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Background: The adipose tissue (AT) is a secretory organ producing a wide variety of factors that participate in the genesis of metabolic disorders linked to excess fat mass. Weight loss improves obesity-related disorders.Objectives: Transcriptomic studies on human AT, and a combination of analyses of transcriptome and proteome profiling of conditioned media from adipocytes and stromal cells isolated from human AT, have led to the identification of apolipoprotein M (apoM) as a putative adipokine. We aimed to validate apoM as novel adipokine, investigate the relation of AT APOM expression with metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity, and study the regulation of its expression in AT and secretion during calorie restriction-induced weight loss.Methods: We examined APOM mRNA level and secretion in AT from 485 individuals enrolled in 5 independent clinical trials, and in vitro in human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes. APOM expression and secretion were measured during dieting.Results: APOM was expressed in human subcutaneous and visceral AT, mainly by adipocytes. ApoM was released into circulation from AT, and plasma apoM concentrations correlate with AT APOM mRNA levels. In AT, APOM expression inversely correlated with adipocyte size, was lower in obese compared to lean individuals, and reduced in subjects with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Regardless of fat depot, there was a positive relation between AT APOM expression and systemic insulin sensitivity, independently of fat mass and plasma HDL cholesterol. In human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell adipocytes, APOM expression was enhanced by insulin-sensitizing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists and inhibited by tumor necrosis factor a, a cytokine that causes insulin resistance. In obese individuals, calorie restriction increased AT APOM expression and secretion.Conclusions: ApoM is a novel adipokine, the expression of which is a hallmark of healthy AT and is upregulated by calorie restriction. AT apoM deserves further investigation as a potential biomarker of risk for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

International audience; The number of older obese adults is increasing worldwide. Whether obese adults show similar health benefits in response to lifestyle interventions at different ages is unknown. The study enrolled 25 obese men (body mass index: 31-39 kg/m2) in two arms according to age (30-40 and 60-70 yr old). Participants underwent an 8-wk intervention with moderate calorie restriction (∼20% below individual energy requirements) and supervised endurance training resulting in ∼5% weight loss. Body composition was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Insulin sensitivity was assessed during a hypersinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Cardiometabolic profile was derived from blood parameters. Subcutaneous fat and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were used for ex vivo analyses. Two-way repeated-measure ANOVA and linear mixed models were used to evaluate the response to lifestyle intervention and comparison between the two groups. Fat mass was decreased and bone mass was preserved in the two groups after intervention. Muscle mass decreased significantly in older obese men. Cardiovascular risk (Framingham risk score, plasma triglyceride, and cholesterol) and insulin sensitivity were greatly improved to a similar extent in the two age groups after intervention. Changes in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle transcriptomes were marginal. Analysis of the differential response to the lifestyle intervention showed tenuous differences between age groups. These data suggest that lifestyle intervention combining calorie restriction and exercise shows similar beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risk and insulin sensitivity in younger and older obese men. However, attention must be paid to potential loss of muscle mass in response to weight loss in older obese men.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Rise in obesity and aging worldwide are major trends of critical importance in public health. This study addresses a current challenge in obesity management. Do older obese adults respond differently to a lifestyle intervention composed of moderate calorie restriction and supervised physical activity than younger ones? The main conclusion of the study is that older and younger obese men similarly benefit from the intervention in terms of cardiometabolic risk.

Research in the field of problems involved in school performance motivation of home school graduates. This partial but important topic deserves further more recognition amongst researchers in the Czech environment. The aim of this pilot research was to gain insight into the school performance motivation of those pupils who received primary education as home schooling and who are now receiving their secondary education in an educational institution. We examined the level of the need for achievement and the level of the need to avoid failure. Our respondents were pupils who went from home schooling to attending primary schools and multi-year grammar schools. Because of this fact we also had the opportunity to see the school performance motivation according to the type of school in which the pupils have received their compulsory education. It was a quantitative research based on the standardized questionnaire The school performance motivation of pupils. The pupils were given a twelve items questionnaire to marked the level of the surveyed statement. So they evaluated their feelings using a five-degree scale which apply different approach to learning and classification. According to the early mentioned questionnaire The school performance motivation of pupils we classified the pupils into five types. The results showed that only 18.75 % of the respondents are clearly motivated by positive achievement and that the majority (62.5 %) of the respondents are unbound types. Overall there are no preferences amongst pupils who received primary education as home schooling and their results are balanced.

Beneficial metabolic effects of calorie restriction found in the early stage of hypocalorie diets may be caused by the modulation of metabolic and endocrine function of adipose tissue.The objective of the study was to compare metabolic and inflammation-related characteristics of sc adipose tissue (SAAT) in the early (2 d) and later (28 d) phase of a very low calorie diet (VLCD). Design, Setting, Intervention, and Patients: Seventeen moderately obese premenopausal women followed an 800 kcal/d VLCD for 28 days. Anthropometric measurements, blood sampling, and a biopsy of SAAT were performed before the diet and after 2 and 28 days of the VLCD.mRNA expression of 50 genes related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis were analyzed in SAAT. Secretion of adipokines was determined in SAAT explants and adipokines, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and C-reactive protein were measured in plasma.In the early phase of the VLCD, the expression of lipolytic genes was increased, whereas the expression of lipogenic genes was significantly suppressed. The inflammatory markers in SAAT remained unchanged. At the later phase, expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and β-oxidation was markedly suppressed, whereas the expression of inflammatory markers was increased. The changes of lipogenic genes after 28 days of the VLCD correlated with FGF21 changes.The early and later phases of a VLCD differ with respect to metabolic and inflammatory responses in SAAT. The expression changes in SAAT in the early phase of the VLCD could not explain the effect of short calorie restriction on the improvement of insulin sensitivity. An interplay of SAAT with liver function during VLCD mediated by FGF21 might be suggested.

In aging, the capacity of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to store lipids decreases and this results in metabolically unfavorable fat redistribution. Triggers of this age-related SAT dysfunction may include cellular senescence or endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, we compared lipogenic capacity of SAT between young and older women and investigated its relation to senescence and ER stress markers. Samples of SAT and corresponding SAT-derived primary preadipocytes were obtained from two groups of women differing in age (36 vs. 72 years, n = 15 each) but matched for fat mass. mRNA levels of selected genes (lipogenesis: ACACA, FASN, SCD1, DGAT2, ELOVL6; senescence: p16, p21, NOX4, GDF15; ER stress-ATF4, XBP1s, PERK, HSPA5, GADD34, HYOU1, CHOP, EDEM1, DNAJC3) were assessed by qPCR, protein levels of GDF15 by ELISA, and mitochondrial function by the Seahorse Analyzer. Compared to the young, SAT and in vitro differentiated adipocytes from older women exhibited reduced mRNA expression of lipogenic enzymes. Out of analyzed senescence and ER stress markers, the only gene, whose expression correlated negatively with the expression of lipogenic enzymes in both SAT and adipocytes, was GDF15, a marker of not only senescence but also mitochondrial dysfunction. In line with this, inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase in adipocytes strongly upregulated GDF15 while reduced expression of lipogenic enzymes. Moreover, adipocytes from older women had a tendency for diminished mitochondrial capacity. Thus, a reduced lipogenic capacity of adipocytes in aged SAT appears to be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction rather than to ER stress or accumulation of senescent cells.