291 results on '"Vertical fracture"'
Search Results
2. Study on Displacement Gas Invasion Law During Horizontal Well Drilling in Fractured Gas Reservoir
- Author
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Yin, Bang-tang, Ding, Tian-bao, Dong, Tian-hao, Sun, Bao-jiang, Wang, Zhi-yuan, Zhang, Wei, Zhang, Xu-liang, Wu, Wei, Series Editor, and Lin, Jia'en, editor
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Coronal vertical fracture of vertebral body following minimally invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion: risk factor analysis in consecutive case series.
- Author
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Ha, Kee-Yong, Kim, Young-Hoon, Kim, Yong-Chan, Park, Hyung-Youl, Bae, Hyun, and Kim, Sang-Il
- Subjects
- *
VERTEBRAL fractures , *LUMBAR vertebrae , *FACTOR analysis , *LUMBAR vertebrae diseases , *BONE density , *ZYGAPOPHYSEAL joint , *RISK assessment , *INTERVERTEBRAL disk - Abstract
Background: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of coronal vertical vertebral body fracture (CV-VBF) during lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) for degenerative lumbar disease. Methods: Clinical data, including age, sex, body mass index, and bone mineral density, were reviewed. Radiological assessments, such as facet joint arthrosis, intervertebral disc motion, index disc height, and cage profiles, were conducted. Posterior instrumentation was performed using either a single or staged procedure after LLIF. Demographic and surgical data were compared between patients with and without VBF. Results: Out of 273 patients (552 levels), 7 (2.6%) experienced CV-VBF. Among the 552 levels, VBF occured in 7 levels (1.3%). All VBF cases developed intraoperatively during LLIF, with no instances caused by cage subsidence during the follow-up period. Sagittal motion in segments adjacent to VBF was smaller than in others (4.6° ± 2.6° versus 6.5° ± 3.9°, P = 0.031). The average grade of facet arthrosis was 2.5 ± 0.7, indicating severe facet arthrosis. All fractures developed due to oblique placement of a trial or cage into the index disc space, leading to a nutcracker effect. These factors were not related to bone quality. Conclusions: CV-VBF after LLIF occurred in 2.6% of patients, accounting for 1.3% of all LLIF levels. A potential risk factor for VBF involves the nutcracker-impinging effect due to the oblique placement of a cage. Thorough preoperative evaluations and surgical procedures are needed to avoid VBF when considering LLIF in patients with less mobile spine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Emergence of Unstable Focused Flow Induced by Variable‐Density Flows in Vertical Fractures.
- Author
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Cao, Hongfan, Yoon, Seonkyoo, Xu, Zhenyu, Pyrak‐Nolte, Laura J., Bresciani, Etienne, and Kang, Peter K.
- Subjects
RAYLEIGH-Taylor instability ,ROCK deformation ,LAMINAR flow ,GROUNDWATER management ,FLUID flow ,SALTWATER encroachment ,HORIZONTAL wells - Abstract
Fluids with different densities often coexist in subsurface fractures and lead to variable‐density flows that control subsurface processes such as seawater intrusion, contaminant transport, and geologic carbon sequestration. In nature, fractures have dip angles relative to gravity, and density effects are maximized in vertical fractures. However, most studies on flow and transport through fractures are often limited to horizontal fractures. Here, we study the mixing and transport of variable‐density fluids in vertical fractures by combining three‐dimensional (3D) pore‐scale numerical simulations and visual laboratory experiments. Two miscible fluids with different densities are injected through two inlets at the bottom of a fracture and exit from an outlet at the top of the fracture. Laboratory experiments show the emergence of an unstable focused flow path, which we term a "runlet." We successfully reproduce the unstable runlet using 3D numerical simulations and elucidate the underlying mechanisms triggering the runlet. Dimensionless number analysis shows that the runlet instability arises due to the Rayleigh‐Taylor instability (RTI), and flow topology analysis is applied to identify 3D vortices that are caused by the RTI. Even under laminar flow regimes, fluid inertia is shown to control the runlet instability by affecting the size and movement of vortices. Finally, we confirm the emergence of a runlet in rough‐walled fractures. Since a runlet dramatically affects fluid distribution, residence time, and mixing, the findings in this study have direct implications for the management of groundwater resources and subsurface applications. Plain Language Summary: Groundwater systems are often composed of fractured rocks, and the fractures provide major pathways for groundwater flow and mass transport. Fractured rock aquifers account for about 75% of the Earth's near‐surface aquifer systems, and fluids with different densities often coexist in subsurface fractures. Thus, understanding the role of variable‐density fluids on fracture flows is essential for managing groundwater resources and predicting, designing, and operating many subsurface applications. The effects of density are strongest in vertical fractures; however, most previous studies on flow and transport through fractures are limited to horizontal fractures, and few have investigated the density effects on flow and mixing through vertical fractures. In this study, we report both experimental and numerical evidence of an intriguing, focused flow path caused by a density contrast between two fluids and elucidate the underlying mechanisms triggering the resulting unstable focused flow in vertical fractures, which we name a "runlet." Further, vortices, which are characterized by rotating flow patterns, are shown to emerge and control the instability of the runlet. Since the runlet dramatically affects fluid distribution, residence time, and mixing, the findings in this study have direct implications for managing groundwater resources and subsurface applications. Key Points: The density difference between injected and ambient fluids induces unstable focused flow in vertical fracturesFlow topology analysis is used to identify vortices that are caused by Rayleigh‐Taylor instabilityFluid inertia controls the instability of the focused flow by affecting the size and movement of vortices, even in laminar flow regimes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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5. The Big Four in CBCT Applications
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Ng, Suk Y. and Ng, Suk Y.
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- 2023
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6. Propagation Analysis of Polymer Grout in Vertical Fractures: An Experimental and Numerical Study
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Hao, Meimei, Song, Tao, Li, Xiaolong, Zou, Liangchao, Zhong, Yanhui, Zhang, Bei, and Wang, Lianbang
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- 2024
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7. Rate Transient Behavior of Wells Intercepting Non-Uniform Fractures in a Layered Tight Gas Reservoir.
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Zhang, Chengwei, Cheng, Shiqing, Wang, Yang, Chen, Gang, Yan, Ke, and Ma, Yongda
- Subjects
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GAS reservoirs , *GAS condensate reservoirs , *TRANSIENT analysis , *SENSITIVITY analysis - Abstract
RTA (Rate Transient Analysis) is a valuable method for obtaining reservoir parameters and well performance, but current RTA models hardly consider the MLVF (Multi-Layer Vertical Fractured) well in a layered tight gas reservoir. To capture the production response caused by the fracture with non-uniform length and conductivity, a novel RTA model for an MLVF well in a layered tight reservoir was presented. In this paper, we present a novel tight gas reservoir RTA model, an extended MLVF well with non-uniform fracture length and conductivity to investigate the production decline feature by the combined RTA type curves. After that, the proposed RTA model is verified to ensure calculation accuracy. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the crucial parameters, including the formation transmissibility, formation storability, fracture length, fracture conductivity, and fracture extension. Research results show that there are three rate decline stages caused by a multi fracture with non-uniform conductivity. The wellbore storage and formation skin can be ignored in the rate transient analysis work. The formation transmissibility affects the rate transient response more than the formation storability. The increase in fracture length, fracture conductivity, and the extension of a high conductivity fracture will improve the well's production rate in a tight gas reservoir's early production stage. Therefore, it is significant to incorporate how the effects of the MLVF well intercepting with non-uniform length fractures change conductivity. The RTA model proposed in this paper enables us to better evaluate well performance and capture the formation of complex fracture characteristics in a layered tight gas reservoir based on rate transient data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Interlayer Propagation Path of Vertical Fractures in Shale
- Author
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Dong Xiong, Xinfang Ma, Huanqiang Yang, Yang Liu, and Qingqing Zhang
- Subjects
shale gas ,hydraulic fracturing ,bedding interface ,vertical fracture ,cohesive element ,General Works - Abstract
The complex fracture network formed by volume fracturing of shale gas reservoir is very important to the effect of reservoir reconstruction. The existence of bedding interface will change the propagation path of the hydraulic fracture in the vertical direction and affect the reservoir reconstruction range in the height direction. The three-point bending test is used to test and study the mechanical parameters and fracture propagation path of natural outcrop shale core. On this basis, a two-dimensional numerical model of hydraulic fracture interlayer propagation is established based on the cohesive element. Considering the fluid-solid coupling in the process of hydraulic fracturing, the vertical propagation path of hydraulic fracture under different reservoir properties and construction parameters is simulated. According to the results, the strength of the bedding interface is the weakest, the crack propagation resistance along the bedding interface is the smallest, and the crack propagation path is straight. When the crack does not propagate along the bedding interface, the fracture propagation resistance is large, and the fracture appears as an arc propagation path or deflection. The difference between vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress difference, interlayer stress difference and interface stiffness will have a significant impact on the propagation path of vertical fractures. Large injection rate and high viscosity fluid injection are helpful for vertical fractures to pass through the bedding interface, and low viscosity fracturing fluid is helpful to open the bedding interface. This research work is helpful to better understand the characteristics of bedding shale and the interlayer propagation law of vertical fractures, and to form the stimulation strategy of shale gas reservoir.
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- 2021
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9. Influence of Root Canal Sealers and Obturation Techniques on Vertical Root Fracture Resistance. An In Vitro Experiment.
- Author
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Alkahtany, Mazen F., Almadi, Khalid H., Alahmad, Fahad A., Alshehri, Abdullah M., AlSwayyed, Abdulrahman A., AlZahran, Omar M., AlHadan, Ali, Almustafa, Abdulaziz S., Vohra, Fahim, and Abduljabbar, Tariq
- Subjects
ROOT canal treatment ,DENTAL pulp cavities ,TEETH ,FRACTURE strength ,MULTIPLE comparisons (Statistics) ,ANALYSIS of variance - Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the vertical root fracture (VRF) resistance of roots obturated with TotalFill BC Sealer and AH Plus sealer using lateral condensation and single cone techniques in comparison to untreated controls. Sixty single rooted mandibular premolars were sectioned and divided into six groups. Ten teeth were left untreated (positive control-Gp 1) and fifty teeth were cleaned and shaped. Ten root specimens were left unfilled (negative control-Gp 2) and the remaining roots were divided into 4 groups. Gp 3, GP and AH Plus sealer (AH Plus) using the cold lateral compaction (LC) technique; Gp 4, GP and AH Plus using the Single Cone (SC) technique; Gp 5: TotalFill GP and TotalFill BC sealer using the LC technique; Gp 6: TotalFill GP and TotalFill BC sealer with SC. VRF was performed for all specimens using a universal testing machine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys post-hoc multiple comparison test was used to compare the means among tested study groups. Group 1 (positive control) displayed the highest fracture resistance (946.61 ± 166.465 N); however, the lowest fracture strength was demonstrated by the specimens in group 2 (negative control) (433.31 ± 129.350 N). Specimens treated with AH plus using different obturation techniques (group 3 and 4) showed comparable outcomes (p > 0.05). Similarly, specimens treated with TotalFill BC sealer with different obturation techniques showed statistically similar outcomes (p > 0.05). It was also observed that specimens in groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 demonstrated comparable outcomes of fracture strength (p > 0.05). The use of TotalFill-BC sealer showed similar vertical root fracture resistance as AH plus sealer in root canal treated teeth. Use of total fill-BC and AH Plus sealer in root canal treatment showed vertical root fracture resistance comparable to untreated natural teeth (positive controls). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Femoral Neck Fractures in the Young Patient
- Author
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Collinge, Cory A., Sethi, Manish K., editor, Obremskey, William T., editor, and Jahangir, A. Alex, editor
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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11. Rate Transient Behavior of Wells Intercepting Non-Uniform Fractures in a Layered Tight Gas Reservoir
- Author
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Chengwei Zhang, Shiqing Cheng, Yang Wang, Gang Chen, Ke Yan, and Yongda Ma
- Subjects
rate transient analysis ,vertical fracture ,tight gas reservoir ,multi-layer fractured well ,fracture conductivity ,Technology - Abstract
RTA (Rate Transient Analysis) is a valuable method for obtaining reservoir parameters and well performance, but current RTA models hardly consider the MLVF (Multi-Layer Vertical Fractured) well in a layered tight gas reservoir. To capture the production response caused by the fracture with non-uniform length and conductivity, a novel RTA model for an MLVF well in a layered tight reservoir was presented. In this paper, we present a novel tight gas reservoir RTA model, an extended MLVF well with non-uniform fracture length and conductivity to investigate the production decline feature by the combined RTA type curves. After that, the proposed RTA model is verified to ensure calculation accuracy. Sensitivity analysis is conducted on the crucial parameters, including the formation transmissibility, formation storability, fracture length, fracture conductivity, and fracture extension. Research results show that there are three rate decline stages caused by a multi fracture with non-uniform conductivity. The wellbore storage and formation skin can be ignored in the rate transient analysis work. The formation transmissibility affects the rate transient response more than the formation storability. The increase in fracture length, fracture conductivity, and the extension of a high conductivity fracture will improve the well’s production rate in a tight gas reservoir’s early production stage. Therefore, it is significant to incorporate how the effects of the MLVF well intercepting with non-uniform length fractures change conductivity. The RTA model proposed in this paper enables us to better evaluate well performance and capture the formation of complex fracture characteristics in a layered tight gas reservoir based on rate transient data.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Incidencia de fracturas dentales reportadas en la Ciudad de Chihuahua durante la pandemia por COVID-19.
- Author
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Espinosa Torres, Alfonso and Morales Ramos, Julia Angélica
- Abstract
Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. COMPARISON OF PANORAMIC, LATERAL SKULL PROJECTION AND CBCT IMAGES IN DETECTION OF MANDIBULAR CONDYLE FRACTURES.
- Author
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ORHAN, Kaan, ÖZEMRE, Mehmet Özgür, KÖSEOĞLU SEÇGİN, Cansu, KARSLIOĞLU, Hazal, KAMBUROĞLU, Kıvanç, GÜR, Gürkan, and ATALAY VURAL, Sevil
- Subjects
MANDIBULAR fractures ,MANDIBULAR condyle ,CONE beam computed tomography ,SKULL ,SPIRAL computed tomography ,COHEN'S kappa coefficient (Statistics) - Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. 考虑垂向裂缝发育的火山岩气藏部分打开井 试井分析方法.
- Author
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杜 果, 杨 丹, 周兴燕, 郑玮鸽, and 林加恩
- Subjects
VOLCANIC gases ,GAS reservoirs ,DYNAMIC pressure ,TEST design ,PERMEABILITY ,RADIAL flow ,GAS condensate reservoirs ,SUPERCOOLED liquids - Abstract
Copyright of Natural Gas Geoscience is the property of Natural Gas Geoscience and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. 页岩气水两相物质平衡方程及其生产预测.
- Author
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周 海, 王晓冬, and 吴明涛
- Abstract
In order to obtain a prediction and analysis method for shale production performance, the average water saturation equation and gas-water two phase material balance equation are obtained by integrating the water and gas phase continuity equations. Combined with the finite difference method, the calculation steps are given, and the effect of the dimensionless conductivity, fracture half-length, Langmuir volume and Langmuir constant on daily production of vertical fracture wells are analyzed. Compared with the numerical simulation results, the correctness of the method is verified. The results show that the dimensionless conductivity and fracture half-length only affect the maximum production, while the Langmuir volume and Langmuir constant affect both the maximum production and the start time of decline. The results provide a new way to establish the material balance equation of shale gas, which also can be used for the production potential and the evaluation of fracturing construction scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Influence of Root Canal Sealers and Obturation Techniques on Vertical Root Fracture Resistance. An In Vitro Experiment
- Author
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Mazen F. Alkahtany, Khalid H. Almadi, Fahad A. Alahmad, Abdullah M. Alshehri, Abdulrahman A. AlSwayyed, Omar M. AlZahran, Ali AlHadan, Abdulaziz S. Almustafa, Fahim Vohra, and Tariq Abduljabbar
- Subjects
sealers ,vertical fracture ,root filling ,fracture resistance ,obturation technique ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the vertical root fracture (VRF) resistance of roots obturated with TotalFill BC Sealer and AH Plus sealer using lateral condensation and single cone techniques in comparison to untreated controls. Sixty single rooted mandibular premolars were sectioned and divided into six groups. Ten teeth were left untreated (positive control-Gp 1) and fifty teeth were cleaned and shaped. Ten root specimens were left unfilled (negative control-Gp 2) and the remaining roots were divided into 4 groups. Gp 3, GP and AH Plus sealer (AH Plus) using the cold lateral compaction (LC) technique; Gp 4, GP and AH Plus using the Single Cone (SC) technique; Gp 5: TotalFill GP and TotalFill BC sealer using the LC technique; Gp 6: TotalFill GP and TotalFill BC sealer with SC. VRF was performed for all specimens using a universal testing machine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukeys post-hoc multiple comparison test was used to compare the means among tested study groups. Group 1 (positive control) displayed the highest fracture resistance (946.61 ± 166.465 N); however, the lowest fracture strength was demonstrated by the specimens in group 2 (negative control) (433.31 ± 129.350 N). Specimens treated with AH plus using different obturation techniques (group 3 and 4) showed comparable outcomes (p > 0.05). Similarly, specimens treated with TotalFill BC sealer with different obturation techniques showed statistically similar outcomes (p > 0.05). It was also observed that specimens in groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 demonstrated comparable outcomes of fracture strength (p > 0.05). The use of TotalFill-BC sealer showed similar vertical root fracture resistance as AH plus sealer in root canal treated teeth. Use of total fill-BC and AH Plus sealer in root canal treatment showed vertical root fracture resistance comparable to untreated natural teeth (positive controls).
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. A mathematical model and semi-analytical solution for transient pressure of vertical fracture with varying conductivity in three crossflow rectangular layers.
- Author
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Liu, Jie, Liu, Pengcheng, Li, Shunming, and Wang, Xiaodong
- Abstract
This paper first describes a mathematical model of a vertical fracture with constant conductivity in three crossflow rectangular layers. Then, three forms of vertical fracture (linear, logarithmic, and exponential variations) with varying conductivity are introduced to this mathematical model. A novel mathematical model and its semi-analytical solution of a vertical fracture with varying conductivity intercepting a three-separate-layered crossflow reservoir is developed and executed. Results show that the transient pressures are divided into three stages: the linear-flow phase, the medium unsteady-flow stage, and the later pseudo-steady-flow phase. The parameters of the fracture, reservoir, and the multi-permeability medium directly influence the direction, transition, and shape of the transient pressure. Meanwhile, the fracture conductivity is higher near the well bottom and is smaller at the tip of the fracture for the varying conductivity. Therefore, there are many more differences between varying conductivity and constant conductivity. Varying conductivity can correctly reflect the flow characteristics of a vertical fractured well during well-test analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Sensibilidad y Especificidad del CBCT en los Hallazgos de Fractura Vertical. Revisión Sistemática
- Author
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Pedraza Páez, Diana Andrea, Porras Álvarez, Hugo Alonso, Juan Camilo, Sepúlveda Montoya, and Buitrago Rojas, Sandra Milena
- Subjects
tomografía ,Sensitivity ,radiografía panorámica ,Specificity ,CBCT ,Sensibilidad ,Fractura vertical ,radiografía médica ,vertical fracture ,Especificidad - Abstract
El uso de la Tomografía Computarizada de Haz Cónico (CBCT) ha sido ampliamente relevante en el campo de la Endodoncia, pues además de que permite la visualización en los diferentes cortes (axial, coronal y sagital), facilita la emisión de diagnósticos más precisos como fracturas radiculares y/o coronales, reabsorciones radiculares, periodontitis apical en estadios iniciales, perforaciones, planificación de cirugías endodónticas, entre otros. Objetivo: Determinar la sensibilidad y especificidad de la CBCT en la detección de fractura vertical mediante la revisión sistemática. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, en la cual se tuvieron en cuenta estudios realizados entre los años 2012 a 2022. Se utilizaron las bases de datos Pubmed y Springer, incluyendo artículos en inglés y español disponibles en forma completa. Se utilizaron artículos relacionados con Efectividad y sensibilidad de la CBCT en los hallazgos de fractura vertical. Resultados: En esta revisión se identificaron 176 documentos. Luego de revisar los títulos, resúmenes y palabras clave, se descartaron 78, pues no trataban sobre Efectividad y Sensibilidad de la CBCT o estaban duplicados. De estos se descargaron 108 artículos para ser examinados con mayor profundidad por medio de la lectura del texto completo, de los cuales se descartaron 87 debido a que no eran estudios in vivo, in vitro o por no estar dentro del rango de año de publicación establecido. Finalmente, el número de artículos de texto completo evaluados para su elegibilidad fueron 21. Conclusiones: El uso de CBCT en el diagnóstico de fractura vertical es una herramienta útil, pero se debe tener conocimiento de la configuración del equipo para poder ser lo más preciso posible, utilizar tamaños de voxel menores a 2 micras, para evitar la pérdida de sensibilidad y especificidad. The use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has been very relevant in the field of Endodontics, since in addition to allowing visualization in different cuts (axial, coronal and sagittal), it facilitates the issuance of more precise diagnoses such as root and/or crown fractures, root resorptions, apical periodontitis in early stages, perforations, endodontic surgery planning, among others. Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of CBCT in the detection of vertical fracture through systematic review. Methods: A systematic review was carried out, in which studies carried out between the years 2012 and 2022 were taken into account. The Pubmed and Springer databases were used, including articles in English and Spanish available in full. Articles related to the Effectiveness and Sensitivity of CBCT in the findings of vertical fracture were used. Results: In this review, 176 documents were identified. After reviewing the titles, abstracts and keywords, 78 were discarded, since they were not analyzed on the Effectiveness and Sensitivity of the CBCT or they were duplicated. Of these articles, 108 were downloaded to be examined in greater depth by reading the full text, of which 87 were discarded because they were not in vivo or in vitro studies or because they were not within the established publication year range. . Finally, the number of full-text articles evaluated for eligibility was 21. Conclusions: The use of CBCT in the diagnosis of vertical fracture is a useful tool, but knowledge of the equipment configuration must be known in order to be as accurate as possible. , use a voxel size smaller than 2 microns, to avoid loss of sensitivity and specificity. Especialista en Endodoncia http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Especialización
- Published
- 2022
19. Mechanical Assessment of Fatigue Characteristics between Single- and Multi-Directional Cyclic Loading Modes on a Dental Implant System
- Author
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Won Hyeon Kim, Eun Sung Song, Kyung Won Ju, Dohyung Lim, Dong-Wook Han, Tae-Gon Jung, Yong-Hoon Jeong, Jong-Ho Lee, and Bongju Kim
- Subjects
multi-directional loadings ,fatigue ,vertical fracture ,dental implant ,worst case ,mechanical testing ,Technology ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Microscopy ,QH201-278.5 ,Descriptive and experimental mechanics ,QC120-168.85 - Abstract
Mechanical testing based on ISO 14801 standard is generally used to evaluate the performance of the dental implant system according to material and design changes. However, the test method is difficult to reflect on the clinical environment because the ISO 14801 standard does not take into account the various loads from different directions during chewing motion. In addition, the fracture pattern of the implant system can occur both in the horizontal and the vertical directions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare fatigue characteristics and fracture patterns between single directional loading conditions based on the ISO 14801 standard and multi-directional loading condition. Firstly, the static test was performed on five specimens to derive the fatigue load, and the fatigue load was chosen as 40% of the maximum load measured in the static test. Subsequently, the fatigue test was performed considering the single axial/occlusal (AO), AO with facial/lingual (AOFL) and AO with mesial/distal (AOMD) directions, and five specimens were used for each fatigue loading modes. In order to analyze the fatigue characteristics, the fatigue cycle at the time of specimen fracture and displacement change of the specimen every 500 cycles were measured. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to analyze the fracture patterns and the fracture surface. Compared to the AO group, the fatigue cycle of the AOFL and AOMD groups showed lower about five times, while the displacement gradually increased with every 500 cycles. From FE-SEM results, there were no different surface morphology characteristics among three groups. However, the AOMD group showed a vertical slip band. Therefore, our results suggest that the multi-directional loading mode under the worst-case environment can reproduce the vertical fracture pattern in the clinical situation and may be essential to reflect on the dental implant design including connection types and surface treatments.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. The Investigation of Proppant Particle-Fluid Flow in the Vertical Fracture with a Contracted Aperture
- Author
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Ling Xue, Zhonghua Liu, Hun Lin, Xiang Ao, Hai Qu, and Rui Wang
- Subjects
Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Aperture ,Fluid dynamics ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Particle ,Mechanics ,Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology ,Geology ,Vertical fracture - Abstract
Summary Proppant placement plays a crucial role in maintaining the conductivity of fractures after a hydraulic fracturing treatment. The process involves the transport of particles by fluid flow in complex fractures. Many studies have focused on proppant transport and distribution in the fracture with a constant aperture, but relatively few studies have investigated the proppant-fluid flow in a vertical fracture with a contracted aperture. In this work, we examine experimentally proppant transport in a fracture with a contracted aperture. The objective is to evaluate the distribution of particle beds in the contracted fracture at different flow conditions. In this paper, particle-fluid flow in the contracted fracture is studied experimentally by a laboratory size slot. A planar slot with a constant width is used to benchmark the experimental results, and a published correlation validates the bed equilibrium heights in the planar slot. Six types of particles are chosen to simulate the effects of particle density and size. The proppant distribution is evaluated by the bed height when the bed reaches the equilibrium states. The effects of fluid velocity, fluid viscosity, particle density, particle size, and particle volume fraction on particle distribution are investigated. The results confirm that the proppant particle-fluid flow in the contracted slot is more complicated than that in the planar slot. The phenomena of particle vortices and resuspension were observed at the contraction of the cross-section. The shape on the top of the bed is like a descending stair in which the height gradually decreases in the length direction. The bed height in the contracted slot is lower and more irregular than that in the planar slot at the same flow conditions. Smaller sands injected at a high flow rate and fluid viscosity can form a lower bed. The trend would be reversed by using denser particles and high particle volume fraction. A reliable model expressed by four dimensionless numbers is developed by the linear regression method for predicting the bed equilibrium height. The model and experimental results provide directions to quantitatively evaluate the particle transport and distribution in a fracture with a contracted aperture.
- Published
- 2021
21. Fractures of Neck of Talus
- Author
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Kakwani, Rajesh, Siddique, Malik, Banaszkiewicz, Paul A., editor, and Kader, Deiary F., editor
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Celebrating <em>Applied Sciences</em> Reaches 20,000 Articles Milestone: Invited Papers in "Applied Dentistry and Oral Sciences" Section.
- Author
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Melo, Mary Anne and Melo, Mary Anne
- Subjects
Biochemistry ,Biology, life sciences ,Research & information: general ,3D printing ,CAD-CAM ,CAD/CAM ,Micro-CT ,PMMA ,Saudi ,acrylic teeth ,additive manufacturing ,bacteria ,cigarette smoking ,clinical manifestations ,complete denture ,compression molding technique ,custom post and core ,cytokines ,dental caries ,denture base resin ,denture processing ,disinfection ,fracture resistance ,gingival bleeding ,gingival disorders ,hardness ,inflammation ,injection molding technique ,instrumented indentation testing ,laser profilometry ,linear dimensional change ,marginal misfit ,middle-and low-income countries ,migrant children's oral health status ,migrants ,non-anatomic teeth ,non-precious alloy ,obturation technique ,oral health ,oral health of migrants ,oral hygiene habits ,oral scurvy ,pain ,peri-implant crevicular fluid ,peri-implantitis ,periapical surgery ,polymers ,polymethyl methacrylate ,posterior tooth form ,preoperative factors ,prospective study ,resin composite ,retention ,root filling ,scurvy ,sealers ,selective laser melting ,semi-anatomic teeth ,shade and age ,skin and shade ,skin color ,subtractive manufacturing ,surgical endodontic treatment ,titanium alloy ,tooth movement ,tooth shade ,vertical fracture ,vitamin C deficiency ,zirconia - Abstract
Summary: We are delighted to present this Special Issue to celebrate a remarkable milestone in the journey of Applied Dentistry. With great pleasure, we announce the publication of the journal's 20,000th paper. This remarkable achievement reflects the unwavering commitment and dedication of our esteemed authors, reviewers, and readers who have contributed to the advancement of dental research.Over the years, Applied Dentistry has emerged as a beacon of knowledge, serving as a platform for the dissemination of cutting-edge research and innovative ideas in various domains of dental science. Our journal encompasses a wide range of disciplines, covering everything from dental materials and biomaterials to preventive and therapeutic strategies, from clinical applications to regenerative dentistry.We envision this milestone as a stepping stone toward even greater accomplishments. Through the collaboration and collective efforts of researchers worldwide, we strive to push the boundaries of dental science, explore new frontiers, and improve oral health outcomes for individuals across the globe.In conclusion, we extend our warmest congratulations to all those who have contributed to the publication of the Special Issue celebrating Applied Dentistry's 20,000th paper milestone.
23. Application of radial electrical resistivity profile array for mapping deep vertical fractures in a proposed engineering construction site within the University of Ibadan Campus, Southwestern Nigeria.
- Author
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Osinowo, Olawale Olakunle and Falufosi, Michael Oluseyi
- Subjects
BUILDING sites ,FRACTURE mechanics ,CONSTRUCTION materials ,ELECTRICAL resistivity - Abstract
In this study we demonstrate the efficacy of radial electrical resistivity profile array in delineating deep narrow linear fracture that could constitute weakness in the subsurface, thus hindering foundation material in providing necessary support to proposed engineering construction, in the southeastern part of the University of Ibadan Campus, southwestern Nigeria, where nearby buildings show stress induced failure traceable to defect in foundation upon which the buildings were founded. Six electrical resistivity profile arrays were occupied at 0°/180°, 30°/210°, 60°/240°, 90°/270, 120°/300° and 150°/330° orientations to complete a clockwise 360° sweep at 30° interval. The radial profile array enabled subsurface features to be intersected at relatively high angle, thus making measurement of linear features of limited lateral extent feasible irrespective of their orientations. Low resistivity distribution which decreases in value with depth (300-8 Ωm) characterizes the northern part of the study area while relatively higher value that increases with depth (420-4150 Ωm) dominates the south. The occurrence of a narrow strip of low resistivity zone (8-170 Ωm) at 20 m, which gains prominence with depth, dividing relatively resistive zone in the southern part of the study area indicate the presence of a deep vertical fracture whose detection is essential to guide further foundation geotechnical studies as well as aid the design of appropriate foundation that would support the proposed engineering structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Exploration Value of Fracture-Induced Anisotropy
- Author
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Upadhyay, S. K. and Upadhyay, S. K.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
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25. Study of the Presumed Cranium of Sampiero Corso (1488-1567)
- Author
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Raoul Perrot, Stephan Borensztajn, and Gerard Lucotte
- Subjects
History ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Forehead ,medicine ,Male individual ,Anatomy ,Vertical fracture ,Bone fragment - Abstract
We have studied by classic anatomical methods the presumed cranium of Sampiero Corso (1498-1567), who was the first Corsican nationalist. This cranium corresponds to that of a male individual, aged at least of 50 years ; there are many similarities between the cranium face and the one that corresponds to his portrait. The vertical fracture, observed on the cranium left side of the forehead, corresponds probably to the stab sword that caused Sampiero Corso’s death. The 14C radiodating of a bone fragment located at the cranium basis gives a calendar 1450-1510 years interval (at 95% of probability) of age.
- Published
- 2021
26. 低渗透油藏垂直裂缝井产能预测及分析.
- Author
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周杨, 李莉, 吴忠宝, 甘俊奇, 王俊文, and 刘翀
- Abstract
Copyright of Oil Drilling & Production Technology / Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi is the property of Shiyou Zuancai Gongyi Bianjibu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
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27. True triaxial hydraulic fracturing test and numerical simulation of limestone
- Author
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Geng Yang, Lian-chong Li, Ding Ruosong, Zhong-hu Wu, Ming-yang Zhai, Weimin Yang, and Zongqing Zhou
- Subjects
Computer simulation ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Metals and Alloys ,General Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Variable displacement ,01 natural sciences ,Amplitude ,Hydraulic fracturing ,Acoustic emission ,Waveform ,Geotechnical engineering ,Natural fracture ,Geology ,Vertical fracture ,021101 geological & geomatics engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing, as a key technology of deep energy exploitation, accelerates the rapid development of the modern petroleum industry. To study the mechanisms of hydraulic fracture propagation and rock failure mode of the vertical well hydraulic fracturing, the true triaxial hydraulic fracturing test and numerical simulation are carried out, and the influence of the principal stress difference, water injection displacement, perforation angle and natural fracture on fracture propagation is analyzed. The results show that the fracture propagation mode of limestone is mainly divided into two types: the single vertical fracture and the transverse-longitudinal crossed complex fracture. Under high displacement, the fracturing pressure is larger, and the secondary fracture is more likely to occur, while variable displacement loading is more likely to induce fracture network. Meanwhile, the amplitude of acoustic emission (AE) waveform of limestone during fracturing is between 0.01 and 0.02 mV, and the main frequency is maintained in the range of 230–300 kHz. When perforation angle θ=45°, it is easy to produce the T-type fracture that connects with the natural fracture, while X-type cracks are generated when 0=30°. The results can be used as a reference for further study on the mechanism of limestone hydraulic fracturing.
- Published
- 2020
28. Patterns of lingual split and lateral bone cut end and their associations with neurosensory disturbance after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy
- Author
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Dongmiao Wang, Hongbin Jiang, Jiaan Hu, Jian Cheng, Hua Yuan, and Yue Song
- Subjects
Chin ,Cone beam computed tomography ,Disturbance (geology) ,Mandibular Nerve ,Osteotomy, Sagittal Split Ramus ,Lower lip ,Sagittal split osteotomy ,Mandible ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,stomatognathic system ,medicine ,Humans ,In patient ,Vertical fracture ,Retrospective Studies ,Orthodontics ,business.industry ,030206 dentistry ,Cone-Beam Computed Tomography ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Skeletal malocclusion ,Otorhinolaryngology ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,Trigeminal Nerve Injuries ,Surgery ,Oral Surgery ,business - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the patterns of lingual split and lateral bone cut end (LBCE) after bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) in patients and identify their associations with postoperative neurosensory disturbance. This retrospective cohort study recruited 273 patients with skeletal malocclusion who received BSSO. The postoperative cone beam computed tomography data were reconstructed to three-dimensionally view the patterns of lingual split and LBCE. Associations between lingual split and LBCE and their effects on neurosensory disturbance in the lower lip and chin were determined. Six types of lingual split and three types of LBCE were defined based on three-dimensional images. Type I lingual split as a vertical fracture line to the inferior mandibular border was the most common (40.29%). Inferior LBCE was the most prevalent, followed by lingual and buccal types. Significant associations among lingual split, LBCE and skeletal deformities were found (P 0.05). However, patterns of lingual split and LBCE were not associated with the incidence of neurosensory disturbance. Patterns of lingual split after BSSO significantly associated with types of LBCE and dentomaxillofacial deformities, but not with postoperative neurosensory disturbance.
- Published
- 2020
29. Model of T-Type Fracture in Coal Fracturing and Analysis of Influence Factors of Fracture Morphology
- Author
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Yuwei Li, Dan Jia, Wei Li, and Kunpeng Zhang
- Subjects
coal ,T-type fracture ,stress intensity factor ,vertical fracture ,horizontal fracture ,Technology - Abstract
Special T-type fractures can be formed when coal is hydraulically fractured and there is currently no relevant theoretical model to calculate and describe them. This paper first establishes the height calculation model of vertical fractures in multi-layered formations and deduces the stress intensity factor (SIF) at the upper and lower sides of the fracture in the process of vertical fracture extension. Combined with the fracture tip stress analysis method of fracture mechanics theory, the horizontal bedding is taken into account for tensile and shear failure, and the critical mechanical conditions for the formation of horizontal fracture in coal are obtained. Finally, the model of T-type fracture in coal fracturing is established, and it is verified by fracturing simulation experiments. The model calculation result shows that the increase of vertical fracture height facilitates the increase of horizontal fracture length. The fracture toughness of coal has a significant influence on the length of horizontal fracture and there is a threshold. When the fracture toughness is less than the threshold, the length of horizontal fracture remains unchanged, otherwise, the length of horizontal fracture increases rapidly with the increase of fracture toughness. When the shear strength of the interface between the coalbed and the interlayer increases, the length of the horizontal fracture of the T-type fracture rapidly decreases.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Vertical Fracture Monitoring by Multi-Rate Through-Barrier Diagnostics
- Author
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Assel Ospanova, Azamat Makashev, Elena Kirpichikova, Doszhan Yeleussinov, Vener Nagimov, and Arman Assangaliyev
- Subjects
Geotechnical engineering ,Multi rate ,Vertical fracture ,Geology - Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective method of developing low-permeability heterogeneous clastic reservoirs with vertical wells. In the presence of a thin shale layer as a seal, monitoring effective fracture height becomes extremely important. The conventional approach of a single-regime production logging may be ineffective due to the complex geometry of fluid flow in the near-wellbore zone around the well. The paper describes the experience of the multi-rate through barrier diagnostics as a method of improving hydraulic fracturing evaluation. The standard way to diagnose the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing is to log a survey under current operating conditions. In general, temperature and passive spectral acoustic measurements provide useful information on identifying the boundaries of fluid movement behind production casing; however, it is difficult to determine if flow occurs in the vertical hydraulic fracture or channeling through damaged cement in a single-regime survey. The multi-rate through-barrier diagnostics allow analyzing the flow dynamics of the wellbore-fracture-formation system under different flowing regimes, enabling a more accurate assessment of fluid movement in the near-wellbore environment within several meters. The paper includes the results of the multi-rate logging survey campaign in vertical water injection wells drilled in a low-permeability clastic reservoir. A proppant-based hydraulic fracturing of the target formation was carried out in the wells. The geological structure of the developed reservoir includes a thin shale layer (break) that separates the target oil-saturated interval from the overlying water bearing reservoir. In order for the operator to optimize future stimulation programs identification of effective hydraulic fracture height in reservoir regions with different shale thicknesses is crucial. The upper boundaries of the injected fluid movement behind the casing were determined based on the survey results. Analysis of the acoustic and temperature field dynamics helped more reliably evaluate the nature of the fluid movement behind the casing, whether flow happens in vertical fracture or cement channeling. This results in a more precise quantitative assessment of the injection profile in the targeted and untargeted reservoir units.
- Published
- 2021
31. Development of a vertical fracture under a hydraulic exposure on an oil-bearing formation
- Author
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I.A. Tereshchenko, V.I. Dunaev, S.I. Shiyan, and E.I. Velichko
- Subjects
Psychiatry and Mental health ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Bearing (mechanical) ,law ,Geotechnical engineering ,Vertical fracture ,Geology ,law.invention - Published
- 2021
32. Isolating Fracture-Induced Anisotropy From Background Anisotropy
- Author
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Hood, Julie A., Mignogna, Richard B., Thompson, Donald O., editor, and Chimenti, Dale E., editor
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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33. Large water-table response to rainfall in a shallow bedrock aquifer having minimal overburden cover.
- Author
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Miles, Owen W. and Novakowski, Kent S.
- Subjects
- *
RAINFALL , *BEDROCK , *AQUIFERS , *REGOLITH , *EVAPOTRANSPIRATION - Abstract
Rapid recharge events manifested as significant increases in hydraulic head have been observed in many fractured bedrock aquifers around the world. Often the response in hydraulic head exceeds what would be observed in an equivalent porous media by more than an order of magnitude. As the mechanisms that cause these events are poorly understood particularly under highly-transient conditions, a detailed investigation was conducted at a well-characterized field site in eastern Canada. During the spring and summer of 2012, frequent measurements of hydraulic head were obtained in gneissic terrain covered by a thin veneer of drift materials using 21 multi-level monitoring wells installed in the bedrock. Each of the wells was hydraulically tested from the water table to total depth using a straddle-packer system and fractures intersecting the wells were identified using a borehole camera prior to the construction of the multi-level piezometers. Rainfall and weather data were also collected over the same time period. A piezometer located on a bedrock outcrop which responded rapidly to rainfall was identified and used as a focus for numerical simulations. To determine the properties of the drift materials in the vicinity of the outcrop, a ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey was conducted over a 40 × 40 m area to map depth to bedrock and five in-situ permeameter tests were performed to estimate the hydraulic conductivity. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted to reproduce the response in the piezometer for both short (24 h) and long (one month) timescales. The numerical simulations were used to determine what parameters have the greatest impact on controlling rapid recharge. Based on this study it was concluded that the large magnitude head rises recorded in this piezometer are a result of recharge to steeply inclined fractures exposed on or immediately adjacent to the outcrop. The hydraulic head responds rapidly because of the low specific yield of the rock to which the transmissive features are connected. The modelling also showed that as little as 0.4 m of drift material can completely eliminate the response in the well especially during times when evapotranspiration is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
34. Investigation of the behavior of vertical fracture penetration/deflection at the interface between coal seam and mudstone layers
- Author
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Zhao Hui and Yang Huanqiang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,business.industry ,Deflection (engineering) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Coal mining ,Penetration (firestop) ,Composite material ,Condensed Matter Physics ,business ,Vertical fracture - Published
- 2019
35. Liquid–liquid gravity displacement in a vertical fracture during drilling: Experimental study and mathematical model
- Author
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Yingfeng Meng, Xu Jiaxin, Xiangyang Zhao, Xiao Dong, and Gao Li
- Subjects
Gravity (chemistry) ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,lcsh:TJ807-830 ,lcsh:Renewable energy sources ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Drilling ,Well control ,Mechanics ,Physics::Geophysics ,lcsh:Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Fuel Technology ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,lcsh:TK1001-1841 ,Liquid liquid ,Displacement (orthopedic surgery) ,Geology ,Vertical fracture - Abstract
Gravity displacement often occurs when drilling a vertical fractured formation, causing a downhole complexity with risk of blowout and reservoir damage, well control difficulty, drilling cycle prolongation, and increased costs. Based on an experimental device created for simulating the gravity displacement, various factors affecting the displacement quantity were quantitatively evaluated by simulating the fracture width, asphalt viscosity, drilling fluid density, and viscosity under different working conditions, and a liquid–liquid displacement law was obtained. Using the theories of rock mechanics, fluid mechanics, and seepage mechanics, based on conformal mapping, as well as a fracture-pore double substrate fluid flow model, we established a steady-state mathematical model of fractured formation liquid–liquid gravity displacement by optimizing the shape factors and using a combination of gravity displacement experiments to verify the feasibility of the mathematical model. We analyzed the influence of drilling fluid density, fracture height and length, and asphalt viscosity on displacement rate, and obtained the corresponding laws. The results show that when the oil–fluid interface is stable, the fracture width is the most important factor affecting the gravity displacement, and plugging is the most effective means of managing gravity displacement.
- Published
- 2019
36. Unsteady Flow through a Porous Stratum with Hydraulic Fracture
- Author
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A. A. Khisamov and I. L. Khabibullin
- Subjects
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,Laplace transform ,Mechanical Engineering ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Mechanics ,Physics::Geophysics ,Physics::Fluid Dynamics ,Unsteady flow ,Compressibility ,Fluid dynamics ,Porosity ,Porous medium ,Vertical fracture ,Geology - Abstract
At present, the hydraulic fracture technologies are widely used for intensification of oil and gas recovery from reservoirs with hard-to-recover reserves. The simulation of the processes of flow through porous reservoirs with hydraulic fractures is fairly completely developed in the steady-state flow approximation. Unsteady processes of pressure distribution are considered with reference to the theory of hydrodynamic methods of investigations of wells in which asymptotically limited intervals of variations in the coordinates and time, i.e., the distances of the order of the well radius and time much smaller than the characteristic time of the process of flow through the porous medium, are considered. At the same time, in the reservoirs with hard-to-recover reserves (low-permeability reservoirs and high-viscosity oils) the duration of the unsteady processes of pressure redistribution can be of the same order as the characteristic time of flow through the reservoir. In the present study new analytical solutions of the problem of unsteady pressure redistribution in the neighborhood of a well penetrated by a vertical fracture are given. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that, firstly, the fluid compressibility in the fracture and, secondly, the fluid flow not only through the fracture but also through the porous reservoir are taken into account in the model used. The solutions of the problems are constructed using the Laplace transform technique. In particular cases, the expressions well-known in literature follow from the solutions obtained. The analytical solutions obtained which makes it possible to determine the main characteristic features of the processes of flow through a porous medium are analyzed.
- Published
- 2019
37. A vertical fracture cluster embedded into thinly layered medium
- Author
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Alexey Stovas and Da Shuai
- Subjects
Cluster (physics) ,Geometry ,Vertical fracture ,Geology - Abstract
The linear slip theory is gradually being used to characterize seismic anisotropy. If the transversely isotropic medium embeds vertical fractures (VFTI medium, according to Schoenberg and Helbig, 1997), the effective medium becomes orthorhombic. The vertical fractures may exist in any azimuth angle which leads the effective medium to be monoclinic. We apply the linear slip theory to create a monoclinic medium by only introducing three more physical meaning parameters: the fracture preferred azimuth angle, the fracture azimuth angle and the angular standard deviation. First, we summarize the effective compliance of a rock as the sum of the background matrix compliance and the fracture excess compliance. Then, we apply the Bond transformation to rotate the fractures to be azimuth dependent, introduce a Gaussian function to describe the fractures’ azimuth distribution assuming that the fractures are statistically distributed around the preferred azimuth angle, and average each fracture excess compliance over azimuth. The numerical examples investigate the influence of the fracture azimuth distribution domain and angular standard deviation on the effective stiffness coefficients, elastic wave velocities, and anisotropy parameters. Our results show that the fracture cluster parameters have a significant influence on the elastic wave velocities. The fracture azimuth distribution domain and angular standard deviation have a bigger influence on the orthorhombic anisotropy parameters in the (x2; x3) plane than that in the (x1; x3) plane. The fracture azimuth distribution domain and angular standard deviation have little influence on the monoclinic anisotropy parameters responsible for the P-wave NMO ellipse and have a significant influence on the monoclinic anisotropy parameters responsible for the S1- and S2-wave NMO ellipse. The effective monoclinic can be degenerated into the VFTI medium. Assuming that the fracture cluster has a preferred azimuth angle and other fractures are statistically distributed around it, we define the effective compliance matrix by a Gaussian function, the Bond transformation matrix and the excess compliance matrix of the vertical fractures in the eigen-coordinate system. The resulting effective medium possess the monoclinic symmetry. The monoclinic anisotropy parameters (Stovas, 2021) can easily be defined from the effective stiffness coefficients. Schoenberg, M. and Helbig K., 1997, Orthorhombic media: Modeling elastic wave behavior in a vertically fractured earth, Geophysics, 62(6), 1954-1974.Stovas, A., 2021, On parameterization in monoclinic media with a horizontal symmetry plane, Geophysics (early online).
- Published
- 2021
38. Comparison of Panoramic, Lateral Skull Projection and CBCT Images in Detection of Mandibular Condyle Fractures
- Author
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Cansu Köseoğlu Seçgin, Kaan Orhan, Hazal Karslioğlu, Kıvanç Kamburoğlu, Gürkan Gür, Mehmet Özgür Özemre, and Sevil Atalay Vural
- Subjects
Orthodontics ,Cone beam computed tomography ,cone beam computed tomography,imaging,mandibular condyle,vertical fracture ,Condyle ,Skull ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Health Care Sciences and Services ,medicine ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Sağlık Bilimleri ve Hizmetleri ,Projection (set theory) ,Geology ,Vertical fracture ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Objectives: Condyle fractures constitute 17.5–52% of all mandibular fractures. Our first aim was to investigate whether panoramic radiography or LSP images with lower radiation dose can be used instead of CBCT in the diagnosis of vertical condylar fractures. The second aim of the study was to compare observers' capabilities in diagnosing these fractures. Materials and Methods: A sample consisting of 15 fresh cadaver mandibles with 30 condyles frozen within 24 hours post-mortem was randomly selected. Vertical fractures from the lateral 2/3 of the condyle head with 0.5 (10 condyles) and 1mm (10 condyles) thickness were created using a fret saw. After creating condyle fractures, digital panoramic, LSP, and CBCT images were acquired. Two dentomaxillofacial radiologists with 15 years of experience, two dentomaxillofacial radiologists with five and seven years of experience, and two newly graduated dentists have evaluated the images. The success of the observers in diagnosing the vertical condyle fracture in each imaging method, intra-observer and inter-observer agreement was evaluated. Results: The success of all dentists in determining the condyle fractures using LSP images was higher than the success they achieved using panoramic images, but it was not sufficient. Using different imaging options with CBCT, all diagnoses made by new graduates and dentomaxillofacial radiologists with five and 15 years’ experience were 100% compatible with the gold standard (AC1: 1 (1–1)). Conclusions: For the diagnosis of vertical condyle fractures, conventional techniques (panoramic and lateral jaw imaging methods) were found to be insufficient.
- Published
- 2021
39. Fracture development and fractal characteristics of overburden rock under repeated mining
- Author
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Yongxin Xu, Yongbo Zhang, Zhaoliang Wang, Zhixiang Zhang, Qiang Zheng, and Liangliang Guo
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,business.industry ,Fissure ,Coal mining ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Fractal dimension ,Overburden ,Fractal ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Mining engineering ,Fracture (geology) ,medicine ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,business ,Vertical fracture ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide scientific basis for the stability evaluation of overburden rock of repeated mining goaf under the expressway. The objectives of the present study are to reveal the development of overburden rock fractures under repeated mining and to identify the fractal characteristics of the overburden rock fractures. The results show that (1) the separation fracture and vertical fracture fissure are developed in the overburden rock under repeated mining; (2) after the mining of the lower coal seam, the fractures developed in the overburden rock of the goaf are obviously retained in general. The number of fractures on both sides of the goaf is relatively large, while in the central part, it is relatively small and the fractures in most areas are basically closed; (3) under the same advancing length of working face in the lower coal seam, the fractal dimension in the caving zone is larger than that of the fractured zone; (4) with the increase of the advancing length of working face in the lower coal seam, the variation trend of the fractal dimension appears from small to large and then to small and stable; (5) when the repeated mining is over and the overburden rock movement is basically stable, the ratio of the fractal dimension in the caving zone and the fractured zone is 1.067:1. The results have an important reference value for ensuring the safety of the expressways above the repeated mining goaf in Shanxi region and similar areas.
- Published
- 2021
40. Transient pressure responses of vertical fracture with finite conductivity in shale gas reservoir.
- Author
-
Ma, Cuiyu, Lian, Peiqing, and Liu, Chuanxi
- Subjects
SHALE gas ,GAS reservoirs ,HYDRAULIC fracturing ,ADSORPTION (Chemistry) ,PRESSURE drop (Fluid dynamics) - Abstract
Shale gas reservoirs usually have extremely low permeability and relatively low porosity. Horizontal wells with massive multi stage hydraulic fracturing treatment has been performed on these reservoirs to achieve economic breakthrough. This paper considered shale gas dispersion and desorption in the matrix, presents a trilinear flow model for finite conductivity on vertical fracture in shale gas reservoir. We applied the Laplace transformation on this model and solved it with the Stehfest numerical inversion method. Typical pressure test curves were plotted, and the effects of sensitive parameters on the dimensionless wellbore pressure were also studied. Adsorption coefficient reflects the adsorption capacity of the matrix on shale gas, which implies the larger adsorption coefficient rate, the higher adsorption capacity, with low desorption capabilities. Fracture conductivity factor denotes the conductivity of fractures; the larger the fracture conductivity factor, the stronger the fracture conductivity capacity, which means limited flow rate within a short time. Inter-porosity transfer coefficient determines the appearance, time and height of the transition stage. If the inter-porosity transfer coefficient became smaller, the transition stage will occur early. Storativity ratio determines the extent of crossflow time; the smaller the storativity ratio is, the earlier the appearance time will be, and crossflow time will be longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Comparative Evaluation of Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Obturated with Resin Based Adhesive Sealers with Conventional Obturation Technique: An In vitro Study.
- Author
-
Langalia, Akshay K., Dave, Bela, Patel, Neeta, Thakkar, Viral, Sheth, Sona, and Parekh, Vaishali
- Subjects
ENDODONTICS ,ROOT canal treatment ,DENTAL adhesives ,DENTAL resins ,TOOTH fractures ,PREVENTION - Abstract
Background: To compare fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth obturated with different resin-based adhesive sealers with a conventional obturation technique. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 Single canaled teeth were divided into five groups. The first group was taken as a negative control. The rest of the groups were shaped using ProFile rotary files (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The second group was obturated with gutta-percha and a ZOE-based sealer Endoflas FS (Sanlor Dental Products, USA). The third group was obturated with gutta-percha and an epoxy-based sealer AH Plus (Dentsply, DeTrey, Germany). The fourth group was obturated with Resilon (Pentron Clinical Technologies, Wallingford, CT) and RealSeal sealer (Pentron Clinical Technologies). The fifth group was obturated with EndoREZ points and EndoREZ sealer (both from Ultradent, South Jordan, UT). Roots were then embedded into acrylic blocks and were then fixed into a material testing system and loaded with a stainless steel pin with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min until fracture. The load at which the specimen fractured was recorded in Newtons. Results: It was found that forces at fracture were statistically significant for the newer resin systems, Resilon, and EndoREZ. Conclusion: It was concluded that roots obturated with newer resin systems (Resilon and EndoREZ) enhanced the root strength almost up to the level of the intact roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
42. Determination of Subdivided Layer Fracturing for Low-Permeability and Thin Interbedded Reservoirs in Y Oil Field
- Author
-
Zhi-yong Li
- Subjects
Petroleum engineering ,Rock mechanics ,Boundary relationship ,Low permeability ,Oil field ,Horizontal stress ,Cementation (geology) ,Layer (electronics) ,Geology ,Vertical fracture - Abstract
Fracturing is the dominant stimulation technology for low-permeability reservoirs. In recent years, thin and poor reservoir has gradually become the main potential exploration object.And thin and poor reservoirs are often accompanied by thin interlayer. For the thin and low strength interbedded reservoirs, it is difficult for commingled fracturing to ensure each layer is improved and thus subdivided layer fracturing is needed. However, this kind of subdivided layer fracturing also has to face the problem of cross-flow which may result in failed fracturing or even serious water out. A large of statistics show that cross-flow often takes place on the contact surface of cement ring and formation as well as in the interlayer.In this paper, the minimum horizontal geostress profile of reservoir is calculated by rock mechanics theory under the condition of fracturing vertical fracture. And the distribution of minimum horizontal stress is approximately proportional to the distribution of natural gamma. Based on this, field test is carried out. So the fracturing boundary relationship of thin interlayer Wells in Y oilfield is given under the existing fracturing technology. According to this condition, we can decrease the probability of interlayer cross-flow by fracturing control. Moreover, cross-flow on the contact surface can be avoided to the most extent by estimating the quality of well cementation using Ciflog-geospace software. Finally, these optimization methods are proved effective and correct by field trial and thus greatly boost the success rate of subdivided layer fracturing.
- Published
- 2021
43. Investigation of Vertical Fracture Complexity Induced Stress Interference in Multilayer Shale Gas Reservoirs with Complex Natural Fractures
- Author
-
Yanli Pei, Kamy Sepehrnoori, and Wei Yu
- Subjects
Induced stress ,020401 chemical engineering ,Shale gas ,020209 energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,0204 chemical engineering ,Petrology ,Interference (wave propagation) ,Vertical fracture ,Natural (archaeology) ,Geology - Abstract
The depletion of producing layers leads to significant stress changes in adjacent targets, especially when complex natural fractures are present. Due to weak bedding interfaces or small stress barriers, hydraulic fractures can easily penetrate neighboring layers, and this further increases the chance of multilayer stress disturbance. In this work, we investigate the effects of vertical fracture complexity, i.e., hydraulic fracture penetration and interlayer natural fracture existence, on stress interference between different layers using a data set from a typical shale gas well in the Sichuan Basin. Two geological contexts, i.e., without interlayer natural fractures (w/o INF) and with interlayer natural fractures (w/ INF), are considered under different degrees of fracture penetration and interlayer connectivity. An in-house iteratively coupled geomechanics and compositional reservoir simulator is used to model the three-dimensional pressure and stress changes. The non-uniform hydraulic fractures and stochastic natural fractures are incorporated in our coupled simulation with an embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM). Comprehensive spatial-temporal stress analysis quantifies the approximate range of orientation change of SHmax and magnitude change of Shmin under various reservoir conditions. Numerical results indicate that the presence of natural fractures in the interlayer upgrades the risk of stress interference between different pay zones. A larger hydraulic fracture penetration increases gas production, but also exerts a significant impact on stress reorientation and redistribution in the upper potential layer. The orientation change of SHmax along the prospective infill location is below 10 degrees in the w/o INF cases but up to 30 degrees in the w/ INF cases with a moderate number of interlayer natural fractures. The average magnitude change of Shmin is within 3.5 MPa along the prospective infill location for most w/o INF cases, whereas that in the w/ INF cases is above 10 MPa at most times. Moreover, the existence of natural fractures in the interlayer brings forward the occurrence of maximum orientation change in the upper layer by around one year. While inducing non-negligible stress drop in the upper layer, higher interlayer matrix permeability does not significantly reorient the horizontal principal stresses. Varying the density of interlayer natural fractures not only affects the stress magnitude but also causes considerable orientation change in the upper layer. The findings from this work help understand the extent of stress interference in the upper potential layer of the Sichuan Basin under different vertical fracture complexities. It is of guiding significance for future hydraulic fracture design and child-well operations in similar highly fractured tight formations.
- Published
- 2020
44. Fracture characterization from seismic data in the presence of multiple vertical fracture sets
- Author
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Lennert D. den Boer and Colin M. Sayers
- Subjects
Fracture (geology) ,Geotechnical engineering ,Geology ,Vertical fracture ,Characterization (materials science) - Published
- 2020
45. Fractional Derivative Modeling on Solute Non-Fickian Transport in a Single Vertical Fracture
- Author
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Jiazhong Qian, Yi Xu, HongGuang Sun, Weidong Zhao, Yongting Wu, and Chuantaidou Qiao
- Subjects
Materials science ,Materials Science (miscellaneous) ,Biophysics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Surface finish ,01 natural sciences ,single vertical fracture ,0103 physical sciences ,fractional advection-dispersion equation ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,010306 general physics ,Vertical fracture ,Mathematical Physics ,hydraulic condition ,Non fickian ,Mechanics ,Breakthrough curve ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,Fractional calculus ,Volumetric flow rate ,solute transport ,non-Fickian transport ,hydrodynamics ,Fracture (geology) ,Fade ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
Solute transport in a single vertical fracture (SVF) cannot be reliably described by the classical advection-dispersion equation (ADE) model, due to the heterogeneity nature of fracture. This study conducted a group of experiments to investigate chloride ion transport in the SVFs under different rough-walled conditions, and then applied a time fractional advection-dispersion equation (F-ADE) model to offer an accurate description. A comparison between F-ADE model and a classical ADE model in describing experimental data, was also carried out. Results show that the FADE model is better than the ADE model in describing the breakthrough curve and heavy-tail phenomenon of solute transport in the fracture. Especially in the experiments with lower flow rate and higher roughness fracture, the FADE model can offer a better description for non-Fickian transport, indicating that it is a promising tool for characterizing solute transport heterogeneous vertical fracture.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Experimental Study on the Wall Factor for Rod-Shaped Proppant Settling in Vertical Fracture
- Author
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Xuezhe Yao, Silin Jing, Xianzhi Song, Zhaopeng Zhu, and Shuo Zhu
- Subjects
symbols.namesake ,Settling ,symbols ,Reynolds number ,Fracture process ,Mechanics ,Vertical fracture ,Geology - Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is an important technology to improve oil and gas production. In recent years, rod-shaped proppant has received increasing attention for its advantages in avoiding fracture closure and enhancing conductivity. Due to its special shape, the settling process in the fracture is more complicated than that of a spherical proppant. Accurate description of the wall factor of fracture on the settling rod-shaped proppant is pivotal in predicting the transport distance of rod-shaped proppant and improving the effect of fracturing. However, few researches have been reported about the fracture wall factor on the settling rod-shaped proppant. In this study, the transparent fracture model with different width and a high-speed camera were used to record the settling process of the rod-shaped proppant in the fracture. A total of 215 tests were carried out to analyze the effects of fluid properties, the equivalent dimensionless diameter, sphericity, and Reynolds number on the wall factor, involving the ranges of the equivalent dimensionless diameter and the particle Reynolds number are 0.03 to 1.47 and 0.03–1354.14, respectively. The settling processes of rod-shaped proppant under horizontal and vertical states were studied, and two wall factor models for the two states were established, respectively. The results show that the wall factor is a function of both the equivalent dimensionless diameter and Reynolds number. Finally, the prediction models of wall factor with the prediction error of 1.70 and 4.44% are established for these two Reynolds number regions, respectively. The results of this study can further improve the performance of rod-shaped proppant in hydraulic fracturing.
- Published
- 2020
47. Behaviours of concrete stub columns confined by steel tubes at cold-region low temperatures
- Author
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Jia-Bao Yan, Wen-Jun Xie, Tao Wang, Yan-Li Luo, Key Laboratory of Applied Statistics under Ministry of Education (KLASMOE), Northeast Normal University, Tianjin University (TJU), Key Engineering Bionics Laboratory, and Jilin University
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Metals and Alloys ,Theoretical models ,020101 civil engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Structural engineering ,0201 civil engineering ,Stub (electronics) ,[SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics] ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,Compressive strength ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,Axial compression ,Steel tube ,Composite material ,business ,Vertical fracture ,Civil and Structural Engineering - Abstract
This paper evaluates the axial compressive behaviour of concrete stub columns confined by steel tubes (CSC-CSTs) at low temperatures of 30 ~ −80 °C relevant to cold regions. Experiments including ten circular and ten square CSC-CSTs subjected to axial compression at four low temperatures were carried out. The studied parameters included low temperature (T), different grades of NWC (fc), wall-thickness of the steel tube (t), and height of the CSC-CSTs (L). The test results revealed that bulge of steel tubes, concrete crushing, and vertical fracture in steel tube (only in square CSC-CSTs) occurred to CSC-CSTs. The load-shortening (P S) behaviour of CSC-CSTs exhibits similar manner in the first elastic and nonlinear working stage, but varies at their recession stages due to different confinement ratio by steel tube. Low temperatures improved axial compressive behaviours of CSC-CSTs. Increasing concrete strength improved the compressive strength of CSC-CSTs at low temperatures, but reduced their ductility. Thicker steel tube improved the P S behaviour of CSCCSTs at low temperatures whilst the height of CSC-CSTs exhibited marginal influences on their low-temperature compressive behaviours. Theoretical models were developed to estimate P S behaviours of CSC-CSTs, and validations against 20 test results confirmed their accuracy.
- Published
- 2020
48. Investigation of Structural Stability for Monolithic Nano Bridges on Micro Apertures
- Author
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Changwook Seol, Le Vu Nam, In Kim, Junsoo Kim, Segeun Jang, Jinwon Lee, Yong Sang Ryu, and Sang Moon Kim
- Subjects
UV curable polymer ,Materials science ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Instability ,lcsh:Technology ,Quantitative Biology::Cell Behavior ,Quantitative Biology::Subcellular Processes ,lcsh:Chemistry ,two-level apertures ,PDMS ,Nano ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Instrumentation ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Vertical fracture ,Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes ,multiscale structure ,lcsh:T ,Process Chemistry and Technology ,General Engineering ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,lcsh:QC1-999 ,0104 chemical sciences ,Computer Science Applications ,Membrane ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Structural stability ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,Fracture (geology) ,structural stability ,Deformation (engineering) ,Polymeric membrane ,0210 nano-technology ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,lcsh:Physics - Abstract
The instability of polymeric membranes with nano- and micro-sized apertures has been regarded as one of the main reasons behind realizing ultra-thin membranes with apertures. As is well known, when the thickness of the membrane gets thinner or the aperture size gets smaller, the possibility of geometrical deformation or structural damage by collapse or fracture increases. Herein, we suggest the design rules for the stability of polymeric membranes possessing 1D nano-line patterns monolithically constructed on micro-aperture supporting layers. The proposed theoretical model, which has been thoroughly demonstrated and analyzed based on both theoretical and experimental approaches, provides stability criteria for lateral collapse and vertical fracture of ultra-thin membranes with apertures.
- Published
- 2020
49. Preparation of the lingual canal in mandibular first premolar with canal bifurcation
- Author
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Chao Sun, Feng He, Jin Li, Yaqian Lu, Yawen Liu, Yuhua Xiong, Nan Geng, and Yongchun Gu
- Subjects
Orthodontics ,business.industry ,Root canal ,Perforation (oil well) ,030206 dentistry ,Mandibular first premolar ,Mandible ,X-Ray Microtomography ,Lingual canal ,030207 dermatology & venereal diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Stereo microscope ,medicine ,Direct vision ,Bicuspid ,Dental Pulp Cavity ,Tooth Root ,business ,General Dentistry ,Vertical fracture ,Root Canal Preparation - Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish an effective method of locating and negotiating the lingual canal in mandibular first premolars with two canals during root canal preparation. A total of 125 mandibular first premolars with radicular grooves were collected, and after micro-computed tomography scanning, 50 mandibular first premolars with a Vertucci V/III canal form were selected based on the inclusion criteria. Access cavities were prepared, and the lingual canals (LCs) were searched in four following steps: step 1 direct vision and a straight K-file; step 2 stereomicroscopy and a straight K-file; step 3 stereomicroscopy and a pre-curved K-file; and step 4 a long-neck bur. After localization, the LCs were instrumented. In most cases, access to the LC was achieved by step 2 (19/50, 38%) or step 3 (22/50, 44%). In three cases (6%), step 1 alone was enough to achieve access to the orifice, and in six cases (12%), access to the lingual canal was not achieved until step 4. Overall, 43 of the 50 mandibular first premolars (86%) were successfully instrumented, and the remaining seven failed. Two cases failed in the process of negotiating the canal to full length and five cases failed due to procedural errors (ledge formation, canal perforation, vertical fracture, or instrument separation). The LC in mandibular first premolars is a major endodontic challenge. A stereomicroscope and a pre-curved K file are suggested to be valuable tools for detecting and accessing the extra LC.
- Published
- 2020
50. A Trilinear Flow Model of Vertical Fractured Dual Porosity Media Considering the Quadratic Gradient Term.
- Author
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Rao, L. Y. and Jiao, Y. W.
- Subjects
- *
POROSITY , *DARCY'S law , *FRACTURE mechanics , *OIL well testing , *ENERGY conservation , *PARAMETERS (Statistics) , *ENERGY storage , *COEFFICIENTS (Statistics) , *NEWTON-Raphson method - Abstract
Based on the mass conservation principle and the Darcy's law, a double porosity media-trilinear flow model is established, including the effect of the quadratic gradient, wellbore storage and skin coefficient. The quadratic gradient term is eliminated by using logarithm transformation and different schemes are built and solved by Newton method. The effect of double porosity parameters, fracture flow capacity, the quadratic gradient term and skin coefficient on dimensionless pressure is discussed. The plots of typical pressure curves are given, and the results can be applied to well test analysis of fractured dual media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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