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1. Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A(star)

Author

Johnson, M.D., Fish, V.L, Doeleman, S.S., Marrone, D.P., Plambeck, R.L., Wardle, J.F.C., Akiyama, K., Asada, K., Beaudoin, C., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Bower, G.C., Brinkerink, C., Broderick, A.E., Cappallo, R., Chael, A.A., Crew, G.B., Dexter, J., Dexter, M., Freund, R., Friberg, P., Gold, R., Gurwell, M.A., Ho, P.T.P., Honma, M., Inoue, M., Kosowsky, M., Krichbaum, T.P., Lamb, J., Loeb, A., Lu, R.S., MacMahon, D., McKinney, J.C., Moran, J.M., Narayan, R., Primiani, R.A., Psaltis, D., Rogers, A.E.E., Rosenfeld, K., SooHoo, J., Tilanus, R.P.J., Titus, M., Vertatschitsch, L., Weintroub, J., Wright, M., Young, K.H., Zensus, J.A., Ziurys, L.M., Johnson, M.D., Fish, V.L, Doeleman, S.S., Marrone, D.P., Plambeck, R.L., Wardle, J.F.C., Akiyama, K., Asada, K., Beaudoin, C., Blackburn, L., Blundell, R., Bower, G.C., Brinkerink, C., Broderick, A.E., Cappallo, R., Chael, A.A., Crew, G.B., Dexter, J., Dexter, M., Freund, R., Friberg, P., Gold, R., Gurwell, M.A., Ho, P.T.P., Honma, M., Inoue, M., Kosowsky, M., Krichbaum, T.P., Lamb, J., Loeb, A., Lu, R.S., MacMahon, D., McKinney, J.C., Moran, J.M., Narayan, R., Primiani, R.A., Psaltis, D., Rogers, A.E.E., Rosenfeld, K., SooHoo, J., Tilanus, R.P.J., Titus, M., Vertatschitsch, L., Weintroub, J., Wright, M., Young, K.H., Zensus, J.A., and Ziurys, L.M.

Abstract

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Published
2015

6. Resolved magnetic-field structure and variability near the event horizon of Sagittarius A

Author

Johnson, Michael D., Fish, V. L., Doeleman, Sheperd S., Marrone, D. P., Plambeck, R. L., Wardle, J. F. C., Akiyama, K., Asada, K., Beaudoin, C., Blackburn, Lindy, Blundell, Raymond, Bower, G. C., Brinkerink, C., Broderick, A. E., Cappallo, R., Chael, Andrew Alan, Crew, G. B., Dexter, J., Dexter, M., Freund, R., Friberg, P., Gold, R., Gurwell, M. A., Ho, P. T. P., Honma, M., Inoue, M., Kosowsky, Michael Steven, Krichbaum, T. P., Lamb, J., Loeb, Abraham, Lu, R.-S., MacMahon, D., McKinney, J. C., Moran, James M., Narayan, Ramesh, Primiani, Rurik A., Psaltis, D., Rogers, A. E. E., Rosenfeld, Katherine Ann, SooHoo, J., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Vertatschitsch, L., Weintroub, Jonathan, Wright, M., Young, Ken Harbour, Zensus, J. A., and Ziurys, L. M.

Abstract

Near a black hole, differential rotation of a magnetized accretion disk is thought to produce an instability that amplifies weak magnetic fields, driving accretion and outflow. These magnetic fields would naturally give rise to the observed synchrotron emission in galaxy cores and to the formation of relativistic jets, but no observations to date have been able to resolve the expected horizonscale magnetic-field structure. We report interferometric observations at 1.3- millimeter wavelength that spatially resolve the linearly polarized emission from the Galactic Center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. We have found evidence for partially ordered fields near the event horizon, on scales of ∼6 Schwarzschild radii, and we have detected and localized the intra-hour variability associated with these fields., Astronomy

Published
2015
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8. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration

Author

Robert Wharton, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, Jason SooHoo, Arash Roshanineshat, Roger Brissenden, Mahito Sasada, Ramesh Narayan, Heino Falcke, Garrett K. Keating, Buell T. Jannuzi, John E. Carlstrom, John Conway, Michael Kramer, Oliver Porth, Tod R. Lauer, Iniyan Natarajan, Ilje Cho, Lia Medeiros, C. Y. Kuo, Eduardo Ros, Olivier Gentaz, David J. James, Carsten Kramer, Jirong Mao, Colin J. Lonsdale, Jan Wagner, Ed Fomalont, Jae-Young Kim, Makoto Inoue, Karl M. Menten, Aristeidis Noutsos, Ziyan Zhu, Zhiqiang Shen, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Ye-Fei Yuan, Chet Ruszczyk, Fumie Tazaki, Kuo Liu, Mark Kettenis, Alan P. Marscher, Joseph R. Farah, Dan Bintley, Minfeng Gu, Dominic W. Pesce, Roberto Neri, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Masanori Nakamura, Katherine L. Bouman, Charles F. Gammie, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Ming-Tang Chen, Taehyun Jung, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Vincent Piétu, Ben Prather, Shoko Koyama, Kotaro Moriyama, Sang-Sung Lee, Ziri Younsi, André Young, Christian M. Fromm, Cornelia Müller, Michael Janssen, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Monika Moscibrodzka, Thomas W. Folkers, Jason Dexter, Daniel R. van Rossum, Mel Rose, Izumi Mizuno, Tyler Trent, Vincent L. Fish, Keiichi Asada, Yi Chen, Michael Titus, Freek Roelofs, Des Small, Roman Gold, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Satoki Matsushita, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Wu Jiang, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Pablo Torne, Daniel Michalik, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, Paul Tiede, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Gopal Narayanan, Alexander W. Raymond, Wen Ping Lo, Luis C. Ho, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Bong Won Sohn, Ilse van Bemmel, Feryal Özel, Kamal Souccar, Paul T. P. Ho, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Zhiyuan Li, Feng Yuan, David H. Hughes, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Yuzhu Cui, Shiro Ikeda, John Wardle, Michael D. Johnson, Sascha Trippe, Junhan Kim, Tomohisa Kawashima, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Ru-Sen Lu, Roger J. Cappallo, Hector Olivares, A. Nadolski, Jonathan Weintroub, Thomas Bronzwaer, Walter Alef, David Ball, Chi-kwan Chan, Laurent Loinard, Richard L. Plambeck, Roberto Garcia, Boris Georgiev, Koushik Chatterjee, R. P. Eatough, Shan Shan Zhao, Andrei P. Lobanov, Geoffrey B. Crew, George N. Wong, W. Boland, Mislav Baloković, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Ramprasad Rao, Michael Lindqvist, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shami Chatterjee, Patrick M. Koch, Kazuhiro Hada, Nicolas Pradel, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Britton Jeter, Sera Markoff, Benjamin R. Ryan, Michael Bremer, Michael H. Hecht, S. Sánchez, Sara Issaoun, Norbert Wex, Nimesh A. Patel, Jessica Dempsey, Helge Rottmann, James M. Cordes, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Rebecca Azulay, Lei Huang, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Per Friberg, Hiroki Okino, Ciriaco Goddi, Andrew Chael, F. Peter Schloerb, Luciano Rezzolla, Jun Yi Koay, Jongsoo Kim, Shuichiro Tsuda, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Mark Gurwell, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Hung Yi Pu, Tomoaki Oyama, Motoki Kino, Yan-Rong Li, John E. Barrett, Peter Galison, Alan E. E. Rogers, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Daniel P. Marrone, Alan L. Roy, Kazunori Akiyama, Maciek Wielgus, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, Laura Vertatschitsch, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Ken H. Young, Paul Yamaguchi, Lindy Blackburn, Roger Deane, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Antxon Alberdi, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Event Horizon Telescope, Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-Leon, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Cappallo, R., Farah, J. R., Folkers, T. W., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Nadolski, A., Nishioka, H., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Souccar, K., Vertatschitsch, L., Yamaguchi, P., Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, and Astronomy

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, galaxies: jet, Radio galaxy, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, galaxies: individual, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, galaxies: individual: M87, 01 natural sciences, Submillimeter Array, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Techniques: high angular resolution, individual (M87, 3C279) [Galaxies], 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Physics, Event Horizon Telescope, Supermassive black hole, 3C279, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Quasar, Black hole physics, black hole physic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, 3. Good health, high angular resolution [Techniques], Interferometry, Amplitude, Space and Planetary Science, Galaxies: jets, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), Techniques: interferometric, interferometric [Techniques], jets [Galaxies], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Galaxies: individual (M87, 3C279), Radio wave
Abstract

We present the calibration and reduction of Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm radio wavelength observations of the supermassive black hole candidate at the center of the radio galaxy M87 and the quasar 3C 279, taken during the 2017 April 5–11 observing campaign. These global very long baseline interferometric observations include for the first time the highly sensitive Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA); reaching an angular resolution of 25 μas, with characteristic sensitivity limits of ~1 mJy on baselines to ALMA and ~10 mJy on other baselines. The observations present challenges for existing data processing tools, arising from the rapid atmospheric phase fluctuations, wide recording bandwidth, and highly heterogeneous array. In response, we developed three independent pipelines for phase calibration and fringe detection, each tailored to the specific needs of the EHT. The final data products include calibrated total intensity amplitude and phase information. They are validated through a series of quality assurance tests that show consistency across pipelines and set limits on baseline systematic errors of 2% in amplitude and 1° in phase. The M87 data reveal the presence of two nulls in correlated flux density at ~3.4 and ~8.3 Gλ and temporal evolution in closure quantities, indicating intrinsic variability of compact structure on a timescale of days, or several light-crossing times for a few billion solar-mass black hole. These measurements provide the first opportunity to image horizon-scale structure in M87.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society, The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X

Published
2019
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9. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring

Author

Michael Janssen, Joseph Neilsen, Gopal Narayanan, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Thomas Bronzwaer, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Alan E. E. Rogers, Ru-Sen Lu, Feryal Özel, Qingwen Wu, Shan Shan Zhao, Monika Moscibrodzka, Chunchong Ni, Michael Titus, Freek Roelofs, Buell T. Jannuzi, Tod R. Lauer, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Taehyun Jung, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Luciano Rezzolla, Jongsoo Kim, Jirong Mao, Jonathan Weintroub, Colin J. Lonsdale, Laurent Loinard, Daniel Michalik, John Conway, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Olivier Gentaz, Iniyan Natarajan, Izumi Mizuno, Vincent L. Fish, Eduardo Ros, Minfeng Gu, Ilse van Bemmel, Kotaro Moriyama, David J. James, Michael D. Johnson, Vincent Piétu, Daryl Haggard, Richard L. Plambeck, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Ilje Cho, Katherine L. Bouman, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Roman Gold, Koushik Chatterjee, Bong Won Sohn, Makoto Inoue, Rebecca Azulay, Paul Tiede, Alan P. Marscher, Ziri Younsi, Ye-Fei Yuan, Jason Dexter, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Michael Lindqvist, Michael Bremer, Carsten Kramer, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Michael Kramer, Chi-kwan Chan, R. P. Eatough, Shiro Ikeda, Jan Wagner, Oliver Porth, Garrett K. Keating, Yi Chen, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Chet Ruszczyk, Per Friberg, Michael H. Hecht, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Alan L. Roy, Kazunori Akiyama, Jordy Davelaar, Sang-Sung Lee, Maciek Wielgus, Jason SooHoo, Lei Huang, Hiroshi Nagai, Keiichi Asada, David Ball, Thomas P. Krichbaum, A. Nadolski, Roger Brissenden, Mislav Baloković, Roberto Neri, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Des Small, Shami Chatterjee, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Michael A. Nowak, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, S. Sánchez, Dominic W. Pesce, Heino Falcke, Roberto Garcia, Luis C. Ho, Yan-Rong Li, Fumie Tazaki, Jessica Dempsey, Sera Markoff, David H. Hughes, Daniel R. van Rossum, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Christian M. Fromm, Cornelia Müller, Yuzhu Cui, Jun Yi Koay, Mahito Sasada, Geoffrey B. Crew, Norbert Wex, Nimesh A. Patel, Ed Fomalont, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Laura Vertatschitsch, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Andrew Chael, Shuichiro Tsuda, Dan Bintley, Ciriaco Goddi, Ramesh Narayan, Charles F. Gammie, Tyler Trent, Mel Rose, Feng Yuan, Satoki Matsushita, Robert Wharton, Jadyn Anczarski, F. Peter Schloerb, Patrick M. Koch, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Nicolas Pradel, Britton Jeter, Tomohisa Kawashima, Shuo Zhang, John E. Carlstrom, Jae-Young Kim, Junhan Kim, Arash Roshanineshat, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Benjamin R. Ryan, Sara Issaoun, Hector Olivares, Andreas Eckart, Hiroki Okino, Karl M. Menten, Lia Medeiros, Zhiqiang Shen, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Joseph R. Farah, Aristeidis Noutsos, Mark Kettenis, C. Y. Kuo, Wu Jiang, Zhiyuan Li, Boris Georgiev, W. Boland, Ramprasad Rao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Ming-Tang Chen, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, André Young, Pablo Torne, John Wardle, Ben Prather, Shoko Koyama, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, Walter Alef, Kamal Souccar, Paul T. P. Ho, Andrei P. Lobanov, George N. Wong, Kazuhiro Hada, Ziyan Zhu, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Sascha Trippe, Sheperd S. Doeleman, James M. Cordes, John E. Barrett, Peter Galison, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Daniel P. Marrone, Masanori Nakamura, Frederick K. Baganoff, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Helge Rottmann, Mark Gurwell, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Hung Yi Pu, Tomoaki Oyama, Motoki Kino, Roger Deane, Ken H. Young, Paul Yamaguchi, Lindy Blackburn, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Antxon Alberdi, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japanese Government, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Russian Science Foundation, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Event Horizon Telescope, Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Anczarski, J., Baganoff, F. K., Eckart, A., Farah, J. R., Haggard, D., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Nadolski, A., Neilsen, J., Nishioka, H., Nowak, M. A., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Souccar, K., Vertatschitsch, L., Yamaguchi, P., Zhang, S., Astronomy, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], and Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613]

Subjects
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual (M87) [galaxies], Event horizon, galaxies: jet, Astronomy, Strong gravitational lensing, black hole physics, jets [galaxies], galaxies: individual, Astrophysics, accretion, accretion disk, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, Galaxies: individual (M87), accretion, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, accretion, accretion disks, accretion disks, high angular resolution [techniques], Accretion disks, (MHD), Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, General relativity, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Compact star, galaxies: individual: M87, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), Techniques: high angular resolution, 0103 physical sciences, (M87), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event Horizon Telescope, Supermassive black hole, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Black hole physics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, black hole physic, Black hole, Rotating black hole, Space and Planetary Science, magnetohydrodynamics: MHD, Galaxies: jets, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), magnetohydrodynamics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has mapped the central compact radio source of the elliptical galaxy M87 at 1.3 mm with unprecedented angular resolution. Here we consider the physical implications of the asymmetric ring seen in the 2017 EHT data. To this end, we construct a large library of models based on general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and synthetic images produced by general relativistic ray tracing. We compare the observed visibilities with this library and confirm that the asymmetric ring is consistent with earlier predictions of strong gravitational lensing of synchrotron emission from a hot plasma orbiting near the black hole event horizon. The ring radius and ring asymmetry depend on black hole mass and spin, respectively, and both are therefore expected to be stable when observed in future EHT campaigns. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. If the black hole spin and M87's large scale jet are aligned, then the black hole spin vector is pointed away from Earth. Models in our library of non-spinning black holes are inconsistent with the observations as they do not produce sufficiently powerful jets. At the same time, in those models that produce a sufficiently powerful jet, the latter is powered by extraction of black hole spin energy through mechanisms akin to the Blandford-Znajek process. We briefly consider alternatives to a black hole for the central compact object. Analysis of existing EHT polarization data and data taken simultaneously at other wavelengths will soon enable new tests of the GRMHD models, as will future EHT campaigns at 230 and 345 GHz.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society., The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X

Published
2019
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10. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

Author

Taehyun Jung, Kotaro Moriyama, Charles F. Gammie, John Conway, Eduardo Ros, Jason Dexter, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Iniyan Natarajan, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Antxon Alberdi, Ilje Cho, Ye-Fei Yuan, Michael Titus, Freek Roelofs, Jun Yi Koay, Zhiqiang Shen, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Makoto Inoue, Dan Bintley, Ed Fomalont, Shuichiro Tsuda, Michael Bremer, Izumi Mizuno, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, Vincent L. Fish, Michael Kramer, Oliver Porth, Sara Issaoun, Roger Deane, Jason SooHoo, Michael Janssen, Paul Tiede, Shiro Ikeda, André Young, Mel Rose, Thomas P. Krichbaum, William T. Freeman, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Jirong Mao, Masanori Nakamura, Dominic W. Pesce, Colin J. Lonsdale, Buell T. Jannuzi, Huib Jan van Langevelde, R. P. Eatough, Pablo Torne, Olivier Gentaz, David H. Hughes, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Tod R. Lauer, Keiichi Asada, John Wardle, Des Small, Daniel R. van Rossum, Tomohisa Kawashima, Patrick M. Koch, Boris Georgiev, Nicolas Pradel, Britton Jeter, David J. James, A. Nadolski, Monika Moscibrodzka, Fumie Tazaki, Ken H. Young, Paul Yamaguchi, Richard L. Plambeck, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Koushik Chatterjee, Aleksandar Popstefanija, S. Sánchez, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, W. Boland, Ramprasad Rao, Jessica Dempsey, Alan P. Marscher, Helge Rottmann, John E. Carlstrom, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Michael Lindqvist, Guang-Yao Zhao, Lia Medeiros, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Rebecca Azulay, Roberto Neri, Chet Ruszczyk, C. Y. Kuo, Garrett K. Keating, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Jae-Young Kim, Per Friberg, Lindy Blackburn, Tyler Trent, F. Peter Schloerb, Chi-kwan Chan, Mark Gurwell, Jonathan Weintroub, Joseph R. Farah, Satoki Matsushita, Ming-Tang Chen, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Ben Prather, Luis C. Ho, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Shoko Koyama, Benjamin R. Ryan, Hung Yi Pu, Laurent Loinard, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, Sang-Sung Lee, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Bong Won Sohn, Wu Jiang, Karl M. Menten, Tomoaki Oyama, Feryal Özel, Hector Olivares, Motoki Kino, Michael H. Hecht, Alan E. E. Rogers, Zhiyuan Li, Aristeidis Noutsos, Hiroki Okino, Lei Huang, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, John E. Barrett, Yuzhu Cui, Mark Kettenis, Peter Galison, Andrew Chael, Kamal Souccar, Christian M. Fromm, Cornelia Müller, Paul T. P. Ho, Luciano Rezzolla, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Daniel P. Marrone, Jongsoo Kim, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Gopal Narayanan, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Yan-Rong Li, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Robert Wharton, Ru-Sen Lu, Feng Yuan, Ziri Younsi, Minfeng Gu, Arash Roshanineshat, Junhan Kim, Katherine L. Bouman, Yi Chen, Heino Falcke, Alan L. Roy, Kazunori Akiyama, Maciek Wielgus, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, Walter Alef, Laura Vertatschitsch, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Sera Markoff, Andrei P. Lobanov, George N. Wong, Norbert Wex, Kazuhiro Hada, Thomas Bronzwaer, Nimesh A. Patel, Ziyan Zhu, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Ciriaco Goddi, Sascha Trippe, Shan Shan Zhao, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Mislav Baloković, Shami Chatterjee, Carsten Kramer, Vincent Piétu, Jan Wagner, James M. Cordes, Roman Gold, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Daniel Michalik, Ilse van Bemmel, Michael D. Johnson, David Ball, Roberto Garcia, Geoffrey B. Crew, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Roger Brissenden, Mahito Sasada, Ramesh Narayan, Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Farah, J. R., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Nadolski, A., Nishioka, H., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Souccar, K., Vertatschitsch, L., Yamaguchi, P., Astronomy, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Event Horizon Telescope, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Alberdi, Antxón, and Gómez Fernández, J. L.

Subjects
Brightness, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, galaxies: jet, Astronomy, black hole physics, FOS: Physical sciences, galaxies: individual, techniques: image processing, Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), galaxies: individual: M87, 01 natural sciences, Synthetic data, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, galaxies: individual (M87), 0103 physical sciences, image processing [Techniques], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event Horizon Telescope, Physics, Ground truth, Supermassive black hole, techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Black hole physics, galaxies: jets, individual (M87) [Galaxies], Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, black hole physic, 3. Good health, Orbit, Interferometry, high angular resolution [Techniques], Space and Planetary Science, techniques: interferometric, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), interferometric [Techniques], jets [Galaxies], Deconvolution, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ~40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society., The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X

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2019
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11. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. the Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole

Author

Olivier Gentaz, David J. James, Hector Olivares, John E. Barrett, Alan P. Marscher, C. M. Violette Impellizzeri, Peter Oshiro, Peter Galison, Tyler Trent, Sang-Sung Lee, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Satoki Matsushita, Carsten Kramer, Scott Paine, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Shuo Zhang, Jan Wagner, Daniel P. Marrone, Ryan Chilson, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Christopher Beaudoin, Sara Issaoun, André Young, A. A. Stark, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Zhiqiang Shen, Pablo Torne, Chris Eckert, John Wardle, Ranjani Srinivasan, David M. Gale, David Ball, Alan L. Roy, Lupin C.C. Lin, Thomas Bronzwaer, Kazunori Akiyama, W. B. Everett, Li Ming Lu, Ta Shun Wei, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Shu Hao Chang, Roberto Garcia, Richard L. Plambeck, Maciek Wielgus, Iniyan Natarajan, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, Tirupati K. Sridharan, Geoffrey B. Crew, Vernon Fath, Michael H. Hecht, Frederic Gueth, Jun Yi Koay, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Chih Chiang Han, Michael Kramer, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Oliver Porth, Jae-Young Kim, Ilje Cho, Shan Shan Zhao, Hotaka Shiokawa, Martin P. McColl, Song Chu Chang, Lei Huang, William Stahm, Makoto Inoue, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Andrew Chael, Chih Cheng Chang, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Dominic W. Pesce, Chung Chen Chen, Laura Vertatschitsch, Jonathan Weintroub, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain, Sera Markoff, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ryan Berthold, Chao-Te Li, M. C. H. Wright, Daniel R. van Rossum, J. Peñalver, Neal R. Erickson, Remo P. J. Tilanus, John E. Carlstrom, Roger Deane, Minfeng Gu, Michael Titus, Laurent Loinard, Lia Medeiros, C. Y. Kuo, Iain Coulson, Michael Janssen, Ben Prather, Katherine L. Bouman, Lucy M. Ziurys, Norbert Wex, Freek Roelofs, Feng Gao, Yau De Huang, Dan Bintley, N. W. Halverson, Benjamin R. Ryan, Nimesh A. Patel, Aaron Faber, Mansour Karami, Robert Freund, Ming-Tang Chen, K. T. Story, Gertie Geertsema, Daryl Haggard, Paul Shaw, Ronald Grosslein, S. A. Dzib, Joseph Crowley, Kuo Chang Han, Shoko Koyama, José L. Gómez, Chet Ruszczyk, David R. Smith, Michael Bremer, Daniel Michalik, James Hoge, Karl M. Menten, Juan-Carlos Algaba, Aristeidis Noutsos, William Snow, Thomas W. Folkers, Masanori Nakamura, Homin Jiang, James M. Cordes, Uwe Bach, Christopher Risacher, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, David H. Hughes, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Ciriaco Goddi, Yi Chen, Christopher Greer, Roger J. Cappallo, Ilse van Bemmel, Andreas Eckart, Ziyan Zhu, Chi H. Nguyen, Rubén Herrero-Illana, Robert Wharton, Antonio Hernández-Gómez, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Pim Schellart, Mark Derome, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Chen Yu Yu, Kuan Yu Liu, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Michael D. Johnson, Mark Kettenis, Michael Lindqvist, Frederick K. Baganoff, John Conway, Remi Sassella, Nathan Whitehorn, Eduardo Ros, David P. Woody, Jessica Dempsey, Gopal Narayanan, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Akihiko Hirota, D. A. Graham, Hiroki Okino, Vincent Piétu, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Arash Roshanineshat, Kevin M. Silva, Timothy Norton, Heino Falcke, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Ken H. Young, Per Friberg, Paul Yamaguchi, Derek Kubo, E. Castillo-Domínguez, Jason W. Henning, R. Laing, Kimihiro Kimura, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Roman Gold, Helge Rottmann, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Roger Brissenden, Ru-Sen Lu, Ye-Fei Yuan, F. Peter Schloerb, Stephen R. McWhirter, Joseph R. Farah, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Charles F. Gammie, Mel Rose, Harriet Parsons, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, Philippe Raffin, Ignacio Ruiz, Mahito Sasada, Kamal Souccar, Joseph Neilsen, J. G. A. Wouterloot, Jirong Mao, Colin J. Lonsdale, Feng Yuan, Jadyn Anczarski, Lindy Blackburn, N. Phillips, Don Sousa, Ramesh Narayan, Alan R. Whitney, Paul T. P. Ho, Kyle D. Massingill, Patrick M. Koch, Taehyun Jung, Erik M. Leitch, Junhan Kim, Nicolas Pradel, Kevin A. Dudevoir, Britton Jeter, Jason SooHoo, Tomohisa Kawashima, T. M. Crawford, Mark Gurwell, A. Montaña, R. P. Eatough, Sascha Trippe, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Dirk Muders, Craig Walther, Atish Kamble, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, George Nystrom, Yusuke Kono, Ryan Keisler, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Stefan Heyminck, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Sjoerd T. Timmer, Antxon Alberdi, Hung Yi Pu, Hugo Messias, Feryal Özel, Kotaro Moriyama, John David, M. Poirier, Mislav Baloković, Fumie Tazaki, Keiichi Asada, S. Sánchez, Wu Jiang, Tomoaki Oyama, Shami Chatterjee, Des Small, Richard Lacasse, Ray Blundell, Motoki Kino, Michael A. Nowak, Jason Dexter, Walter Alef, Jinchi Hao, Zhiyuan Li, Garrett K. Keating, Christian M. Fromm, Cornelia Müller, Ching Tang Liu, Alexandra S. Rahlin, William Montgomerie, Andrei P. Lobanov, Bradford Benson, George N. Wong, Kazuhiro Hada, Sven Dornbusch, George Reiland, Boris Georgiev, Luciano Rezzolla, Jongsoo Kim, W. Boland, Ramprasad Rao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Buell T. Jannuzi, Sandra Bustamente, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Tod R. Lauer, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, John Kuroda, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Chi-kwan Chan, Timothy C. Chuter, Izumi Mizuno, Vincent L. Fish, Yutaka Hasegawa, Roberto Neri, Matthew R. Dexter, Paul Tiede, Rodrigo Amestica, S. Navarro, William T. Freeman, Callie Matulonis, Luis C. Ho, Hideo Ogawa, Shiro Ikeda, Ralph G. Marson, A. Nadolski, J. Blanchard, Ed Fomalont, Monika Moscibrodzka, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Bong Won Sohn, David C. Forbes, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Ziri Younsi, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Alexander Allardi, M. Mora-Klein, Yuzhu Cui, Yan-Rong Li, Koushik Chatterjee, Rebecca Azulay, M. Zeballos, Alan E. E. Rogers, Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Freeman, W. T., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-Leon, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Bemmel, I. V., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, K., Young, A., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Algaba, J. -C., Allardi, A., Amestica, R., Anczarski, J., Bach, U., Baganoff, F. K., Beaudoin, C., Benson, B. A., Berthold, R., Blanchard, J. M., Blundell, R., Bustamente, S., Cappallo, R., Castillo-Dominguez, E., Chang, C. -C., Chang, S. -H., Chang, S. -C., Chen, C. -C., Chilson, R., Chuter, T. C., Rosado, R. C., Coulson, I. M., Crawford, T. M., Crowley, J., David, J., Derome, M., Dexter, M., Dornbusch, S., Dudevoir, K. A., Dzib, S. A., Eckart, A., Eckert, C., Erickson, N. R., Everett, W. B., Faber, A., Farah, J. R., Fath, V., Folkers, T. W., Forbes, D. C., Freund, R., Gomez-Ruiz, A. I., Gale, D. M., Gao, F., Geertsema, G., Graham, D. A., Greer, C. H., Grosslein, R., Gueth, F., Haggard, D., Halverson, N. W., Han, C. -C., Han, K. -C., Hao, J., Hasegawa, Y., Henning, J. W., Hernandez-Gomez, A., Herrero-Illana, R., Heyminck, S., Hirota, A., Hoge, J., Huang, Y. -D., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Jiang, H., Kamble, A., Keisler, R., Kimura, K., Kono, Y., Kubo, D., Kuroda, J., Lacasse, R., Laing, R. A., Leitch, E. M., Li, C. -T., Lin, L. C. -C., Liu, C. -T., Liu, K. -Y., Lu, L. -M., Marson, R. G., Martin-Cocher, P. L., Massingill, K. D., Matulonis, C., Mccoll, M. P., Mcwhirter, S. R., Messias, H., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Montana, A., Montgomerie, W., Mora-Klein, M., Muders, D., Nadolski, A., Navarro, S., Neilsen, J., Nguyen, C. H., Nishioka, H., Norton, T., Nowak, M. A., Nystrom, G., Ogawa, H., Oshiro, P., Parsons, H., Paine, S. N., Penalver, J., Phillips, N. M., Poirier, M., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Raffin, P. A., Rahlin, A. S., Reiland, G., Risacher, C., Ruiz, I., Saez-Madain, A. F., Sassella, R., Schellart, P., Shaw, P., Silva, K. M., Shiokawa, H., Smith, D. R., Snow, W., Souccar, K., Sousa, D., Sridharan, T. K., Srinivasan, R., Stahm, W., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Timmer, S. T., Vertatschitsch, L., Walther, C., Wei, T. -S., Whitehorn, N., Whitney, A. R., Woody, D. P., Wouterloot, J. G. A., Wright, M., Yamaguchi, P., Yu, C. -Y., Zeballos, M., Zhang, S., Ziurys, L., Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Event Horizon Telescope, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Astronomy, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), and Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual (M87) [galaxies], Event horizon, Astronomy, black hole physics, jets [galaxies], galaxies: individual, Astrophysics, high-resolution, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Photon sphere, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, accretion, sagittarius-a-asterisk, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, galactic-center, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, radio-sources, accretion disks, Galactic Center, grmhd simulations, 3. Good health, energy-distributions, active [galaxies], Anatomy, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Active galactic nucleus, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, galaxies: active, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, galaxies: individual: M87, galaxies: individual (M87), Cell and Developmental Biology, 0103 physical sciences, (M87), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Event Horizon Telescope, Supermassive black hole, ghz vlbi observations, faraday-rotation, Astronomy and Astrophysics, galaxies: jets, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Black hole, Rotating black hole, Space and Planetary Science, gravitation, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), advection-dominated accretion, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], ionized-gas
Abstract

When surrounded by a transparent emission region, black holes are expected to reveal a dark shadow caused by gravitational light bending and photon capture at the event horizon. To image and study this phenomenon, we have assembled the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometry array observing at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. This allows us to reconstruct event-horizon-scale images of the supermassive black hole candidate in the center of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. We have resolved the central compact radio source as an asymmetric bright emission ring with a diameter of 42 ± 3 μas, which is circular and encompasses a central depression in brightness with a flux ratio 10:1. The emission ring is recovered using different calibration and imaging schemes, with its diameter and width remaining stable over four different observations carried out in different days. Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity. The asymmetry in brightness in the ring can be explained in terms of relativistic beaming of the emission from a plasma rotating close to the speed of light around a black hole. We compare our images to an extensive library of ray-traced general-relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of black holes and derive a central mass of M = (6.5 ± 0.7) × 109 Me. Our radiowave observations thus provide powerful evidence for the presence of supermassive black holes in centers of galaxies and as the central engines of active galactic nuclei. They also present a new tool to explore gravity in its most extreme limit and on a mass scale that was so far not accessible.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society, The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X

Published
2019
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12. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole

Author

Tyler Trent, Vincent Piétu, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Jirong Mao, Daniel Michalik, Colin J. Lonsdale, Satoki Matsushita, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Roman Gold, Ilse van Bemmel, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Michael Bremer, Alan L. Roy, Kazunori Akiyama, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, John Conway, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Michael D. Johnson, Minfeng Gu, Jessica Dempsey, Elisabetta Liuzzo, Ziri Younsi, Yuzhu Cui, Katherine L. Bouman, Maciek Wielgus, Sara Issaoun, Jorge A. Preciado-López, Michael Kramer, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Eduardo Ros, Olivier Gentaz, Masanori Nakamura, Mark G. Rawlings, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, F. Peter Schloerb, Oliver Porth, Benjamin R. Ryan, Dan Bintley, Koushik Chatterjee, David J. James, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Antxon Alberdi, Patrick M. Koch, Zhiqiang Shen, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Thomas P. Krichbaum, Dominic W. Pesce, Roger Brissenden, Yi Chen, Nicolas Pradel, Jonathan Weintroub, Britton Jeter, Daniel R. van Rossum, Rebecca Azulay, Thomas Bronzwaer, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Ed Fomalont, Alan P. Marscher, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, Laurent Loinard, Mahito Sasada, Helge Rottmann, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Hiroki Okino, Richard L. Plambeck, Ye-Fei Yuan, Chet Ruszczyk, David H. Hughes, Iniyan Natarajan, Boris Georgiev, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Laura Vertatschitsch, Remo P. J. Tilanus, Mislav Baloković, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, Sang-Sung Lee, Roger Deane, Ramesh Narayan, Michael H. Hecht, Heino Falcke, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Michael Lindqvist, John E. Barrett, Jae-Young Kim, Robert Wharton, Shami Chatterjee, Ilje Cho, Ben Prather, R. P. Eatough, Shan Shan Zhao, Makoto Inoue, Peter Galison, Ramesh Karuppusamy, W. Boland, Per Friberg, Alan E. E. Rogers, Ramprasad Rao, Gopal Narayanan, S. Sánchez, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Shoko Koyama, Arash Roshanineshat, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, Carsten Kramer, Lei Huang, David Ball, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Izumi Mizuno, Guang-Yao Zhao, Sera Markoff, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Vincent L. Fish, Jan Wagner, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, James M. Cordes, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Daniel P. Marrone, Mel Rose, Ru-Sen Lu, Karl M. Menten, Chi-kwan Chan, Jason SooHoo, Roberto Garcia, Aristeidis Noutsos, Joseph R. Farah, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, Monika Moscibrodzka, Hector Olivares, Ken H. Young, Paul Tiede, Walter Alef, Mark Gurwell, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Tomohisa Kawashima, Paul Yamaguchi, Norbert Wex, Nimesh A. Patel, Michael Janssen, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Andrew Chael, Taehyun Jung, Jun Yi Koay, Mark Kettenis, Hung Yi Pu, Kamal Souccar, Geoffrey B. Crew, Luciano Rezzolla, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Jongsoo Kim, Feryal Özel, Wu Jiang, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Tomoaki Oyama, Andrei P. Lobanov, Fumie Tazaki, Feng Yuan, Ciriaco Goddi, Junhan Kim, André Young, Lindy Blackburn, Paul T. P. Ho, George N. Wong, Kotaro Moriyama, Shuichiro Tsuda, Motoki Kino, Zhiyuan Li, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Michael Titus, Roberto Neri, Kazuhiro Hada, Charles F. Gammie, Luis C. Ho, Freek Roelofs, Pablo Torne, Ziyan Zhu, Jason Dexter, John Wardle, Garrett K. Keating, Bong Won Sohn, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Christian M. Fromm, Yan-Rong Li, Cornelia Müller, John E. Carlstrom, Shiro Ikeda, Sascha Trippe, Lia Medeiros, C. Y. Kuo, Buell T. Jannuzi, Ming-Tang Chen, Tod R. Lauer, A. Nadolski, Keiichi Asada, Des Small, Astronomy, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Event Horizon Telescope, High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Farah, J. R., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Nadolski, A., Nishioka, H., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Souccar, K., Vertatschitsch, L., and Yamaguchi, P.

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual (M87) [galaxies], Event horizon, General relativity, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, black hole physics, FOS: Physical sciences, galaxies: individual, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), galaxies: individual: M87, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, galaxies: individual (M87), Gravitation, 0103 physical sciences, (M87), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Event Horizon Telescope, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), high angular resolution [techniques], techniques: high angular resolution, Astronomy and Astrophysics, black hole physic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, interferometric [techniques], Black hole, Rotating black hole, Space and Planetary Science, gravitation, techniques: interferometric, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Schwarzschild radius
Abstract

We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 42 ± 3 μas and constrain its fractional width to be, The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X

Published
2019
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13. First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

Author

Monika Moscibrodzka, Elisabetta Liuzzo, F. Peter Schloerb, John Conway, Remi Sassella, Eduardo Ros, Kevin M. Silva, Christopher Beaudoin, Minfeng Gu, Stephen R. McWhirter, Nicholas R. MacDonald, Derek Kubo, E. Castillo-Domínguez, Iain Coulson, Katherine L. Bouman, John E. Barrett, Peter Oshiro, Peter Galison, Walter Alef, Ignacio Ruiz, N. Phillips, Gisela N. Ortiz-León, Ye-Fei Yuan, Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz, Scott Paine, Dimitrios Psaltis, Mareki Honma, Juan-Carlos Algaba, Daniel P. Marrone, Alexandra S. Rahlin, Li Ming Lu, Iniyan Natarajan, Thomas W. Folkers, Zhiqiang Shen, Mariafelicia De Laurentis, Kuo Liu, Chao-Te Li, M. C. H. Wright, Mansour Karami, José L. Gómez, Roger J. Cappallo, Roger Deane, Lucy M. Ziurys, Yi Chen, Christopher Greer, William Montgomerie, Andrei P. Lobanov, George N. Wong, Bong Won Sohn, Huib Jan van Langevelde, Mark Gurwell, Ivan Marti-Vidal, Ilje Cho, Hotaka Shiokawa, Martin P. McColl, Makoto Inoue, Shu Hao Chang, K. T. Story, Joseph Crowley, C. M.Violette Impellizzeri, Kazuhiro Hada, Michael Kramer, Ranjani Srinivasan, David Ball, Keiichi Asada, Des Small, Hung Yi Pu, John David, Tomoaki Oyama, Svetlana G. Jorstad, Boris Georgiev, Sheperd S. Doeleman, Oliver Porth, Nathan Whitehorn, Alan L. Roy, Kazunori Akiyama, W. B. Everett, Maciek Wielgus, Don Sousa, J. Blanchard, Ray Blundell, Motoki Kino, Karl Friedrich Schuster, Ronald Hesper, Zheng Meyer-Zhao, John Kuroda, Heino Falcke, Chung Chen Chen, Carsten Kramer, Thomas P. Krichbaum, R. P. Eatough, S. Sánchez, Roberto Garcia, Jan Wagner, Ramesh Karuppusamy, Raquel Fraga-Encinas, Hiroaki Nishioka, Mark G. Rawlings, Ed Fomalont, W. Boland, Ramprasad Rao, Timothy Norton, Ching Tang Liu, James M. Cordes, Bradford Benson, Dominic W. Pesce, Yan-Rong Li, Geoffrey B. Crew, Vernon Fath, Frederic Gueth, David Sánchez-Arguelles, Roger Brissenden, Chi-kwan Chan, Timothy C. Chuter, Qingwen Wu, Chunchong Ni, Yuzhu Cui, Guang-Yao Zhao, Harriet Parsons, Ken H. Young, Paul Yamaguchi, Mahito Sasada, Daniel R. van Rossum, Yusuke Kono, Ryan Keisler, Masanori Nakamura, Patrick M. Koch, Nicolas Pradel, Ramesh Narayan, Rodrigo Córdova Rosado, Jordy Davelaar, Hiroshi Nagai, Chih Cheng Chang, Joseph R. Farah, Ben Prather, Laura Vertatschitsch, Britton Jeter, Kuo Chang Han, Shoko Koyama, William Snow, Lindy Blackburn, Erik M. Leitch, Rurik A. Primiani, Pierre Christian, Kyle D. Massingill, Shiro Ikeda, Remo P. J. Tilanus, S. A. Dzib, Charles F. Gammie, Ziyan Zhu, Ralph G. Marson, Aleksandar Popstefanija, Helge Rottmann, Chris Eckert, Lupin C.C. Lin, Michael H. Hecht, Silke Britzen, J. Anton Zensus, Christian M. Fromm, Sera Markoff, Wu Jiang, Cornelia Müller, A. Nadolski, David H. Hughes, Zhiyuan Li, Ue-Li Pen, Yosuke Mizuno, Sascha Trippe, Jinchi Hao, Gertie Geertsema, Garrett K. Keating, Lei Huang, Chi H. Nguyen, Koushik Chatterjee, Andrew Chael, Norbert Wex, Ronald Grosslein, Nimesh A. Patel, Aaron Faber, Rebecca Azulay, Stefan Heyminck, Kenji Toma, Do-Young Byun, Christopher Risacher, Wen Ping Lo, Geoffrey C. Bower, James M. Moran, Tyler Trent, Satoki Matsushita, Bart Ripperda, Dominique Broguiere, Antxon Alberdi, Kazi L.J. Rygl, Chet Ruszczyk, T. K. Sridharan, Antony A. Stark, Michael Bremer, James Hoge, M. Zeballos, Kamal Souccar, Paul T. P. Ho, Atish Kamble, Ciriaco Goddi, Feng Gao, Yau De Huang, Dan Bintley, Alan E. E. Rogers, Ryan Chilson, Jorge A. Preciado-López, A. Montaña, Hector Olivares, Mark Derome, Michael Janssen, Robert Freund, Thomas Bronzwaer, Jun Yi Koay, Kevin A. Dudevoir, Roberto Neri, Buell T. Jannuzi, Sandra Bustamente, Mislav Baloković, S. Navarro, Shami Chatterjee, Tod R. Lauer, Alejandro F. Sáez-Madain, Sjoerd T. Timmer, Chih Chiang Han, John E. Carlstrom, Luis C. Ho, Hugo Messias, Feryal Özel, Shuichiro Tsuda, Ryan Berthold, Taehyun Jung, Akihiko Hirota, Richard Lacasse, D. A. Graham, Vincent Piétu, Homin Jiang, Shan Shan Zhao, Lia Medeiros, Song Chu Chang, Jae-Young Kim, Hideo Ogawa, Sara Issaoun, Kotaro Moriyama, Stephen Padin, Roman Gold, N. W. Halverson, Venkatessh Ramakrishnan, C. Y. Kuo, Benjamin R. Ryan, Jason Dexter, Paul Shaw, Alan R. Whitney, Karl M. Menten, Aristeidis Noutsos, Kimihiro Kimura, Mark Kettenis, Ming-Tang Chen, Jonathan Weintroub, Neal R. Erickson, Chen Yu Yu, David R. Smith, André Young, Luciano Rezzolla, Jongsoo Kim, M. Poirier, Robert Wharton, Daniel C. M. Palumbo, Pierre Martin-Cocher, Hiroki Okino, Yutaka Hasegawa, Kuan Yu Liu, David P. Woody, Sven Dornbusch, George Reiland, Arash Roshanineshat, Pablo Torne, Daniel Michalik, John Wardle, David M. Gale, Ta Shun Wei, Uwe Bach, Ilse van Bemmel, Izumi Mizuno, Vincent L. Fish, Antonio Hernández-Gómez, Matthew R. Dexter, Paul Tiede, Rodrigo Amestica, Pim Schellart, Michael D. Johnson, Mel Rose, Callie Matulonis, J. G. A. Wouterloot, Jason SooHoo, Tomohisa Kawashima, T. M. Crawford, Dirk Muders, Craig Walther, Richard L. Plambeck, William Stahm, George Nystrom, David C. Forbes, Lynn D. Matthews, Avery E. Broderick, Ziri Younsi, Tuomas Savolainen, Neil M. Nagar, Alexander Allardi, M. Mora-Klein, Fumie Tazaki, Michael Lindqvist, Per Friberg, Olivier Gentaz, David J. James, Alan P. Marscher, Sang-Sung Lee, Chih-Wei Locutus Huang, Lijing Shao, Christiaan D. Brinkerink, Jason W. Henning, R. Laing, Feng Yuan, Junhan Kim, J. Peñalver, Michael Titus, Freek Roelofs, Laurent Loinard, Rubén Herrero-Illana, Gopal Narayanan, Alexander W. Raymond, Gregory Desvignes, Anne Kathrin Baczko, Ru-Sen Lu, Philippe Raffin, Jirong Mao, Colin J. Lonsdale, Jessica Dempsey, Institut de RadioAstronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto de RadioAstronomía Milimétrica (IRAM), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Event Horizon Telescope, Astronomy, Anne Lähteenmäki Group, Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Academy of Finland, European Commission, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, John Templeton Foundation, China Scholarship Council, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), European Research Council, Generalitat Valenciana, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Japanese Government, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Max Planck Society, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), National Science Foundation (US), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, National Research Foundation of Korea, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, National Research Foundation (South Africa), Russian Science Foundation, Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca, Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033], Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613], Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, T., Akiyama, K., Alberdi, A., Alef, W., Asada, K., Azulay, R., Baczko, A. -K., Ball, D., Balokovic, M., Barrett, J., Bintley, D., Blackburn, L., Boland, W., Bouman, K. L., Bower, G. C., Bremer, M., Brinkerink, C. D., Brissenden, R., Britzen, S., Broderick, A. E., Broguiere, D., Bronzwaer, T., Byun, D. -Y., Carlstrom, J. E., Chael, A., Chan, C. -K., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, K., Chen, M. -T., Chen, Y., Cho, I., Christian, P., Conway, J. E., Cordes, J. M., Crew, G. B., Cui, Y., Davelaar, J., De Laurentis, M., Deane, R., Dempsey, J., Desvignes, G., Dexter, J., Doeleman, S. S., Eatough, R. P., Falcke, H., Fish, V. L., Fomalont, E., Fraga-Encinas, R., Friberg, P., Fromm, C. M., Gomez, J. L., Galison, P., Gammie, C. F., Garcia, R., Gentaz, O., Georgiev, B., Goddi, C., Gold, R., Gu, M., Gurwell, M., Hada, K., Hecht, M. H., Hesper, R., Ho, L. C., Ho, P., Honma, M., Huang, C. -W. L., Huang, L., Hughes, D. H., Ikeda, S., Inoue, M., Issaoun, S., James, D. J., Jannuzi, B. T., Janssen, M., Jeter, B., Jiang, W., Johnson, M. D., Jorstad, S., Jung, T., Karami, M., Karuppusamy, R., Kawashima, T., Keating, G. K., Kettenis, M., Kim, J. -Y., Kim, J., Kino, M., Koay, J. Y., Koch, P. M., Koyama, S., Kramer, M., Kramer, C., Krichbaum, T. P., Kuo, C. -Y., Lauer, T. R., Lee, S. -S., Li, Y. -R., Li, Z., Lindqvist, M., Liu, K., Liuzzo, E., Lo, W. -P., Lobanov, A. P., Loinard, L., Lonsdale, C., Lu, R. -S., Macdonald, N. R., Mao, J., Markoff, S., Marrone, D. P., Marscher, A. P., Marti-Vidal, I., Matsushita, S., Matthews, L. D., Medeiros, L., Menten, K. M., Mizuno, Y., Mizuno, I., Moran, J. M., Moriyama, K., Moscibrodzka, M., Muller, C., Nagai, H., Nagar, N. M., Nakamura, M., Narayan, R., Narayanan, G., Natarajan, I., Neri, R., Ni, C., Noutsos, A., Okino, H., Olivares, H., Ortiz-Leon, G. N., Oyama, T., Ozel, F., Palumbo, D. C. M., Patel, N., Pen, U. -L., Pesce, D. W., Pietu, V., Plambeck, R., Popstefanija, A., Porth, O., Prather, B., Preciado-Lopez, J. A., Psaltis, D., Pu, H. -Y., Ramakrishnan, V., Rao, R., Rawlings, M. G., Raymond, A. W., Rezzolla, L., Ripperda, B., Roelofs, F., Rogers, A., Ros, E., Rose, M., Roshanineshat, A., Rottmann, H., Roy, A. L., Ruszczyk, C., Ryan, B. R., Rygl, K. L. J., Sanchez, S., Sanchez-Arguelles, D., Sasada, M., Savolainen, T., Schloerb, F. P., Schuster, K. -F., Shao, L., Shen, Z., Small, D., Sohn, B. W., Soohoo, J., Tazaki, F., Tiede, P., Tilanus, R. P. J., Titus, M., Toma, K., Torne, P., Trent, T., Trippe, S., Tsuda, S., Van Bemmel, I., Van Langevelde, H. J., Van Rossum, D. R., Wagner, J., Wardle, J., Weintroub, J., Wex, N., Wharton, R., Wielgus, M., Wong, G. N., Wu, Q., Young, A., Young, K., Younsi, Z., Yuan, F., Yuan, Y. -F., Zensus, J. A., Zhao, G., Zhao, S. -S., Zhu, Z., Algaba, J. -C., Allardi, A., Amestica, R., Bach, U., Beaudoin, C., Benson, B. A., Berthold, R., Blanchard, J. M., Blundell, R., Bustamente, S., Cappallo, R., Castillo-Dominguez, E., Chang, C. -C., Chang, S. -H., Chang, S. -C., Chen, C. -C., Chilson, R., Chuter, T. C., Rosado, R. C., Coulson, I. M., Crawford, T. M., Crowley, J., David, J., Derome, M., Dexter, M., Dornbusch, S., Dudevoir, K. A., Dzib, S. A., Eckert, C., Erickson, N. R., Everett, W. B., Faber, A., Farah, J. R., Fath, V., Folkers, T. W., Forbes, D. C., Freund, R., Gomez-Ruiz, A. I., Gale, D. M., Gao, F., Geertsema, G., Graham, D. A., Greer, C. H., Grosslein, R., Gueth, F., Halverson, N. W., Han, C. -C., Han, K. -C., Hao, J., Hasegawa, Y., Henning, J. W., Hernandez-Gomez, A., Herrero-Illana, R., Heyminck, S., Hirota, A., Hoge, J., Huang, Y. -D., Impellizzeri, C. M. V., Jiang, H., Kamble, A., Keisler, R., Kimura, K., Kono, Y., Kubo, D., Kuroda, J., Lacasse, R., Laing, R. A., Leitch, E. M., Li, C. -T., Lin, L. C. -C., Liu, C. -T., Liu, K. -Y., Lu, L. -M., Marson, R. G., Martin-Cocher, P. L., Massingill, K. D., Matulonis, C., Mccoll, M. P., Mcwhirter, S. R., Messias, H., Meyer-Zhao, Z., Michalik, D., Montana, A., Montgomerie, W., Mora-Klein, M., Muders, D., Nadolski, A., Navarro, S., Nguyen, C. H., Nishioka, H., Norton, T., Nystrom, G., Ogawa, H., Oshiro, P., Padin, S., Parsons, H., Paine, S. N., Penalver, J., Phillips, N. M., Poirier, M., Pradel, N., Primiani, R. A., Raffin, P. A., Rahlin, A. S., Reiland, G., Risacher, C., Ruiz, I., Saez-Madain, A. F., Sassella, R., Schellart, P., Shaw, P., Silva, K. M., Shiokawa, H., Smith, D. R., Snow, W., Souccar, K., Sousa, D., Sridharan, T. K., Srinivasan, R., Stahm, W., Stark, A. A., Story, K., Timmer, S. T., Vertatschitsch, L., Walther, C., Wei, T. -S., Whitehorn, N., Whitney, A. R., Woody, D. P., Wouterloot, J. G. A., Wright, M., Yamaguchi, P., Yu, C. -Y., Zeballos, M., Ziurys, L., Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, J. L., High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI), and Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, individual (M87) [galaxies], Event horizon, Astronomy, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, interferometers [instrumentation], black hole physics, FOS: Physical sciences, galaxies: individual, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), galaxies: individual: M87, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, galaxies: individual (M87), instrumentation: interferometer, 0103 physical sciences, Very-long-baseline interferometry, Angular resolution, Instrumentation (computer programming), instrumentation: interferometers, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, high angular resolution [echniques], Event Horizon Telescope, Physics, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Supermassive black hole, Galaxy: center, high angular resolution [techniques], techniques: high angular resolution, gravitational lensing: strong, Astronomy and Astrophysics, center [Galaxy], Hydrogen maser, black hole physic, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, echniques: high angular resolution, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), strong [gravitational lensing], Millimeter, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ~25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s−1, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society, The authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese, Academy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with Precision, Radio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006X

Published
2019
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