and the formed seed layers were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles. The ZnO NR arrays were grown by a chemical bath deposition method because of its simplicity and ease of use. Full width at half maximum (FWHM) analysis was conducted on the XRD chart and Raman spectrum to analyze the grain size and Wurtzite distortion of the ZnO NRs. A lower FWHM value was attributed to the lower number of structural disorders in the ZnO NRs, which equated to the most stable or structured Wurtzite structures in the ZnO NRs, achieved at the lowest FWHM value. The lowest FWHM for (002) XRD peak was obtained at 0.35° for ZnO NRs grown with a seed layer spin coated at 4000 rpm once. The crystallite size calculated by Scherrer’s equation gave a size of 25.14 nm. The lowest FWHM for E2(High) Raman peak was obtained at 6.00 cm–1 for ZnO NRs grown with a seed layer spin coated at 4000 rpm three times.

Different ZnO nanostructures can be grown using low-cost chemical bath deposition. Although this technique is cost-efficient and flexible, the final structures are usually randomly oriented and hardly controllable in terms of homogeneity and surface density. In this work, we use colloidal lithography to pattern (100) silicon substrates to fully control the nanorods' morphology and density. Moreover, a sol-gel prepared ZnO seed layer was employed to compensate for the lattice mismatch between the silicon substrate and ZnO nanorods. The results show a successful growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods with controllable diameter and density in the designated openings in the patterned resist mask deposited on the seed layer. Our method can be used to fabricate optimized devices where vertically ordered ZnO nanorods of high crystalline quality are crucial for the device performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The segmental growth of faults plays an important role in controlling oil and gas. This time, the southern part of the Aer sag is taken as the main research object to analyze the growth process of the faults. This paper uses the fault distance-distance curve, the fault distance-buried depth curve and the growth index to study the active stage of the segmental growth of the fault. The maximum fault distance subtraction method is used to strip back the faults, restore the ancient faults, and clarify the development characteristics of the main faults in each period. It is concluded that the Altala fault is a three-segment growth fault, and the fault continued to act during the depositional period of the A3 to Teng2 members, and the activity of the A4 was the most intense. The Hanwula fault is a two-segment growth fault. The faults continued to move during the depositional period of the A4 to Teng2 members, and the fault activity was most intense in the upper Teng1 sub-member. Hanwu Ladong belongs to a two-stage segmental growth fault, and the faults continued to be active during the strata depositional period from the first sub-member of Teng 1 to the second member of Teng 2, and the fault activity was most intense in the first sub-member of Teng. This study enriches the theory of the structure of the Erlian Basin's Aer sag and supports further breakthroughs in oil and gas exploration.

The aim of this longitudinal study was to evaluate the sagittal and vertical growth of the maxillo–mandibular complex in untreated children using orthogonal lateral cephalograms compressed from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Two sets of scans, on 12 males (mean 8.75 years at T1, and 11.52 years at T2) and 18 females (mean 9.09 years at T1, and 10.80 years at T2), were analyzed using Dolphin 3D imaging. The displacements of the landmarks and rotations of both jaws relative to the cranial base were measured using the cranial base, and the maxillary and mandibular core lines. From T1 to T2, relative to the cranial base, the nasion, orbitale, A-point, and B-point moved anteriorly and inferiorly. The porion moved posteriorly and inferiorly. The ANB and mandibular plane angle decreased. All but one subject had forward rotation in reference to the cranial base. The maxillary and mandibular superimpositions showed no sagittal change on the A-point and B-point. The U6 and U1 erupted at 0.94 and 1.01 mm/year (males) and 0.82 and 0.95 mm/year (females), respectively. The L6 and L1 erupted at 0.66 and 0.88 mm/year (males), and at 0.41 mm/year for both the L6 and the L1 (females), respectively.

Layered MoTe2 has shown great promises for optoelectronics and energy-storage applications due to its exceptional optical and electrochemical properties. To date, considerable efforts have been devoted to fabricating layered MoTe2 with lateral orientation by means of mechanical/chemical exfoliation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) methods. As compared to its horizontal counterparts, vertically aligned MoTe2 with higher density of active edge sites is expected to possess unique optoelectronic and electrochemical properties, while which has not been reported yet. In this work, we report a versatile and scalable CVD growth of vertically aligned MoTe2 with length of up to ∼ 7.5 µm on Mo foil. Remarkably, the dominant phase of the vertically aligned MoTe2 can be tuned from 2H to 1T' by increasing the growth temperature from 630 to 780 °C. Owing to the weak interaction between the as-grown MoTe2 and Mo foil, the as-grown MoTe2 can be easily detached from the Mo foil. This in turn enabled economic reuse of the Mo foil for multiple growth. Moreover, the vertical growth of the MoTe2 is proposed to be caused by the internal strain generated during tellurization of Mo foil. Furthermore, the as-grown MoTe2 can also be directly dispersed in solvent to produce high-quality MoTe2 nanosheets. The versatility of this growth strategy was further demonstrated by fabricating other vertically aligned TMDs such as TaTe2 and MoSe2. Hence, this work paves the path towards achieving unique TMDs structures to enable high-performance optoelectronic and electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Binary compound antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) with its nontoxic and earth‐abundant constituents, is a promising light‐harvesting material for stable and high efficiency thin film photovoltaics. The intrinsic quasi‐1D (Q1D) crystal structure of Sb2S3 is known to transfer photogenerated carriers rapidly along the [hk1] orientation. However, producing Sb2S3 devices with precise control of [hk1] orientation is challenging and unfavorable crystal orientations of Sb2S3 result in severe interface and bulk recombination losses. Herein, in situ vertical growth of Sb2S3 on top of ultrathin TiO2/CdS as the electron transport layer (ETL) by a solution method is demonstrated. The planar heterojunction solar cell using [hk1]‐oriented Sb2S3 achieves a power conversion efficiency of 6.4%, performing at almost 20% higher than devices based on a [hk0]‐oriented absorber. This work opens up new prospects for pursuing high‐performance Sb2S3 thin film solar cells by tailoring the crystal orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study Design: A retrospective case series study with at least 10 years of follow-up data.Objective: To validate the reliability of bilateral C1-2 transarticular screws and C1 laminar hooks and a bone autograft for acute pediatric atlantoaxial instability.Summary Of Background Data: The reliability of initial posterior atlantoaxial fusion in pediatric patients is still controversial. To date, however, only a few published articles with short-term follow-up data are available to help spinal surgeons understand the effects of posterior atlantoaxial fusion in the skeletally immature spine.Methods: Five pediatric patients with acute atlantoaxial instability underwent atlantoaxial fusion using the above technique over a 3-year period. During a minimum 10-year follow-up period, not only outcomes and complications were investigated, but the vertical growth of the constructed spine in relation to the growth of the entire cervical spine, overall cervical spinal alignment, and adjacent-segment instability were evaluated.Results: The clinical follow-up indicated solid fusion and complete clinical relief from symptoms. No neural or vascular impairment was observed. The radiological evaluation showed that all patients had growth within the fusion construct reaching a mean 35.4% of the entire cervical spine. There were no radiological indicators of subaxial instability, even when cervical sagittal alignments became straight with a mean C2-7 angle of 6.4°.Conclusion: The results showed that initial posterior atlantoaxial fusion accomplished with bilateral C1-2 transarticular screws, C1 laminar hooks fixation, and bony autograft is a reliable surgical technique for treating acute pediatric atlantoaxial instability without negative effects on vertical growth at the fused level or the stability of the subaxial spine.Level Of Evidence: 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this data article, vertically grown SnS layers were investigated. The growth processes of vertical SnS layers were discussed in our article [1]. This data article provides the chemical analysis using the XPS measurements for the SnS sample grown on a Si wafer. Deposition time varying SnS morphology changes were observed by FESEM. The cross-sectional images were achieved to monitor the SnS layer thickness. Refractive index of the grown SnS film was calculated using the reflectance data. A self-operating photoelectric was realized with structuring of SnS layers on the n-type Si wafer. Transient photoresponses were achieved by tuning the switching frequencies.

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Nickel hydroxide as a potential electrode material was widely used in supercapacitor, but its electrochemical performance is limited due to its low conductivity, insufficient structure and weak stability. In this work, we reported a simple "one-pot" hydrothermal method of vertically growing cobalt-nickel hydroxide (Co-Ni-OH) and rGO nanosheets on conductive carbon cloth (Co-Ni-OH/rGO/CC). We demonstrated that the capacitive performance of Co-Ni-OH electrode could be significantly improved by adding rGO with uniform vertically growing nanostructure, which shortened ion diffusion paths and avoided the interface resistance. As pseudocapacitors, the as-prepared Co-Ni-OH/rGO/CC electrode showed a notable enhanced specific capacitance (151.46 F g−1 at 2.5 A g−1) and a good cycling stability (88.0% after 1000 cycles). Moreover, the symmetric supercapacitor composed of two as-prepared Co-Ni-OH/rGO/CC electrodes achieved a high energy density of 30.29 W h kg−1 at a power density of 1500 W kg−1 (based on active materials) and remarkable cycling stability (85.6% after 3000 cycles). This finding provides a simple and effective way to fabricate a promising electrode material for high-performance supercapacitor and other energy storage device. Unlabelled Image • The Co-Ni-OH/rGO/CC electrode with a novel "hydrangea petal" structure was prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. • The effect of Co and Ni mole ratio on the electrochemical behaviors was investigated carefully. • The symmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high energy/power density and good cycle life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the use of artificial intelligence to simulate how cities will grow vertically. By learning how cities have evolved in the recent past, genetic algorithms can successfully simulate vertical urban growth. The research was applied to buildings 130 meters and taller in the Minato Ward of Tokyo in 2015. An evolutionary computer model was built from a standard genetic algorithm, using historical and economic data, which then simulated future growth for the 2016 to 2019 period. The results obtained matched the area of study's real vertical growth for the study period, with a 85.7% accuracy for the number of buildings, 73.7% for their average heights, and 96.3% for the likelihood of new construction projects happening within a mapped area. By learning how a city evolved in the past, the model replicated the future vertical growth of a city center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract SnSe is a promising anode material in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity (780 mA h g−1) and natural abundance. Herein, we report SnSe nanoplates vertically grown on nitrogen-doped carbon (SnSe/NC) with strong Sn-C bonding for high-performance anode in SIBs, which are synthesized by a facial cation-exchange strategy. The vertically grown SnSe nanoplates with large interplanar spacing (0.58 nm), strong electronic coupling of Sn-C bonding between SnSe and NC facilitate the fast electron/ion transfer, enabling high pseudocapacitive Na-ion storage and enhanced power capability. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the presence of N heteroatoms in NC matrix has a pivotal influence on the formation of Sn-C bonding to stabilize the SnSe/NC structure. Moreover, the SnSe nanoplates of SnSe/NC exhibits low interlayer Na+ diffusion barrier (0.1 eV) and low energy barrier (0.14 eV/uc) from discharged product to pristine SnSe/NC, implying the fast Na+ diffusion capability and good reversibility. Consequently, the SnSe/NC exhibits large capacities of 723 and 88 mA h g−1 at 0.025 and 20 A g−1, respectively, and 82% capacity retention for over 200 cycles at 2 A g−1, boosting promising applications in high-performance SIBs. Graphical abstract Vertical SnSe nanoplates riveting on nitrogen-doped carbon nanobelts via Sn-C bonding are synthesized by a facial cation-exchange strategy and provide a superior Na+ storage performance. fx1 Highlights • Cation-exchange synthesis of SnSe nanoplates vertically grown on nitrogen-doped carbon nanobelts. • The SnSe nanoplates are verified to have chemical coupling with nitrogen-doped carbon via Sn-C bonding. • Thin SnSe nanoplates display a low Na+ diffusion barrier (0.1 eV) and enhanced pseudocapacitive storage. • The hybrid has a large Na+ storage capacity, high rate performance and excellent cyclablity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant scientists across the globe are interested in studying the root growth architecture of plants to understand different processes determining growth and development in plants. In the majority of cases, root growth-related experiments are carried out on petri plates filled with solid nutrient media. However, plants growing in these plates are often exposed to conditions that are not close to the natural conditions. Also, it is difficult to pour two different media on the same plate which is quite a useful feature to study the effect of specific treatment on plant growth. In the present work, we describe an improved and easy-to-use petri plate system useful for studying root growth characteristics of young plants grown over solid nutrient media. In comparison to the conventional methods, the present plate system offers an advantage in terms of facilitating the pouring of two different media in the same plate, avoiding contact of the aerial part of the plant with nutrient media, and ensuring the growth of roots under dark conditions. The described plate, therefore, provides a convenient system to study root growth under conditions close to natural conditions and hence minimizing experimental artifacts. •The plate system facilitates the pouring of two different nutrient media into the same plate.•The aerial part of the seedling does not come in contact with the media.•Ensures growth of roots under dark conditions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2023 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Significance: Nanosheet HZSM‐5 film vertically grown on the substrate with the tailorable macro‐ and meso‐pores between the layers of nanosheets is hydrothermally synthesized by seed‐assisted secondary growth method. The as‐prepared nanosheet HZSM‐5 film exhibits reaction rate enhancement up to 312% in catalytic cracking of n‐dodecane as well as twice light olefins selectivity, ascribed to the better mass transfer of reactants in the hierarchical porous structure and the ultra‐thin b‐axis pores of nanosheets. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1923–1927, 2018 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2D layers of MoS 2 were deposited at RT, 200 °C and 400 °C over p-Si substrates using RF sputtering method. When the deposition temperature is increased beyond 200 °C, the MoS 2 layers were grown in vertical direction. XRD studies revealed that the prominent peak is shifted from 2θ = 24° to 13.5° and become narrow while increasing the temperature to 400 °C. The average absorption of 53.68% was exhibited by the sample deposited at 400 °C whereas it was reduced to 28.47% for the sample prepared at 200 °C. When the MoS 2 /p-Si photodetector was exposed to the red color wavelength, the high photocurrent of 130 μA was produced even at zero bias. The response and recovery times were measured as 38.78 μs and 43.07 μs respectively for λ ≈ 455 nm. The detectivity was found to be in the range of 109–1010 Jones. The proposed MoS 2 based photodetector is more beneficial in terms of quick transport of photogenerated carriers and fast response. The growth control and large-scale production of 2D materials would induce the enhanced photoelectric performances and practical device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, use of zinc oxide nanorods is necessary in optoelectronic industry. Therefore, control of growth parameters are affected on zinc oxide nanostructures. In this paper, the effect of different seed methods such as spin coating, vapour liquid solid and spray coating on morphology of surface-crystal plates of zinc oxide nanorods has been investigated. Also, growth of zinc oxide nanorods has been done using new method by use of different concentrations of zinc chloride and ammonia at75, 97 and 110 °C. Finally, morphology of surface, crystal plates, structure purity and optical properties of zinc oxide nano rods have been examined by changes of reagent concentration, growth solution temperature and reaction time through SEM, XRD, EDAX and photoluminescence analyses. The different optical properties and surface morphology of zinc oxide nanorods were generated differ by change in concentration. By changes of concentration, pH of growth solution has been changed. Therefor influences defects of crystal structure in the visible and ultraviolet region were obtained. Finally, the ideal thermal annealing is 430 °C. Thermal annealing in vacuum for growth the zinc oxide nano rods at the range of 400–450 °C were showed that, the defects are decreased and or increased due this method for growth in the visible and ultraviolet region. The samples prepared by VLS, have visible and ultraviolet region emission. So there are useful for LED application. It is suitable for UV-laser diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]